黄土边坡降雨入渗规律及其对稳定性的影响

降雨是诱发土质边坡失稳的主导因素之一,研究降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响有着重要意义。以陕西富平地区某黄土边坡为例,结合野外现场试验和数值模拟,研究了降雨入渗规律和其对稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,降雨入渗的影响范围在边坡浅层,深度为2~2.5 m。土体的抗剪强度参数受含水率影响较大,在雨水入渗条件下,边坡表层的孔隙水压力变化较大,孔隙水压力的变化区域指示着湿润锋的位置。最大剪应力的应力集中区域为湿润锋区域以及各级边坡坡脚处,降雨后边坡稳定性系数比降雨前降低了12%,显示降雨对边坡的稳定性影响较大。     

不同渗流边界条件下粉砂边坡失稳模型试验研究

研究不同渗流边界条件下粉砂边坡的稳定特性对滑坡安全评价及防灾减灾具有重要意义。开发研制了室内边坡模型试验系统,分别进行了在上部边界入渗、侧向边界入渗和底部边界入渗的边坡失稳模型试验。分析了各试验中边坡内部不同位置体积含水率、孔隙水压力和基质吸力的变化规律以及坡体破坏过程。结果表明,不同入渗边界条件下边坡土体局部由非饱和变为饱和状态,基质吸力消失,最后在坡面形成不稳定区域塌落破坏。上部边界入渗、侧向边界入渗和底部边界入渗所引起的破坏模式根据其特点可分为局部浅层破坏、多级后退式破坏和坡面滑动破坏。通过监测边坡不同位置的体积含水率,可以为渗流引发的边坡失稳预警机制提供参考依据。     

非均质土坡降雨入渗的耦合过程及稳定性分析

针对天然土质边坡通常呈现非均质特性这一问题,进行了降雨入渗作用下非均质土坡稳定性分析,考虑了渗流场和应力场之间的耦合作用。以一简化非均质土坡模型为例,对比了耦合和非耦合情况下渗流场的差异,验证耦合的客观性和其必要性;细-粗型和粗-细型土坡的降雨入渗过程可分别分为2个和3个阶段;运用有限元强度折减法,以特征部位位移突变并结合塑性区贯通作为失稳判据,进行了土坡稳定性分析,发现雨水到达土坡土层接触面的时刻即为边坡稳定性突变的时刻;并通过深入分析孔隙水压力分布,揭示了降雨诱发非均质土坡的变形破坏机制。同时,就降雨强度、历时和渗透系数对非均质土坡入渗过程和稳定性的影响进行了大量的计算和分析,发现只有当雨水进入到下层土体时,该层土体渗透系数才会对土坡稳定性产生较大影响。     

考虑降雨的非饱和土边坡稳定性分析方法

降雨往往是引起热带和亚热带的膨胀土、残积土边坡失稳的主要促发因素。地处热带和亚热带的膨胀土、残积土往往是非饱和的，由于吸力的存在，土体抗剪强度较高，土坡是稳定的，一旦发生降雨，雨水将渗入土体，土体饱和度增加，吸力锐减并引起抗剪强度大幅度下降，当持续降雨的历时和强度超过一定程度时，则可导致土坡失稳。采用极限平衡分析方法，建立了一套能考虑水分入渗的非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析方法，该方法考虑在降雨后土坡水分为一分布场及抗剪强度参数为饱和度的函数。给出了一个计算实例。计算结果表明，降雨引起的土坡失稳往往为浅层破坏。     

降雨入渗条件下预应力锚索加固边坡稳定性分析

根据目前边坡失稳案例统计,导致边坡失稳破坏的原因多为降雨入渗,目前大多学者对自然边坡在降雨入渗条件下的失稳机理做了大量研究,但是对于不同降雨入渗条件下边坡加固结构及其稳定性是如何随降雨强度的变化而发生改变的研究却较少。以云南昆明某边坡为研究对象,考虑土体饱和-非饱和渗流理论及非饱和强度理论,通过有限元软件MIDAS-GTS分析研究降雨动态过程中边坡加固结构内力的变化规律及边坡的稳定性变化规律。研究发现:①当降雨时长一定时,降雨强度越大,非饱和区越小,负孔隙水压力降低越明显,安全系数越差;②随着降雨入渗的进行,边坡下滑力增大,抗滑力逐渐变小;③降雨入渗对原始边坡的稳定性影响较大,但是对加固后边坡的稳定性影响相对较小;④预应力锚索轴力随着降雨时长增大而增大,当降雨时长一定时,锚索轴力随降雨强度增大而增大。     

