新生代深海冷水碳酸盐泥丘成因及IODP 307航次初步研究结果

记述了新生代深海冷水碳酸盐泥丘近期的9个重要研究事件;总结了冷水泥丘具有全球海洋(大陆斜坡为主)分布、形态各异、冷水枝状珊瑚构筑泥丘的特点;介绍了冷水泥丘形成的(地质流体渗流和微生物作用)内因及(海底牵引底流作用)外因两种主要观点.对2005年IODP 307航次实施的北大西洋Porcupine Seabight冷水泥丘大洋钻探工作初步成果进行了编译,公布了中国科学家在碳氧同位素方面的初步实验结果.实验结果显示上新世中期以来的2 Ma里冷水碳酸盐泥丘启动和发育过程中存在2次碳氧同位素偏移事件(Ⅰ和Ⅱ),碳氧同位素偏移事件Ⅰ与泥丘的启动相呼应,暗示北大西洋古海洋气候发生巨大变化,可能与北极冰盖极盛有关.     

南海北部陆架海底沙波基本特征及属性

南海北部陆架海底沙波是否为残留沙波长期存在争议。为配合陆丰油田的开发,在LF13-2和LF13-1站位之间进行了详细的地形、地貌和海底底流测量。观测数据显示,本研究区发育两组海底沙波。两组沙波的分布和当今的海底地形密切相关,沙波的波宽、波高,沙脊的长度及延伸的方向也都和现今的水深密切相关。此外,沙波区的底质、沉积物颜色等也随现今水深的变化而变化。跨年度的测量结果显示,从2003年夏季到2005年冬季,海底沙波发生了明显的变化,除有明显的沙波迁移,并有新的沙波生成外,沙波区的水深也整体变深,研究区东南端平均加深了0.29m。由于东沙海底高原的存在,东沙区底流有了复杂的变化。实际的观测结果显示,在9MKII站位,向南的退潮流明显大于向北的涨潮流,但在AEM-HR站位,WNW向的涨潮流则稍稍大于ESE向的退潮流。9MKII站位测得的最大底流速为48cm/s,有22%的底流速大于20cm/s,这是启动海底沉积物并能形成海底沙波的最小底流速。本文指出,东沙隆起后,由于强烈的底流侵蚀,在东沙区的中陆架和外陆架区几乎没有现代沉积。构成海底沙波的沉积物主要来自海底地层的剥蚀。测深结果显示的海底加深可能和海底剥蚀有关。很明显,海底沙波和现今的海底底流体系有很好的吻合关系,从而是在现今底流体系条件下形成的,而非晚更新世末次冰期的残留沙波。     

西藏申扎地区下泥盆统达尔东组珊瑚化石新材料

系统描述了采自藏北申扎地区下泥盆统达尔东组的部分珊瑚类化石。其中，皱纹珊瑚7属5种(含1新种Hunanaxonia xizangensis sp．nov．)及2个未定种；床板珊瑚形珊瑚4属4种，含2个新种(Pachycanalicula sparcula sp．nov．，Paraheliolites zakangensis sp．nov．)。这些珊瑚化石的发现将有助于进一步了解本区早泥盆世珊瑚动物群的共生组合、演化以及珊瑚的古生物地理区系。     

黔北桐梓狮溪志留纪埃隆晚期石牛栏段的生物滩相

志留纪兰多维列世埃隆晚期,滇黔桂古陆以北的陆表海缓坡上沉积了石牛栏组石牛栏段浅水灰岩。珊瑚—层孔虫为主的后生动物格架岩建造的点礁分布北界仅延伸到桐梓水坝塘一带;更远岸的狮溪镇白芷垭剖面虽然远离古陆剥蚀区,层状灰岩中极低的粉砂质、泥质含量指示高清澈度的环境指标,内碎屑和少量生屑混合沉积的滩相灰岩沉积深度在最大浪基面之上,但珊瑚—层孔虫密度偏低,后生动物格架岩的丰度以及个体大小均达不到礁灰岩的标准,也不呈现生物礁特有的正向海底地貌。本文实例诠释了海底深度变化显著制约底栖群落的古生态分异,后生动物点礁栖居的深度范围有限。     

