不同胶结厚度下粒间胶结力学特性的试验研究

为研究胶结物厚度对粒间胶结强度的影响,在蒋明镜等[1－4]已完成的0.6 mm厚度的环氧树脂和水泥微观胶结模型试验基础上,进一步选取1.0 mm和1.5 mm两种胶结厚度,通过一系列接触力学特性测试,并结合0.6 mm厚度的试验数据,分析了在不同胶结厚度和不同胶结物类型下,粒间胶结强度指标的变化规律。试验结果表明：随着胶结厚度的增加,峰值抗拉荷载增大,峰值抗压荷载减小;同一胶结厚度下,随着法向压力的增大,两种胶结物的峰值抗剪和抗扭荷载均先增大后减小,而同一法向压力下,随着胶结厚度的增加,二者的峰值抗剪和抗扭荷载均随之减小。在三维应力空间中（法向压力-扭矩-剪力）,两类胶结强度包线分别为水滴状、橄榄球状且随胶结厚度的增加而缩小,但形状不发生变化。     

不同胶结尺寸的粒间胶结强度统一表达式

为研究胶结物的尺寸,即胶结宽度、胶结厚度,对粒间胶结物力学特性的综合影响,在分析已完成的不同胶结宽度和厚度微观胶结模型试验基础上,提出了考虑胶结尺寸的胶结强度统一表达式。结果表明:不同胶结尺寸试样的峰值压缩和峰值拉伸荷载均与端部约束因子?和高宽比例因子?相关;不同胶结尺寸试样的抗剪和抗扭能力可以使用统一的表达形式,即拟合剪切系数和抗转动系数来表征;在三维峰值荷载空间中,不同胶结尺寸下胶结试样荷载包线均呈开口空心椭球状,随着胶结宽度的增大,试样峰值荷载增大,且增大趋势明显;随着胶结厚度的增大,试样峰值荷载减小,而当胶结厚度达到一定程度后,减小趋势不明显。     

水泥胶结颗粒的微观力学模型试验

土体粒间胶结是建立天然结构性土本构模型的决定性因素之一,将胶结颗粒理想化为两铝棒,在指定位置处形成胶结。采用水泥作为胶结材料,对胶结颗粒进行了一系列简单加载试验（包括拉伸、压缩、压剪、压扭）和复杂应力路径试验,并与蒋明镜等所做的环氧树脂胶结试验进行对比。结果表明：胶结材料对胶结颗粒的力学性能存在一定影响,但基本规律符合蒋明镜等所提出的理想颗粒间胶结模型。水泥胶结抗拉强度低于环氧树脂胶结抗拉强度,但延性相对较好,抗压特性均呈塑性软化现象;二者的抗剪强度初始均随法向压力的增加而增大,当法向压力超过一定值时,又随法向压力的增加而减小（该压力称为界限法向压力）,但水泥胶结的界限法向压力明显高于环氧树脂胶结,扭转试验规律与剪切试验规律类似。在三维应力空间中（法向压力-扭矩-剪力）水泥胶结的强度包线呈橄榄球状,环氧树脂胶结强度包线呈水滴状。     

粒间胶结接触力学特性的三维试验研究

为实现结构性砂土离散元接触模型合理性的三维试验验证,设计了一套可用于三维半球形理想胶结颗粒成型及实现不同加载条件下的接触力学特性测试装置,制备了一定胶结尺寸的环氧树脂半球形颗粒胶结试样,在一系列辅助加载装置中初步开展了不同加载条件（拉伸、压缩、剪切、弯转、扭转）下的力学性能测试。结果表明,该装置可用于实现三维情况下胶结颗粒接触力学特性测试;不同加载条件下的实测试验结果与二维试验成果基本一致;峰值剪切、弯矩、扭矩随着法向荷载的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,存在一个相同的临界法向荷载。     

人工胶结砂土力学特性的离散元模拟

采用离散单元法（DEM）对胶结砂土力学特性进行模拟。将基于室内试验测得的理想胶结颗粒接触力学响应引入到开发的二维离散元程序（NS2D）中,模拟胶结砂土颗粒间的胶结作用。对不同胶结强度和围压的胶结砂土进行平面应变双轴压缩试验模拟,并将模拟结果与Wang和Leung[1]提供的人工胶结砂土的试验结果进行比较。最后对数值模拟中胶结试样的微观力学响应（接触力链、胶结点破坏率和位移场）进行分析。结果表明,离散元数值模拟能够有效地反映胶结砂土的主要力学特性,相比同一初始孔隙比的无胶结松散砂土,胶结砂土将具有更高的强度,应力-应变关系呈应变软化,体变为先剪缩后剪胀,且两者的差异随胶结强度的增大和围压的减小而越趋显著。此外,胶结砂土宏观力学响应（应力-应变关系和剪胀性）与其微观力学响应密切相关。     

