原创地理试题的几点体会

王树声先生在2009年工作室年会上,曾谈到命题对于一名教师成长的意义,他说:"一名合格的地理教师,在认真备课、上好每一堂课的同时,必须掌握命制地理试题的能力,因为这是衡量教师业务水平和教学能力的重要标志之一。一份高质量的试卷反映了命题者理解和驾驭知识的水平,也是命题者多项思维能力(包括创新思维)和文字功底、文化素养的展现。会命制试题、会分析命题意图、会指出解题思路,应该是每一位地理教师必备的基本功。不能总是依赖别人的试题,那     

国际地理奥赛试题特点及启示——以第18届国际地理奥赛为例

本文以2022年第18届国际地理奥赛试题为例,探讨国际地理奥赛试题特点,发现其试题命制的核心特点为：加深基础地理知识应用深度和广度;关注批判性思维培养;从社会性科学议题角度命题;提出地理空间观的跨学科能力要求;将野外考察转化为模拟情境进行线上评估;选择新奇的世界地理景观情境素材。本文从内容、选择、组织、编制、评分等方面,探索了国际地理奥赛试题命制对我国中学地理考试与评价的启示。     

地理原创试题的编制过程及原则——以2014年唐山高三期末文综卷37题为例

正纵观近年地理高考试题,能力立意的命题视角已占据了主导地位,通过"新情境"的创设与"新材料"的运用,让考生直面社会的热点问题,并要求考生运用已有知识去解释、分析、解决这些问题,这充分体现了"贴近社会、贴近时代"的高考要求,凸显了"运用已学的知识来分析解决新问题"的命题取向。因此,在我们的教学与复习备考中,不妨以热点材料为背景,尝试命制地理试题,提高对知识的整合与融合,提高备考效率。下面以唐山市2014年高三期末文综卷37题为例,浅谈一下地理原创试题的命制过程及原则。     

“平正轻灵”话命题

正名医组方,可用"平正轻灵"四字概括之。命制优良的试题,以能力立意,遵循提供信息、运用知识和技能(双基)、探究解决问题的原则,符合课标培养地理创新思维能力之理念,常令人拍案叫绝,其命题特点也可用"平正轻灵"四字概括之。"平"者,指试题所给图文表等资料信息浅显易懂,新颖别致而不晦涩费解,形象生动而非怪力乱神之类;"正"者,指试题所考查之问题是考纲规定范围内的问题,是考生运用日常所学的主干知识、基本技能即可解决的问题;"轻"者,     

德国高考不同类型地理试题(Abitur)比较——以北威州基础版与进阶版试题为例

德国高级完全中学毕业证书考试(Abitur)相当于我国高考,针对不同科目选择的学生,其考试试题分为基础版和进阶版两种版本。文章从试题结构、试题情境、知识考查、能力考查四个方面对德国北威州Abitur地理试题基础版与进阶版进行分析比较,发现其选用国际背景真实情境,侧重对学生信息加工能力、地理写作能力、批判性思维能力和问题解决能力的考查,对我国高考试题命制具有重要参考价值。     

地理实践力类试题常见问题及命题对策

地理实践力的纸笔考查在近几年发展较快,但部分试题的命制存在可商榷之处.文章以浙江省各地市地理模拟卷中的相关试题为例,分析其在命题方面存在的问题,包括内容虚化、材料同化、题型固化、思维浅化等,提出四点对策,以提高地理实践力类试题质量.     

上海市地理等级考原创试题命制策略——以2020年闵行区地理等级考模拟题为例

地理等级考政策已经在上海施行了五年,等级考试题特色与模式已初步形成。笔者参考历年等级考真题,紧扣学科素养要求,结合2020年上海市闵行区地理等级考相关模拟试题的命题经验,从选题、素材处理、设问方面分析了试题命制的策略。     

日本地理试题的命制研究——以2023年日本大学入学共通考试地理B试题为例

日本大学入学共通考试是适应日本现代教育发展的重要内容,是测评课程目标落实情况与学生能力发展水平的重要工具。本文以2023年日本大学入学共通考试地理B试题为例,通过对试题内容与结构的分析,从主题情境、试题类型、试题材料、能力考查四个维度评估日本地理试题对改革要求和课程目标的落实情况。根据《学习指导要领》中的学科目标,本文结合典型试题探讨了目标素养在日本地理试题中的考查方式与命制思路。最后,本文总结日本地理试题的题型设计、情境设定与能力考查特点,以期为我国地理试题命制提供参考。     

日本中心考试与共通考试地理试题对比分析

世界各国都很重视课程改革,我国有必要借鉴其他国家的课程改革经验。本文采用比较分析法,以日本2021年中心考试的地理A、地理B试题和共通考试的地理综合样题为研究材料,比较中心考试和共通考试在命题形式方面的特征、地理A试题和地理综合样题在命题内容方面的区别与联系,梳理了3套试题在命题方向上符合哪些对应版本高等学校学习指导要领的要求,并对我国地理教育提出若干启示。     

高中地理教师招聘考试的分析与反思——以江西省为例

教师招聘考试作为一门选拔性考试,是促进教师队伍建设的有效途径之一。江西省高中地理教师招聘考试试题的命制,在“公开、平等、竞争、择优”的原则下,注重对考生的专业知识、专业能力,特别是教育教学实践能力的考查,致力于选拔“四有”好老师。本文将以江西省高中地理教师招聘考试试题为例,分析教师招聘考试的内容及特点,从而为教师招聘考试命题的完善和考生复习提出一些建议。     

Reconstructing the development of the geosystems of the Primorsky Range during the latter half of the Holocene

We examine the sequence of changes in the structure of the geosystems of the Primorsky Range (Baikal region) for the last 6000 years, based on a continuous recording of fluctuations of the vegetation reconstructed from spore-pollen complexes of a high peat bog. We determined the chronological timeframe of paleogeographical events. The study showed that there occurred a radical structure transformation of the geosystems in the mid-late Holocene, along with a recurrence of similar landscape transformations caused by the instability of natural conditions.     