湖北宜昌王家坪下寒武统天河板组古杯礁丘及其成岩作用

王家坪古杯礁丘是由不规则古杯和蓝绿藻Renalcis、Epiphyton、Cirvanella等组成的障积礁丘。可分为:孤立小型古杯泥丘和由丘状藻-古杯粘结岩叠置而成的点礁。以Renalcis为主的藻-古杯粘结岩与孤立小型古杯泥丘一样形成于风暴浪基面之下的低能陆架。以Epiphyton为主的藻-古杯粘结岩形成于较动荡的中-高能陆架浅滩。除造礁生物的沉积作用外,早期海底胶结作用和充填固化作用对古杯礁丘的形成亦起了十分重要的作用。     

东沙隆起南缘第四系等深流沉积特征及成因机制

珠江口盆地东沙隆起南缘深水陆坡区（水深约900~2 600 m）是西北太平洋和南海水体交换的活跃区域,发育了类型丰富的等深流沉积体,但等深流沉积特征和成因机制尚不明确,相关研究仍缺乏足够证据。通过区域地震资料和ODP1144站钻井数据分析发现,该区第四系地层中可识别5种深水底流成因的等深流沉积:涂抹形漂积体、伸长形-丘形漂积体、限制形漂积体、沉积物波以及席状漂积体。根据等深流沉积特征、发育类型以及分布范围,从陆坡到深海平原大致依次出现涂抹形漂积体、伸长形-丘形漂积体、限制形漂积体和席状漂积体,而具有波状沉积底形的沉积物波主要发育于陆坡区。东沙隆起南缘第四系等深流沉积的形成、演化受控于多种因素,其中主控因素包括:西北太平洋与南海中-深层水体的"双层"环流结构、科里奥利力的"右偏"效应、冰期-间冰期海平面升降所诱导的底流与重力流交互作用机制以及新构造运动时期火山活动对海底地貌的改造。     

黔南惠水下石炭统上司组礁滩灰岩微相

黔南惠水雅水剖面下石炭统上司组底部含有厚度约7m的生物沉积和建造灰岩,为上下生屑滩夹含5m厚的珊瑚格架礁,微相类型丰富,可划分出4种类型:1泥粒状灰岩;2粒泥状灰岩;3珊瑚障积岩;4层孔虫盖覆岩。在生屑滩沉积生物碎屑泥粒状灰岩中,珊瑚、腕足类、钙藻、介形类、海百合茎等破碎程度高,分选性低,为较强水动力条件远距离或频繁搬运后快速沉积的产物,此时不适宜大型珊瑚原地生长保存,仅见少量而单调的单体四射珊瑚和复体四射珊瑚。珊瑚格架礁以生物碎屑粒泥状灰岩、珊瑚障积岩为主,发育少量层孔虫盖覆岩和藻类粘结作用。腕足类、钙藻、有孔虫、海百合茎、介形类、腹足类较为丰富,苔藓虫以及层孔虫的丰度未达到支撑程度,昭示珊瑚格架礁生长期的水动力条件减弱,为单体四射珊瑚、笛管珊瑚(Syringopora)和丛管珊瑚(Siphonodendron)为主体的珊瑚群落形成原地礁灰岩创造了条件。     

南海东沙西南海域冷泉碳酸盐岩特征及其意义

海底冷泉流体或自生碳酸盐沉积可为碳氢化合物(主要指常规油气或天然气水合物)、冷泉生物群落的调查和研究提供有利线索。对东沙群岛海区、神狐海区和ODP184-1146钻孔碳酸盐沉积的特征进行了对比和研究,结果表明这些海区碳酸盐岩的岩性特征、碳氧同位素组成等存在明显差异。东沙群岛海区和神狐海区的碳酸盐岩的化学成分如TFe、A l2O3、TiO2、K2O、Na2O、MnO、P2O5等不同,表明它们可能分别受到了粘土矿物和铁锰氧化物影响。在神狐海区至少发生了一次冷泉流体活动,形成了早晚两期冷泉碳酸盐岩,而在东沙群岛海区发生了至少3次冷泉流体活动,形成了多期冷泉碳酸盐岩,反映了这两个海区碳酸盐沉积的甲烷成因不同,且形成环境也受不同的因素控制。研究揭示,在东沙群岛南部海区可能发育热成因甲烷汇聚的天然气水合物,其海底可能存在冷泉生物群落,这为东沙西南海域天然气水合物和冷泉生物群落的进一步寻找和研究提供了新思路。     