基于微观胶结厚度模型的深海能源土宏观力学特性离散元分析

首先,引入蒋明镜等提出的考虑水合物胶结厚度的深海能源土粒间微观胶结模型,用以反映能源土颗粒之间水合物微观胶结接触力学特性;其次,采用C++语言将模型程序化,并将其引入离散单元法中;然后,对选定的水合物饱和度经过实际二维离散元模拟调算,得出相应的水合物胶结尺寸,以修正水合物临界胶结厚度、最小胶结厚度及胶结宽度,进而确定水合物微观胶结参数;最后,根据所确定的胶结参数,针对不同水合物饱和度试样进行能源土宏观力学特性离散元双轴试验模拟,并从应力-应变、体变、剪胀角等方面与Masui等所进行的能源土室内三轴试验进行对比分析。结果表明：采用考虑粒间胶结厚度的水合物微观胶结模型,能够定性反映深海能源土的宏观力学特性,能源土试样的峰值强度、黏聚力和剪胀角均随水合物饱和度的增加而增加,但水合物饱和度对内摩擦角的影响规律不明朗;能源土试样的峰值强度、残余强度及体积剪缩量随着有效围压的增大而增大;剪胀角随有效围压的增大而减小。     

胶结颗粒接触力学特性测试装置研制

为验证天然结构性砂土离散元模拟中接触模型及其参数的合理性,设计了一套用于理想胶结颗粒成型及实现不同加载条件下接触力学特性测试装置。通过胶结颗粒成型装置在两大小相同的铝棒间形成具有特定几何尺寸的胶结物,随后,采用一系列辅助加载装置实现简单及复杂加载条件下胶结颗粒接触力学特性的测试。试验结果表明：该装置可用于胶结颗粒在不同加载条件下接触力学特性的测试,实测胶结颗粒接触力学响应与天然砂土离散元中接触模型基本相符,且其抗剪和抗扭强度均随着法向压力的增大而增大,在三维应力空间中胶结颗粒强度包线呈椭圆抛物面状。     

不同泥质含量砂岩三轴渗透试验研究

为探讨三向应力状态下不同泥质胶结物含量砂岩渗透力学性能的异同,对泥质含量分别为4%、15%、24%、31%的4组不同泥质含量砂岩进行了三轴压缩渗透试验。试验结果表明:砂岩的强度和弹性模量随着泥质胶结物的增加呈幂函数型减小,随围压的升高而增大,内摩擦角和黏聚力随含泥量增加而逐渐减小;相同围压和泥质含量下,渗透性随加载应力的增大呈先减小后增大、再略微减小的整体趋势,渗透系数在峰值应力附近达到最大值;相同围压和偏应力下,渗透系数随泥质胶结物含量的升高而呈线性减小;同等泥质含量和偏应力下,砂岩的渗透性随围压的升高呈对数型函数减小。基于试验结果,分析得到了一种综合考虑围压、孔隙度以及泥质含量影响的砂岩综合渗透模型,并通过理论与试验数据对比分析验证了模型的合理性。     

连续级配废石胶结充填体强度及变形特性试验研究

采用MTS815岩石力学试验系统与自制的胶结充填体制作装置,对骨架颗粒满足Talbol级配理论的废石胶结充填体进行单轴抗压试验研究,分析了Talbol幂指数、初始孔隙度、胶结材料种类及含量对充填体强度及变形特性的影响规律。结果表明:充填体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、变形模量均随Talbol指数n呈先增大、后减小的趋势;采用2次多项式拟合充填体单轴抗压强度与骨架颗粒Talbol指数的关系,得到了使充填体强度及变形特性达到最优的Talbol指数n=0.45。充填体单轴抗压强度基本上随其初始孔隙度的增大而减小,但当孔隙分布均匀性较差时,其试验结果具有一定差异。满足Talbol分布的充填体强度随其胶结材料胶结性能的提高而逐渐增大,其中水泥胶结充填体单轴抗压强度可以达到黏土胶结充填体的6倍以上。另外,胶结材料含量的提高同样可以增大充填体的强度,并能够相应地缩短其应力-应变曲线中的孔隙压密阶段。     