On the origin of the seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere

Summary. It is known that flow in the mantle can produce preferred orientation in olivine crystals with seismic anisotropy as a consequence. Flow in the subcrustal lithosphere is unlikely because of the high viscosity. Lenses of high temperature and low-viscosity ( anomalous mantle ) are located under the crust in many tectonically active regions, and viscous flow can easily arise in such material resulting in seismic anisotropy. After cooling, such anomalous mantle acquires high viscosity and becomes incorporated into the lithospheric layer preserving the anisotropy produced by the flows which existed previously. The interaction of the stresses with cracks in the upper crust can be one of the causes of anisotropy in this layer.     

对沙漠化农田能转化效率及潜力的分析

我国北方东起黑龙江省嫩江地区, 吉林白城地区及辽宁西部, 包括内蒙兴安盟东南、哲里木、昭乌达、锡林郭勒、乌兰察布、伊克昭等盟的大部地区, 直至河北坝上、陕西榆林北部约26.7万平方公里的幅员范围内, 由于自然条件的特殊性(地表组成物质质地松散、沙粒成分比重很大及气候干旱、多大风, 且年内季风与周期性干旱相吻合), 加上人类不合理开发活动的影响, 成为我国目前沙漠化发展最活跃的地区, 其沙漠化土地近16.5万平方公里, 占全区总面积的61.5%。该地区有较长的经济开发史, 农、牧业相互影响, 交错分布的情况, 在历史上业已形成。据粗略统计, 该区范围内, 有旱作耕地近5, 000万亩, 多以传统的粗放的撂荒种植制进行经营, 长年遭受不同程度的风沙危害, 属于生产水平较为低下的农田类型。这些农田急待整治, 以便提高生产力。由于本区年均降水量在350-450毫米之间, 客观上具有发展旱作农业的可能性。如能合理经营、科学利用其自然资源, 将可能发展成为农、牧业结合的发达地区。从而对我国北方地区农业发展起促进作用。为了深化对沙漠化农田的认识, 揭示其生态失调的实质, 本文将就生态系统观点对其进行分析以寻求有效的整治沙漠化农田的途径。     

Direct determination of the characteristics of the currents responsible for the geomagnetic anomaly of the Rhinegraben

Summary. Previous geomagnetic measurements in the Rhinegraben have led us to assume that the responsible currents have the properties of direct currents and that they all flow in the sediments filling the graben. In order to verify these conclusions, we have performed measurements in a mine at a depth of 650 m. By comparing the field simultaneously recorded at the surface, in the mine and at the reference station, it is possible to deduce that the anomalous currents have the above mentioned properties.     

城市化的开发区模式研究

我国许多城市通过开发区建设,在短时间内完成了产业和人口的集聚,实现了城市地域空间和人口规模的跳跃性增长和产业结构的转型。由于在这种城市空间增长过程中,开发区建设起了决定作用,因此,这种以开发区带动整个地区城市化的方式可称为"开发区模式"。开发区驱动城市化的机制表现在开发区自身区域的城市化和开发区带动周围农村地区城市化两个层面,并具有快速跳跃性、外驱性和不稳定性、人为性、经济增长模式的单一性和基础设施建设的高标准性等特征。针对开发区建设中出现的问题,提出了促进其健康发展的建议。     

Chemical composition of waters and the phytoplankton of the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river

Field observations showed that the characteristics of chemical composition of waters and the development of plankton algae in the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river are determined by their flowage. The most open Lake Nekipelovskoe communicates with the Selenga outlets throughout a year, and Lake Zavernyaikha only at the period of an open channel. Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton are located in the islands and are isolated from the outlets. According to composition of main ions, the lakes under investigation refer to the hydrocarbonate class, the calcium group. The sum of ions in the water of Lake Nekipelovskoe approaches the one in the Selenga (86?221 mg/dm³), and the highest sums of ions were recorded in the wintertime in the lakes isolated from the outlets (446?743 mg/dm³). The lakes of the delta are characterized by a high trophicity. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus in Lake Nekipelovskoe and Lake Zavernyaikha were 68 and 122 μg mg/dm³, and in Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton ?0.8 and ?0.63 μg mg/dm³, respectively. The most intense development of algae is observed in Lake Zavernyaikha, which is due to the high population of Baikal endemics. Lake Zavernyaikha showed a close negative correlation between the concentration of NO ₃ ^? , mineral phosphorus and phytoplankton biomass; the correlation coefficient was ?0.8 and ?0.63, respectively. The lakes exhibited increased contents readily hydrolysable organic matter, and a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration in winter; hydrogen sulfide was repeatedly recorded in Lake Khlystov Zaton. The water quality in the lakes during the springtime varies from “quite clean” to “weakly polluted”; at low-water periods, especially in winters, it can drop to the category of “exceedingly dirty”. The water quality of the Selenga can be influenced by the lakes during spring floods when material accumulated during the wintertime is transported to the river outlets and further to Lake Baikal.     

Transformation of the vegetation cover in the zone of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk

The influence of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk on the vegetation cover of adjacent territories was revealed. The categories of resistance of some plant species and communities to technogenic loads have been ascertained. The protective role of overmoistening of habitats was observed for plants.