南海北部东沙陆坡主要灾害地质因素特征

我国深水区海洋灾害地质研究成果较少,而南海北部东沙陆坡深水区天然气水合物资源的进一步勘探急需弄清海底地质环境。研究区缺乏浅地层剖面资料,因此,本文基于高分辨率2D地震资料等实测资料,率先在东沙陆坡深水区开展灾害地质研究。文中识别出地震、活动断层、海底滑坡、浅层气、泥火山、陡坎及侵蚀沟(谷)共7种具有活动能力的破坏性灾害地质因素,还识别出浅埋基岩面、海底火山、岩浆底辟共3种不具有活动能力的限制性灾害地质因素,同时总结了各灾害地质因素的平面展布特征并研究了其地震反射特征及灾害性。基于以上研究,本文认为陆坡深水区应重点避让海底滑坡、活动断裂、浅层气、侵蚀沟等与海洋工程关系密切的灾害地质类型,研究成果虽然精度有限,但可初步为该区天然气水合物的进一步勘探及防灾减灾提供参考。     

新疆晚奥陶世床板珊瑚、日射珊瑚及其生物地层学意义

新疆晚奥世床板珊瑚、日射珊瑚化石现已发现44属.152种.本文建立了三个床板珊瑚组合(Catenipora-Eofletcheria组合,Agetolites-Rhabdotetradium组合,Procatenipora-Para-tetradium组合)和二个日射珊瑚组合(Fuyunolites组合,Plasmoporella组合).根据珊瑚的分布规律,推测晚奥陶世新疆存在环准噶尔海和环塔里木海两个海区,并推测现北纬20°—80°为当时热带和亚热带气候区,古赤道位于现北纬50°位置.新疆当时处于赤道以南热带和亚热带范围,致使床板珊瑚、日射珊瑚空前繁盛.     

Carbonate mounds of the Moroccan Mediterranean margin: Facies and environmental controls

Sedimentological and geochemical studies of boxcores from the Brittlestar Ridge I and Cabliers carbonate mounds, along the Moroccan Mediterranean margin, show that sediments are composed of cold water scleratian corals and micritic mud, muddy micrite or muddy allochem limestone matrix, outlining seven different facies that can be attributed to “cluster reefs”. The mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sediments have been derived from both extra- and intrabasinal sources. Extra-basinal sources may be the geological formations outcropping in the Moroccan hinterland and Sahara, the latter including corals and associated bioclasts. Sediments were transported by wind and rivers and redistributed by bottom currents and local upwelling. Our results confirm the role of tectonics in the genesis of these carbonate mounds and reveal that their developments during the Holocene (10.34–0.91 ka BP) was controlled by climatic fluctuations (e.g. Holocene Climate Optimum and Little Ice Age), eustatic sea level change, and hydrodynamic regime.     

南海北部边缘盆地泥底辟及泥火山特征及其与油气运聚关系

泥底辟与泥火山成因机制相同,发育演化特征相似,但最终地质形态及存在形式有所差异.通过深入分析南海西北部莺歌海盆地泥底辟与东北部台西南盆地泥火山发育展布特点及伴生天然气地球化学特征,指出莺歌海盆地泥底辟主要分布于盆地中部的莺歌海深大凹陷,且沿盆地NW方向呈五行雁行式排列,泥底辟发育演化具有明显的低密、低速和异常高温超压的特点;而台西南盆地泥火山主要展布于南部凹陷陆坡深水区和台湾陆上台南-高雄地区,陆上泥火山多沿深大断裂带分布,地面形态特征类似火山形态,多具有喷口,海域泥火山的海底形态亦与其相似,但研究程度较低.泥底辟及泥火山伴生烃类天然气成因类型较多,但以成熟-高熟煤型烃类气为主;伴生的非烃气CO₂和N₂丰富,但以无机壳源型CO₂为主.泥底辟及泥火山的泥源层均为中新世及上新世海相坳陷沉积的巨厚泥页岩,本身即具生烃潜力,其成熟生烃及其与泥底辟/泥火山运聚通道和底辟伴生构造的良好配置,则构成了其独特的泥底辟/泥火山油气运聚成藏系统,进而控制了这种“泥底辟/泥火山型油气藏”的分布.      