强降雨条件下气压对滑坡延时效应研究

在强降雨入渗条件下,浅层边坡土体中的气体可能被封闭,孔隙气压力在封闭条件下随着雨水的入渗不断增加。结合湿润峰面受力分析对封闭气体压力的物理意义进行了说明,通过考虑简化的气阻入渗模型,对比经典的Green-Ampt入渗模型,研究了气压对入渗率和下移的湿润峰的影响。应用该入渗模型,对下部为基岩的大面积浅层边坡雨水入渗过程以及边坡稳定性进行分析。研究表明,封闭气压显著降低了边坡体内雨水的入渗率,对安全系数的降低具有明显的延时性,这进一步揭示了部分地区雨后滑坡频繁发生的重要原因。因此,考虑封闭气压对大面积边坡降雨安全预报具有重要意义     

降雨条件下浅层滑坡稳定性探讨

降雨条件下浅层滑坡是一种常见、多发的地质灾害现象,为了解边坡稳定性随降雨入渗过程的变化情况,以Green-Ampt入渗模型为基础,并考虑了动水压力的作用,建立了降雨入渗条件下浅层滑坡的概念模型,分别推导了降雨前有、无地下水位条件下的边坡安全系数与降雨时间的关系表达式。从分析结果中可以看出,对于这两种情况下边坡稳定性发生突变的主要原因归结于：前者为在湿润锋与地下水位面接触的短时间内,滑带处的孔隙水压力迅速增高;后者为滑带在浸水饱和情况下,岩土体的强度迅速降低。在此基础上,根据降雨过程中边坡是否达到饱和,提出边坡饱和临界时间的概念,考虑了初始降雨强度小于土壤入渗能力的情况。这个时间可以作为一个参数指标用于浅层滑坡的预警。     

降雨入渗影响下边坡中的非饱和渗流特性

为了分析降雨入渗影响下非饱和土坡渗流特性,利用自制降雨模拟系统和实时监测系统,对降雨诱发非饱和土坡失稳过程进行全方位、多参量的实时监测,研究不同降雨条件下,不同坡度、不同压实度边坡坡体不同位置雨水入渗率和湿润峰的实变规律.结果表明:降雨入渗条件下,陡坡和高压实度土体不利于雨水入渗,而缓坡和低密实度土体入渗率变化快;实际土体吸力和含水量实时变化规律不同步,提出试验湿润峰概念,含水率（吸力）湿润峰点可按含水率（吸力）实时曲线的过渡区和雨后残余含水率（吸力）的线性交叉点确定;考虑单向吸湿或脱湿路径下土体含水率和吸力具有唯一对应关系,含水率湿润峰点与吸力湿润峰点的绝对值时差即为形成湿润峰所需时间;对比湿润峰实测值与Lumb半经验值散点分布规律,基于Lumb湿润峰深度计算公式提出非线性修正表达式.      

降雨条件下土坡饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性分析

基于非饱和土力学理论,利用有限元法对降雨条件下边坡的饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性进行了探讨。数值分析表明,雨水入渗使边坡非饱和区土体的基质吸力减小,是导致边坡稳定性降低的主要因素。进而考察了基质吸力的不同取值及裂隙的不同位置对边坡稳定性的影响,结果表明：在降雨初期基质吸力取值越大,得到的边坡安全系数越高,但经过长时间降雨即边坡土体基本达到饱和后,基质吸力的取值不同对边坡安全系数基本上没有影响;裂隙的存在为雨水入渗提供了良好的通道,因而导致边坡稳定性相对于无裂隙状态来说有所降低。降雨初期下游裂隙使边坡稳定性降低较快,但随着降雨历时的增加,即下游土体逐渐变为饱和状态后,边坡的稳定性变化则主要由上游裂隙控制。     

