胶结颗粒接触力学特性测试装置研制

为验证天然结构性砂土离散元模拟中接触模型及其参数的合理性,设计了一套用于理想胶结颗粒成型及实现不同加载条件下接触力学特性测试装置。通过胶结颗粒成型装置在两大小相同的铝棒间形成具有特定几何尺寸的胶结物,随后,采用一系列辅助加载装置实现简单及复杂加载条件下胶结颗粒接触力学特性的测试。试验结果表明：该装置可用于胶结颗粒在不同加载条件下接触力学特性的测试,实测胶结颗粒接触力学响应与天然砂土离散元中接触模型基本相符,且其抗剪和抗扭强度均随着法向压力的增大而增大,在三维应力空间中胶结颗粒强度包线呈椭圆抛物面状。     

不同胶结厚度下粒间胶结力学特性的试验研究

为研究胶结物厚度对粒间胶结强度的影响,在蒋明镜等[1－4]已完成的0.6 mm厚度的环氧树脂和水泥微观胶结模型试验基础上,进一步选取1.0 mm和1.5 mm两种胶结厚度,通过一系列接触力学特性测试,并结合0.6 mm厚度的试验数据,分析了在不同胶结厚度和不同胶结物类型下,粒间胶结强度指标的变化规律。试验结果表明：随着胶结厚度的增加,峰值抗拉荷载增大,峰值抗压荷载减小;同一胶结厚度下,随着法向压力的增大,两种胶结物的峰值抗剪和抗扭荷载均先增大后减小,而同一法向压力下,随着胶结厚度的增加,二者的峰值抗剪和抗扭荷载均随之减小。在三维应力空间中（法向压力-扭矩-剪力）,两类胶结强度包线分别为水滴状、橄榄球状且随胶结厚度的增加而缩小,但形状不发生变化。     

不同胶结宽度粒间胶结特性试验研究

胶结砂土中水泥含量、能源土中水合物的含量会导致其宏观力学特性的差异,从微观层面可以解释为颗粒之间胶结物含量的不同所导致的粒间力学性质的差异所致。为研究不同胶结物含量的胶结颗粒的力学特性,进行了不同胶结宽度的粒间胶结试验,试验结果表明：（1）峰值压缩荷载随胶结宽度的减小呈非线性变化,宽高比对峰值荷载有明显影响;（2）峰值拉伸荷载随胶结宽度减小而线性减小,宽高比对其影响不大;（3）峰值剪切荷载和峰值扭矩由两部分组成,即胶结部分和摩擦部分。且其变化趋势相似,随着法向荷载的增大,峰值荷载先随之增大,在达到临界应力比后,峰值荷载开始减小,当应力比达到1,即胶结破坏时,胶结部分不再发挥作用,此时粒间荷载由摩擦部分提供;（4）在压-剪-扭试验中,不同初始偏心距情况下得到的峰值荷载在剪力-扭矩平面内呈椭圆状。     

动力扰动作用下多功能岩石结构面剪切试验装置研制与应用研究

动力扰动是导致岩石结构面滑动失稳进而触发地震、岩爆等强动力型地质灾害的重要诱因。为研究动力扰动作用下岩石结构面力学响应及其活化致灾机制,自主研制了动力扰动作用下多功能岩石结构面剪切试验装置。该装置主要包括用于施加准静态荷载、多种法向边界条件、复杂波形宽频率动力扰动荷载（0.5～50 Hz）及宽频剪切速率（0.000 1～10 mm/s）的法向和切向加载系统,施加冲击动力扰动荷载的摆锤冲击系统,开展循环往复剪切试验的剪切盒,数据采集和控制系统。通过控制软件编程,可开展不同剪切速率下恒定法向荷载、恒定法向刚度、卸法向荷载、变法向刚度和动态法向荷载条件下岩石结构面单调或循环剪切试验,静载叠加动载剪切试验,速率和应力阶跃试验和摆锤冲击剪切试验等。应用该装置开展了初步的试验研究,验证了试验过程中该装置具有良好的稳定性和准确性。该装置的研发对认识动力扰动作用下岩石结构面的响应特征,深入理解地震、岩爆等强动力型地质灾害的岩石结构面活化失稳触发效应及致灾机制具有重要的科学意义和工程价值。     