Indications of neotectonic activity at the Barents Sea shelf

Geologic-geomorphic and structural indications of neotectonic, virtually present-day, activity at the Barents Sea shelf are considered. Wide belts of the secondary ruptures—linear zones of dynamic effects of faults with a strike-slip component in the acoustic basement—are mapped in the areas studied in detail. Some of these ruptures displace recent sediments. As a result, allochthonous blocks of Mesozoic or Paleozoic rocks occasionally barren of recent marine sediments arise under transpressional conditions. Other signs of the present-day secondary faulting include shallow-seated injection folds and a peculiar wavy topography of mud in deep areas of the bottom. The relationship of exotic submarine mounds and gas emissions in the eastern Pechora Sea with recent mud volcanoes controlled by the neotectonic activity of the Pai-Khoi-Novaya Zemlya Foldbelt under conditions of lateral compression is substantiated for the first time. A superimposed aggradational height is revealed in the most subsided portion of the Central Trench; the origin of this height is referred to the effect of seismic vibration of the seafloor that brings about partial fluidization of surficial marine mud and its ductile-viscous flow and local accumulation in a particularly favorable area of the bottom. The indications of neotectonic activity may be used as a tool for testing the tectonic concepts that are put forward.     

微晶丘成因新认识

微晶丘主要由灰泥组成,仅见少量生物碎屑,其成因尚无圆满解释。借鉴现代海底勘查成果,依据北京西山微晶丘、白云鄂博赋矿微晶丘、腮林忽洞微晶丘的特征,认为微晶丘是海底热水(伴CO2)的化学作用产物：现代海底勘查发现的微晶丘是形成于洋中脊、热点或弧后盆地;北京西山等地的纯灰岩微晶丘是形成于大陆内部;而白云鄂博赋矿白云岩是一个大型微晶丘,形成于被动大陆边缘。微晶丘中的生物作用仅是深海热水活动的伴生作用,并不是微晶丘形成的主导作用。     

New evidence of extensive active mud volcanism in the Anaximander mountains (Eastern Mediterranean): The “ATHINA” mud volcano

A 3000 km² multibeam survey was carried out on the eastern Anaximander Mountains (Mts), (Eastern Mediterranean). The objective was to obtain detailed bathymetry of known mud volcanoes and identify new sites of active mud volcanism in the area. N-NW of the Amsterdam Mud-Volcano (MV) several mounds and cone-like morphological irregularities with a height of few tens of meters to about one hundred meters were detected and considered as potential MVs on the basis of their distinctive backscattered character. A group of two mounds was selected, the northern mound was sampled, documented as active, and named accordingly Athina MV. These new findings strongly support the presence of extensive active mud volcanism in the Anaximander Mountains especially in the area north of the Amsterdam MV.GEM     

Newly discovered mud volcanoes in the Coastal Belt of Makran,Pakistan—tectonic implications

The Makran accretionary wedge has a much larger number of mud volcanoes then those reported earlier. Using high-resolution satellite images, over 70 active mud volcanoes were identified. These mud volcanoes occur within a well-defined zone; we call it the Makran zone of active mud volcanoes (MZAMV), which is parallel to the regional trend of the accretionary wedge. Mud volcanoes within the zone occur as clusters, which form linear belts parallel to the regional thrusts associated with anticlines. The MZAMV zone also includes the offshore mud volcanoes occurring in the shallow shelf area, including the recurrently emerging mud islands. Several occurrences of thick deposits of old mud volcanoes (Pleistocene or even older) are also present within this zone, which also display recognizable features that are characteristic of the fossil mud volcanoes. We propose that the MZAMV developed and evolved in response to the continued compression within the Makran accretionary wedge, which in turn, is a response of the subduction process. Mud diapirism has been an ongoing phenomena since Pleistocene or even earlier. The events of enhanced mud extrusion in mud volcanoes and/or emergence of island(s) have relevance with seismic phenomena and, therefore, may be closely monitored.     