基于渗流-应力耦合的库岸边坡稳定性分析——以祥云县清水河水库为例

以祥云县清水河水库为例,利用GeoStudio软件Seep模块,考虑各岩土层的非饱和特性,计算得稳态和瞬态的渗流场;再采用有限元SIGAM/W渗流-应力耦合分析,计算得耦合渗流场、应力场;将前述非耦合和耦合的渗流场、应力场分别导入Slope/W模块,计算得出库水上涨和下落时边坡的潜在滑动面和安全系数,结合最大剪应变云图进行分析,研究出耦合效应对边坡稳定性影响的相关规律为:由于此边坡表面为弱透水的黏土层,库水下降对土坡稳定影响更为不利;库水涨落时耦合分析土坡稳定系数均比非耦合分析大,耦合效应对非饱和土边坡稳定性影响不可忽略;库水上涨,耦合条件下潜在滑动面变深;库水下降时,耦合条件下浸润线更低,这均是由于渗流-应力耦合效应使得土体孔隙比发生改变,水沿岩土层入渗加快,导致土中基质吸力消散更快引起的;由于隔水层的存在,最大剪应变出现的位置一般出现在隔水带,且位于边坡前缘。     

强降雨作用下堆积层滑坡稳定性分析

强降雨作用易造成堆积层滑坡发生,带来严重的生命财产损失。基于Green-Ampt（GA）模型,同时考虑湿润锋以上饱和带渗流作用,推导了一种新的滑坡降雨入渗函数,弥补了GA模型只适用于无限长坡的不足。为考虑降雨入渗对土体条块强度的影响,采用整体抗剪强度准则评价滑坡稳定性,并在受力分析时考虑了湿润锋以上饱和带渗透力作用,建立了滑坡稳定性系数表达式。研究结果表明：滑坡降雨入渗的尺寸效应非常明显,湿润锋扩展速率随着坡长的增大而增大,当滑坡无限长时新降雨入渗模型与GA模型计算结果相同,说明GA模型是新模型的一个特例。此外,降雨初期,滑坡稳定性下降较快;随着降雨的持续,稳定性下降速率逐渐放缓。与模型试验结果对比表明,提出的降雨入渗模型和评价方法计算结果与试验揭示的现象一致,证明了该方法的可靠性。     

大降雨条件下气压力对边坡稳定的影响研究

对于大面积浅层风化土边坡,当下部含有浅水位或不透水基岩层时大降雨将导致下部气体被封闭。随着湿润峰的下移,气压不断增大。封闭气压力不仅降低了雨水在边坡土体的入渗率,而且对边坡的稳定有显著影响。通过分析封闭气压力的形成和相关理论,提出取 大小的气压力头来研究边坡的稳定性（Hc为一水头值,与土体孔隙尺寸分布有关; hd为土体进气值水头）。结合非饱和土的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则和极限平衡法,将封闭气压力引入到边坡的稳定分析中,建立了考虑气压力影响下的稳定分析模型。与传统的不考虑气压力的稳定分析方法作对比,提出了气压力影响率概念。研究表明,封闭气压力显著降低了边坡的安全系数,传统的无限边坡稳定计算方法偏于危险。研究结果对无限边坡的强降雨安全预报具有较好的指导作用。     

降雨过程中边坡临界滑动场

降雨入渗过程中孔隙水压力的升高与基质吸力的降低引起边坡稳定性的下降,是导致边坡滑塌的主要诱导因素。利用饱和-非饱和渗流有限元计算得到的孔隙水压力场,基于Fredlund提出的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出可以考虑降雨过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,能够方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数和相对应的临界滑动面在降雨过程中的变化历程。将该法用于一个典型均质边坡和一个非均质边坡在降雨过程中的稳定性计算,分析降雨持续时间、降雨强度和非饱和强度参数取值等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,并将计算结果与其他方法进行比较,结果表明临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状最危险滑面,计算的安全系数合理。     