金属矿山阶段嗣后充填胶结充填体矿柱力学模型分析

矿柱宽度和充填体自立高度是阶段嗣后充填顺利实施的重要影响因素。基于弹性力学平面应变基本假设,建立阶段嗣后胶结充填体矿柱力学模型并进行理论求解。以某铁矿为工程分析实例,采用控制变量法（CVM）研究矿柱不同宽度、高度条件下,水平应力和剪应力的变化规律。研究表明：矿房极限宽度和高度分别为19.8 m和103.2 m。胶结充填体矿柱水平应力随矿柱高度的增高而逐渐增大;剪应力在矿柱中心位置达到最大,且高度越大,剪应力值也越大。在胶结充填体矿柱与非胶结充填体接触侧剪应力趋于定值。矿柱宽度分别为15、18、20 m时,其剪应力分别为243.8、292.6、325.1 kPa。而产生剪应力的主要原因是非胶结充填体受水平应力作用在与胶结充填体矿柱接触面产生滑动摩擦力所致。     

Bond rolling resistance and its effect on yielding of bonded granulates by DEM analyses

A discrete element modelling of bonded granulates and investigation on the bond effect on their behaviour are very important to geomechanics. This paper presents a two‐dimensional (2‐D) discrete element theory for bonded granulates with bond rolling resistance and provides a numerical investigation into the effect of bond rolling resistance on the yielding of bonded granulates. The model consists of mechanical contact models and equations governing the motion of bonded particles. The key point of the theory is that the assumption in the original bond contact model previously proposed by the authors (55th CSCE‐ASCE Conference, Hamilton, Ont., Canada, 2002; 313–320; J. Eng. Mech. (ASCE) 2005; 131 (11):1209–1213) that bonded particles are in contact at discrete points, is here replaced by a more reliable assumption that bonded particles are in contact over a width. By making the idealization that the bond contact width is continuously distributed with the normal/tangential basic elements (BE) (each BE is composed of spring, dashpot, bond, slider or divider), we establish a bond rolling contact model together with bond normal/tangential contact models, and also relate the governing equations to local equilibrium. Only one physical parameter β needs to be introduced in the theory in comparison to the original bond discrete element model. The model has been implemented into a 2‐D distinct element method code, NS2D. Using the NS2D, a total of 86 1‐D, constant stress ratio, and biaxial compressions tests have been carried out on the bonded granular samples of different densities, bonding strengths and rolling resistances. The numerical results show that: (i) the new theory predicts a larger internal friction angle, a larger yielding stress, more brittle behaviour and larger final broken contact ratio than the original bond model; (ii) the yielding stress increases nonlinearly with the increasing value of β, and (iii) the first‐yield curve (initiation of bond breakage), which define a zone of none bond breakage and which shape and size are affected by the material density, is amplified by the bond rolling resistance in analogous to that predicted by the original bond model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A bonded-particle model for cemented sand

We propose an extension of the Discrete Element Method for the numerical simulation of cemented sands, in which spherical particles are bonded together by elastic beams connecting the centers of the spheres. The parameters of this model are the strengths and stiffnesses of the bonds and particles. For small strains, the elasticity of the bond element is equal to the well-known linear finite-element Timoshenko beam element with reduced integration. The finite rotations are represented by unit quaternions. An efficient way to compute relative rotations and to decompose them into their components is presented.The results of triaxial compression tests on artificially cemented sands are used to verify that the model can capture the macroscopic behavior of such materials. The results show that peak stress mainly depends on the strength of the bonds and the number of initially bonded particles in the material. Results of triaxial tests with different cement contents are reproduced by the analysis. An important parameter of the model is the strength difference between tension and compression of the bond element. This property controls the influence of the confining pressure on peak strength. In the future, the model could be adapted to other types of bonded materials like asphalt or rock.     

A bond failure criterion for DEM simulations of cemented geomaterials considering variable bond thickness

A series of micromechanical tests were conducted to investigate the bond failure criterion of bonded granules considering the effect of bond thickness, with the aim of enhancing the bond contact model used in the distinct element simulations of cemented geomaterials. The granules were idealized in a two‐dimensional context as one pair of aluminum rods bonded by resin epoxy or cement. The mechanical responses of nearly 500 rod pairs were tested under different loading paths to attain the yield loads of bonded granules at variable bond thickness. This study leads to a generic bond failure criterion incorporating the effect of the bond thickness. The results show that the bond compressive resistance largely decreases with increasing bond thickness owing to the presence of the confinement at the bond‐particle interface. The strength envelopes obtained from the combined shear compression tests and combined torsion compression tests have identical functional form, and they decrease in size with increasing bond thickness but remain unchanged in shape. Given the same cementation material, the generic bond strength envelope in a three‐dimensional contact force space under different loading paths remains the same in shape but shrinks with the increase of bond thickness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of inter‐particle bond failure by 3D discrete element method