东沙岛西南泥火山区的地震烃类检测

近年来通过多道地震、浅剖及海底采样调查在东沙岛西南海域发现了大量喷溢甲烷的泥火山,通过研究泥火山可能会发现含气层,具有重大的油气资源指示意义.一条多道地震剖面显示,在该海域一泥火山MV3附近存在一个具有极性反转的埋藏背斜构造,其振幅绝对值随偏移距增大而增大.为探究该背斜是否含有烃类气体,开展了速度分析、AVO反演和频率吸收衰减分析.结果表明:该极性反转下方存在纵波低速层;该带在截距P及梯度G剖面表现为负值,在P、G交会图中落入第三象限,在横波反射率剖面中表现为正值,在泊松比变化率剖面中表现为高负值;该带高频成分快速衰减,低频成分相对增加.以上多属性特征预示着该带含气,可能与深部甲烷泄露有关.      

Distribution and characters of the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off southwest Taiwan

In order to identify the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off SW Taiwan, we have examined ∼1500 km long MCS profiles and related marine geophysical data. Our results show ten quasi-linear mud diapirs, oriented NNE–SSW to N–S directions. Thirteen mud volcanoes are identified from the multibeam bathymetric data. These mud volcanoes generally occur on tops of the diapiric structures. Moreover, the active mud flow tracks out of mud volcanoes MV1, MV3 and MV6 are observed through the high backscatter intensity stripes on the sidescan sonar images. The heights of the cone-shaped mud volcanoes range from 65 m to 345 m, and the diameters at base from 680 m to 4100 m. These mud volcanoes have abrupt slopes between 5.3° and 13.6°, implying the mudflow is active and highly viscous. In contrast, the flat crests of mud volcanoes are due to relative lower-viscosity flows. The larger cone-shaped mud volcanoes located at deeper water depths could be related to a longer eruption history. The formation of mud diapirs and volcanoes in the study area are ascribed to the overpressure in sedimentary layers, compressional tectonic forces and gas-bearing fluids. Especially, the gas-bearing fluid plays an important role in enhancing the intrusion after the diapirism as a large amount of gas expulsions is observed. The morphology of the upper Kaoping Slope is mainly controlled by mud diapiric intrusions.     

深水沉积物波及其在南海研究之现状

深水沉积物波的研究始于20世纪50年代。根据成因和结构特征，可以将深水沉积物波划分为细粒底流、细粒浊流、粗粒底流和粗粒浊流等类型。不同类型的沉积物波具有不同的形态、物质组成及分布特征。已提出的深水沉积物波的形成模式主要有背流波模式、逆行沙波模式、内波模式及底形和斜坡失稳混合模式等。1994年太阳号95航次和1999年ODP184航次揭示并证实，南海北部东沙岸外1144站所处的深水陆坡区发育有一高速沉积物牵引体。根据最新的地震资料分析发现，该牵引体实际上由一系列逆陆坡向上倾方向迁移的沉积物波组成，这一发现对于南海北部大陆边缘古海洋、古环境和古气候研究，以及南海深水油气勘探具有重要意义。     

塔中I号断裂带顺6井上奥陶统取芯段古生物群落演化及其古生态意义

本文研究了塔中I号断裂带西北端顺6井上奥陶统地层第一次取芯段的古生物群落,共划分出5种类型:分别为隐蓝细菌群落、海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚群落、四分珊瑚-海得菌群落、四分珊瑚-红藻类稀群落、棘皮类稀群落,各群落的生物组成均不同。确定礁群落有3种:隐蓝细菌群落、海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚群落和四分珊瑚-海得菌群落。隐蓝细菌群落发育于台地边缘较深水的灰泥丘,海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚和四分珊瑚-海德菌群落发育于台地边缘较浅水的生物礁,红藻类稀群落和棘皮类稀群落发育于台地边缘滩。灰泥丘、四分珊瑚骨架礁和海德菌障积礁地层溶蚀孔洞很发育,但是均被亮晶方解石充填。生屑砂屑滩中的溶孔具有残余孔隙,可能构成油气的储集空间。