水泥胶结颗粒的微观力学模型试验

土体粒间胶结是建立天然结构性土本构模型的决定性因素之一,将胶结颗粒理想化为两铝棒,在指定位置处形成胶结。采用水泥作为胶结材料,对胶结颗粒进行了一系列简单加载试验（包括拉伸、压缩、压剪、压扭）和复杂应力路径试验,并与蒋明镜等所做的环氧树脂胶结试验进行对比。结果表明：胶结材料对胶结颗粒的力学性能存在一定影响,但基本规律符合蒋明镜等所提出的理想颗粒间胶结模型。水泥胶结抗拉强度低于环氧树脂胶结抗拉强度,但延性相对较好,抗压特性均呈塑性软化现象;二者的抗剪强度初始均随法向压力的增加而增大,当法向压力超过一定值时,又随法向压力的增加而减小（该压力称为界限法向压力）,但水泥胶结的界限法向压力明显高于环氧树脂胶结,扭转试验规律与剪切试验规律类似。在三维应力空间中（法向压力-扭矩-剪力）水泥胶结的强度包线呈橄榄球状,环氧树脂胶结强度包线呈水滴状。     

空心圆柱扭转仪定向剪切试验离散元模拟

为分析砂土在复杂应力条件下的剪切力学特性,采用商业离散元软件PFC3D对单粒组中密砂的空心扭剪试验进行了仿真模拟,分析了数值试样的应力-应变关系,研究了不同剪切方向下离散介质的强度、体积应变特性以及中主应力比对它们的影响,再现了力链在加载过程中的演化,并对剪切带的倾角做了深入分析。同时,从细观上看,以颗粒接触数和纯转动率变量为中心,观察了试样内部颗粒的运动状态,对比了不同剪切方向下剪切带内外颗粒接触数与纯转动位移的变化。最后,将数值试验结果与已有的室内试验结果进行了对比。此研究实现了复杂应力条件下空心扭剪试样的三维离散元模拟,加深了对空心扭剪试验过程和结果的理解和解释。     

中、高压下粗粒土-结构接触面特性受结构面形貌尺度影响的试验研究

采用改进的DRS-I型高压直剪仪进行了砂砾与不同形貌尺度的粗糙钢板结构面接触剪切试验,获得不同压力、形貌尺度条件下的剪切试验结果,分析了中、高压下的不同结构面形貌尺度与砂土颗粒平均粒径比值R（ ,相对形貌尺度）对接触面剪切特性的影响。结构面相对形貌尺度R直接影响接触面剪切过程中的力学与体变特性,中压与高压下分别呈现不同的影响规律且存在各自的峰值相对形貌尺度 与稳定相对形貌尺度 。达到峰值相对形貌尺度之前,R的增大使得接触面剪切耗能随之增加,而剪切体变在中压、高压下分别随之增加和降低;稳定相对形貌尺度之后,接触面剪切耗能与剪切体变达到稳定状态,随R的增大呈微小变化,变化幅值较小。上述规律与接触面附近一定区域的颗粒变位及破碎等机制密切相关,获得成果将为研究不同法向压力下受形貌尺度影响的结构面相对粗糙度问题提供新思路,对于研究不同法向压力下粗粒土与粗糙结构面的接触面力学与变形机制有一定借鉴意义。     

各向异性结构性砂土离散元分析

天然沉积砂土力学特性受各向异性及结构性影响明显,实际工程中不能忽视。为探究二者的影响,首先在二维离散元程序NS2D中采用椭圆颗粒模拟了重力场中颗粒长轴主方向为水平的各向异性净砂样,随后基于结构性砂土胶结厚度分布规律及室内试验提出了一个新的微观胶结接触模型并将其引入各向异性净砂样以模拟天然各向异性结构性砂土,最后对该离散元试样进行了双轴试验模拟,将模拟结果与室内试验结果对比以验证该模型的适用性,并对其微观力学特性变化进行研 究。分析结果表明,随着剪切进行,各向异性结构性砂土呈明显应变软化及剪胀现象;胶结接触逐渐减少,且主方向始终为竖向方向;胶结破坏速率及胶结破坏率变化情况与宏观力学响应较一致,且胶结物多为拉剪破坏;土颗粒排列主方向始终为水平向,且水平向排列颗粒所占比例略微增大。     