A time-space based approach for mapping rainfall-induced shallow landslide hazard

A rainfall-induced shallow landslide is a major hazard in mountainous terrain, but a time-space based approach is still an unsettled issue for mapping rainfall-induced shallow landslide hazards. Rain induces a rise of the groundwater level and an increase in pore water pressure that results in slope failures. In this study, an integrated infinite slope analysis model has been developed to evaluate the influence of infiltration on surficial stability of slopes by the limit equilibrium method. Based on this new integrated infinite slope analysis model, a time-space based approach has been implemented to map the distributed landslide hazard in a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and to evaluate the shallow slope failure induced by a particular rainfall event that accounts for the rainfall intensity and duration. The case study results in a comprehensive time-space landslide hazard map that illustrates the change of the safety factor and the depth of the wetting front over time.     

Incorporating hydro-mechanical coupling in an analysis of the effects of rainfall patterns on unsaturated soil slope stability

Rainfall-induced landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment. Rainfall patterns affect the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes, and are related to the slopes’ stability. Four rainfall patterns were chosen to represent natural rainfall patterns for an examination of rainfall infiltration into soil slopes using numerical models incorporating coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils. Our analysis showed that rainfall patterns play a significant role in the distribution of the pore-water pressure in soil slopes, and influence the slope stability. The pore-water pressure profile of soil slopes and the factor of safety are affected by the ratio of rainfall intensity and the coefficient of permeability. The depth and shape of the shallow sliding plane of the landslide is closely related to the rainfall pattern; moreover, the results showed a correlation between the factor of safety of the slope and the rainfall intensity. This relationship can be described by a dimensionless rainfall intensity. The nonlinear relationship can be used to estimate the slope stability resulting from rainfall infiltration when the hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated soil slopes is considered.     

Influence of rainfall-induced wetting on the stability of slopes in weathered soils

Shallow failures of slopes in weathered soil are caused by infiltration due to prolonged rainfall. These failures are mainly triggered by the deepening of the wetting band accompanied by a decrease in matric suction induced by the water infiltration. This paper reports trends of rainfall-induced wetting band depth in two types of weathered soils that are commonly found in Korea. Both theoretical and numerical analyses for wetting band depth are presented based on the soil–water characteristic curve obtained using filter paper as well as tensiometer tests. It is found that the magnitude of wetting front suction plays a key role in the stability of slopes in weathered soils. Theoretical analysis based on modified Green and Ampt model tends to underestimate the wetting band depth for typical Korean weathered soils. It was also deduced that for Korean weathered soils, the factor of safety drops rapidly once the wetting band depth of 1.2 m reached.     

Water infiltration characteristics of unsaturated soil slope and its effect on suction and stability

Rainfall has been considered the cause of the majority of slope failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing high seasonal rainfalls. The mechanism of the failures was mainly due to the lost of matric suction of soils by rainwater. This paper presents the results of a laboratory model study on the effect of slope angle and surface cover on water infiltration into soil and soil matric suction. A field infiltration test is carried out for comparison. A parametric study is also done to examine the effect of permeability ratio, development of perched water table and rainfall intensity on the factor of safety against instability of a soil slope. Results of the model study show that different surface covers on slopes have an effect on the water infiltration. Generally the covered surface (grass or geosynthetic net) has a lower infiltration rate compared with the bare (no cover) surface. On the effect of slope angle, it was observed that water infiltration decrease with increase in the slope steepness. With regards to the movement of the wetting front, it appears that water infiltration is more at the toe compared with the top of the model slope. Based on the parametric study, it is found factor of safety of the slope against instability drops for slope with higher ratio of permeability for the permeable and impermeable stratum. As the perched water table is formed, the factor of safety decreased. The rainfall intensity also has a marked effect on the slope factor of safety. The higher the intensity of the rainfall, the higher is the infiltration rate into the soil, hence the lower is the factor of safety against slope instability.