The cohesive‐frictional nature of cementitious geomaterials raises great interest in the discrete element method (DEM) simulation of their mechanical behavior, where a proper bond failure criterion is usually required. In this paper, the failure of bond material between two spheres was investigated numerically using DEM that can easily reproduce the failure process of brittle material. In the DEM simulations, a bonded‐grain system (composed of two particles and bond material in between) was discretized as a cylindrical assembly of very fine particles connecting two large end spheres. Then, the bonded‐grain system was subjected to compression/tension, shear, rolling and torsion loadings and their combinations until overall failure (peak state) was reached. Bonded‐grain systems with various sizes were employed to investigate bond geometry effects. The numerical results show that the compression strength is highly affected by bond geometry, with the tensile strength being dependent to a lesser degree. The shear, rolling and torsion strengths are all normal force dependent; i.e., with an increase in the normal force, these strengths first increase at a declining rate and then start to decrease upon the normal force exceeding a critical value. The combined actions of shear force, rolling moment and torque lead to a spherical failure envelope in a normalized loading space. The fitted bond geometry factors and bond failure envelopes obtained numerically in this three‐dimensional study are qualitatively consistent with those in previous two‐dimensional experiments. The obtained bond failure criterion can be incorporated into a future bond contact model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple three‐dimensional distinct element modeling of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands

This paper presents a simple three‐dimensional (3D) Distinct Element Method (DEM) for numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands. First, a series of micro‐mechanical tests on a pair of aluminum rods glued together by cement with different bond sizes were performed to obtain the contact mechanical responses of ideally bonded granular material. Second, a 3D bond contact model, which takes into account the influences of bond sizes, was established by extending the obtained 2D experimental results to 3D case. Then, a DEM incorporating the new contact model was employed to perform a set of drained triaxial compression tests on the DEM bonded specimens with different cement contents under different confining pressures. Finally, the mechanical behavior of the bonded specimens was compared with the available experimental results. The results show that the DEM incorporating the simple 3D bond contact model is able to capture the main mechanical behavior of bonded sands. The bonded specimen with higher cement content under lower confining pressure exhibits more pronounced strain softening and shear dilatancy. The peak and residual strengths, the apparent cohesion and peak/residual friction angles, and the position and slope of the critical state line increase with increase in cement content. Microscopically, bond breakage starts when the system starts to dilate and the maximum rate of bond breakage coincides with the maximum rate of dilation. Bond breakage is primarily due to tension‐shear failure and the percentage of such failures is independent of both confining pressure and cement content. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结构性黄土一维湿陷特性的离散元数值模拟

针对结构性湿陷性黄土大孔隙和胶结特性,应用离散元生成了不同含水率结构性黄土试样,研究试样的一维湿陷特性。首先,根据已有的结构性黄土试验资料和胶结颗粒材料离散元数值试验成果,建立胶结强度和初始饱和度之间的关系。其次,采用蒋明镜等提出的分层欠压法[1]和胶结模型[2]制得不同含水率结构性黄土离散元试样,然后进行不同含水率双线法和同一含水率4个压力下单线法湿陷试验的离散元数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明,提出的离散元分析方法能模拟天然结构性湿陷性黄土的主要力学性质,随着含水率的减少,结构屈服应力和最大湿陷压力增加,湿陷系数随着压力先增加后减小,湿陷起始压力为饱和试样的结构屈服应力,单线法湿陷后压缩曲线与饱和试样的压缩曲线接近。此外,模拟结果还表明,不同含水率结构性黄土离散元试样的最大湿陷系数与天然结构性湿陷性黄土相差较远,但在最大湿陷系数与孔隙比的比值上相接近;结构屈服对应着胶结的逐步破坏,湿陷伴随着大量的胶结破坏。提出了基于胶结点数目的损伤变量,研究了其在加载和湿陷过程中的变化规律。研究成果为认识黄土复杂力学特性和建立其本构理论提供了基础。     

水泥稳定再生沥青路面/红土混合物用于软土改良的效果评估

评估了水泥稳定再生沥青路面（RAP）/边缘红土混合物作为碎石桩骨料替代传统采石场骨料的潜力,研究了混合材料在不同RAP置换率和有效约束压力下的不排水剪切强度变化。RAP置换率分别为10%、30%和50%（按干重计）,普通硅酸盐水泥含量分别为1%和3%。很明显,RAP的置换增加了大颗粒,同时减少了细小颗粒,因此增加了压实度。在低于先期固结压力的有效应力下,RAP−土颗粒混合物表现出与孔隙压力降低相关的应变硬化性能。当RAP置换率增加时,水泥稳定的RAP−土颗粒混合物应力−应变曲线的应变软化性能减弱。胶结作用提高了黏聚力,而内摩擦角未产生明显的变化。水泥稳定的RAP−土颗粒混合物的强度和刚度主要取决于胶结强度和RAP置换率。抗剪强度随着非稳定和水泥稳定的RAP−土颗粒混合物的RAP置换率增加而提高,而水泥稳定的RAP−土颗粒混合物的刚度由于沥青黏结剂的高能量吸收而下降。