基于微观力学的胶结岩土材料破损规律离散元模拟

采用离散元法（DEM）研究胶结岩土材料在不同加载条件下的结构破损规律。首先,基于微观力学理论,考虑胶结岩土材料颗粒间胶结特性,给出表征结构性损伤的破损参数式。该式具有微观物理意义,但不能直接用于建立宏观本构模型。其次,采用二维离散元源程序NS2D模拟等向压缩、等应力比压缩以及双轴压缩试验,分析破损参数在不同加载条件下随宏观力学变量（体积应变和剪应变）的演变规律。最后,根据模拟结果提出破损参数数学表达式,其为大主应变的函数。研究结果表明：胶结强度、应力比以及围压均在一定程度上影响了数值试样的结构破损规律。在等向压缩和等应力比压缩试验中,容易用函数式描述数值试样破损参数随体积应变或偏应变的演变规律;而在双轴压缩条件下,由于数值试样有剪胀特性,破损参数随体积应变的演变规律则不易描述。建议的破损参数数学表达式能够较好地描述数值试样在不同加载条件下结构破损规律。     

筋-土界面力学特性的水平循环剪切试验研究

加筋材料与土界面力学特性是加筋土结构设计和稳定性分析的重要依据。在大型多功能界面剪切仪上,进行了土工格栅和标准砂界面的水平循环剪切试验,分析循环荷载作用下筋-土界面力学特性,研究循环荷载特征对界面剪切力和法向位移的影响,探讨水平循环荷载作用下筋-土相互作用规律。结果表明,随循环次数增加,剪切力-位移关系曲线逐渐重合,剪切力峰值变化不明显,界面剪切模量增大并趋于稳定;循环剪切位移幅值和剪切速率对剪切强度的影响不明显,但对试样法向位移有较大影响;水平循环剪切过程中试样发生明显的法向位移,加筋可有效限制试样的竖向变形。     

人工单节理砂岩的三轴试验研究

采用云石胶黏结岩块的方法制备人工节理面,通过直剪试验获得人工节理面的抗剪强度特性,基于完整和单节理砂岩的常规三轴试验,分析不同倾角（0°,30°,60°,90°）对单节理岩体试样力学响应的影响。结果表明:人工节理面在直剪试验中呈现脆性破坏,其抗剪强度符合M-C准则;不同围压下（2.5,5 0和7.5 MPa）完整砂岩的破坏形态和弹性模量基本相同,峰值强度随围压增大;相同围压下（2.5 MPa）不同倾角单节理岩体的破坏形态、弹性模量、峰值强度均不相同,单节理岩体试样的峰值强度-倾角曲线呈反对号“”形,节理倾角对岩体力学性质的影响明显,其中60°节理岩体试样的强度最低,仅为完整岩石强度的19.7%。推导了过圆柱体试样中心任意斜截面内力的三维计算公式,根据其理论预测所得完整岩石的破裂面角度和60°节理试样的破坏方式均与试验结果相符,其吻合度较传统的二维分析更高。     

A simple three‐dimensional distinct element modeling of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands

This paper presents a simple three‐dimensional (3D) Distinct Element Method (DEM) for numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands. First, a series of micro‐mechanical tests on a pair of aluminum rods glued together by cement with different bond sizes were performed to obtain the contact mechanical responses of ideally bonded granular material. Second, a 3D bond contact model, which takes into account the influences of bond sizes, was established by extending the obtained 2D experimental results to 3D case. Then, a DEM incorporating the new contact model was employed to perform a set of drained triaxial compression tests on the DEM bonded specimens with different cement contents under different confining pressures. Finally, the mechanical behavior of the bonded specimens was compared with the available experimental results. The results show that the DEM incorporating the simple 3D bond contact model is able to capture the main mechanical behavior of bonded sands. The bonded specimen with higher cement content under lower confining pressure exhibits more pronounced strain softening and shear dilatancy. The peak and residual strengths, the apparent cohesion and peak/residual friction angles, and the position and slope of the critical state line increase with increase in cement content. Microscopically, bond breakage starts when the system starts to dilate and the maximum rate of bond breakage coincides with the maximum rate of dilation. Bond breakage is primarily due to tension‐shear failure and the percentage of such failures is independent of both confining pressure and cement content. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of inter‐particle bond failure by 3D discrete element method

The cohesive‐frictional nature of cementitious geomaterials raises great interest in the discrete element method (DEM) simulation of their mechanical behavior, where a proper bond failure criterion is usually required. In this paper, the failure of bond material between two spheres was investigated numerically using DEM that can easily reproduce the failure process of brittle material. In the DEM simulations, a bonded‐grain system (composed of two particles and bond material in between) was discretized as a cylindrical assembly of very fine particles connecting two large end spheres. Then, the bonded‐grain system was subjected to compression/tension, shear, rolling and torsion loadings and their combinations until overall failure (peak state) was reached. Bonded‐grain systems with various sizes were employed to investigate bond geometry effects. The numerical results show that the compression strength is highly affected by bond geometry, with the tensile strength being dependent to a lesser degree. The shear, rolling and torsion strengths are all normal force dependent; i.e., with an increase in the normal force, these strengths first increase at a declining rate and then start to decrease upon the normal force exceeding a critical value. The combined actions of shear force, rolling moment and torque lead to a spherical failure envelope in a normalized loading space. The fitted bond geometry factors and bond failure envelopes obtained numerically in this three‐dimensional study are qualitatively consistent with those in previous two‐dimensional experiments. The obtained bond failure criterion can be incorporated into a future bond contact model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parametric study of the smooth‐joint contact model on the mechanical behavior of jointed rock

The smooth‐joint contact model based on distinct element method has been widely used to represent discontinuity in the simulation of fractured rock mass, but there is rare efficient guidance for the selection of proper parameters of smooth‐joint contact model, which is the basement for using this model properly. In this paper, the effect of smooth joint parameters on the macroscopic properties and failure mechanism of jointed rock under triaxial compression test is investigated. The numerical results reveal that the friction coefficient of smooth joint plays a dominant role in controlling mechanical behaviors. The stiffness of smooth joint has a relative small influence on the mechanical behaviors. Poisson ratio decreases with the reduction of normal stiffness but increases with the reduction of shear stiffness. The reduction of smooth joint strength, which is determined by normal strength, cohesion, and friction angle of smooth joint, contributes to the breakage of bonded smooth joint and ultimately decreases the strength of the specimen. We proposed a detailed calibration process for smooth‐joint contact model according to the relationship between smooth‐joint parameters and mechanical properties. By following this process, the numerical results are validated against corresponding experimental results and good agreement between them can be found in stress‐strain curves and failure modes of different joint orientations. Further analyses from the microperspective are performed by looking at transmission of contact force, the nature and distribution of microcracks, and the particle displacement to show the failure process and failure modes.     

Continuous failure state direct shear tests

Summary The paper deals with a new testing procedure aimed at determining the failure envelopes for peak and residual strength in direct shear tests. In a continuous failure state direct shear test the specimen is maintained in a state of permanent sliding while the shear and normal stress are being steadily changed. First of all, the specimen is brought to a state of failure in the conventional manner at a chosen constant normal stress. Then under monotonously increasing shear displacement the normal stress is continuously adjusted so that a straight line is produced in the shear stress-displacement plane. Both an increase in the stresses and a decrease is possible. The proper selection of the inclination of the straight line may involve a stress path which corresponds closely to the failure envelope of the specimen. In the case of smooth joint surfaces or in the residual strength state of rough surfaces it is possible to determine exactly the failure envelope with the aid of a single test specimen. The paper also describes a newly developed shear test apparatus suitable for combination with sophisticated servo-controlled loading machines generally available in rock mechanics laboratories.     

考虑颗粒棱角影响的直剪试验的离散元模拟

为了研究颗粒棱角对颗粒材料力学行为的影响,建立了具有不同棱角度的对称多面体颗粒,采用了一种简单并适合任意颗粒形状的接触本构模型,对三维离散元开源程序YADE进行了修改,研究了颗粒棱角度在模拟直剪试验中的影响以及接触力各向异性在剪切过程中的演化规律。研究结果表明,颗粒棱角度越小,颗粒间相互咬合自锁的作用越小,颗粒受剪更易转动,致使颗粒体系的剪切强度和剪胀性下降;竖向加载力越大,颗粒棱角度的影响越明显;法向接触力的各向异性在剪切过程中表现为先增后减最后趋向稳定的趋势;法向接触力的各向异性变化程度随颗粒棱角度的增大而增大。