贵州三都苗龙金-锑矿床金赋存状态初步探讨

采用电子探针和扫描电镜分析,通过对贵州苗龙卡林型金-锑矿床矿石中不同成矿阶段载金矿物的Au、As、S、Fe和Sb等元素含量及其分布规律的详细研究,确定了含砷环带黄铁矿和毒砂是最重要的载金矿物。成岩期黄铁矿S、Fe含量与理论值接近,成矿期早阶段黄铁矿和主阶段S1亚阶段环带黄铁矿核心S含量与理论值接近,Fe含量具弱亏损的特点;环带黄铁矿外环S、Fe具有弱亏损的特点。沉积成岩期黄铁矿为草莓状,不含As和Sb,金含量低,平均为59×10-6;热液成矿期早阶段黄铁矿颗粒较粗(≥100μm),其As、Sb和Au含量较低,As、Au平均分别为0.205%和275×10-6;热液成矿期主阶段S1亚阶段环带黄铁矿粒度较细(50μm,10~20μm为主),外环As和Au含量高,外环As含量为0.1961%~7.897%,平均为1.4668%;Au含量为40×10-6~905×10-6,平均为429×10-6;Sb含量为0.01%~0.035%,平均为0.0233%。S2亚阶段毒砂具有富硫亏砷等低温热液毒砂特征,Au含量为230×10-6~1400×10-6,平均为643×10-6;Sb含量为0.019%~0.50%,平均为0.087%。晚阶段辉锑矿Au含量较低,平均为237×10-6。Au含量从成岩沉积期一成矿早阶段一成矿主阶段一晚阶段呈低或不含→低→高→低的特点分布。金可能以类质同象形式(固溶体形式)存在于毒砂和黄铁矿晶格中。     

甘肃阳山金矿田载金矿物特征及金赋存状态研究

采用电子探针分析,详细研究了甘肃阳山类卡林型金矿田原生矿石中不同成矿阶段载金矿物的Au、As、S、Fe等元素含量及其分布规律,确定含砷黄铁矿和毒砂是最重要的载金矿物,发现不同成矿阶段的黄铁矿具有不同的成分特点;沉积成岩期黄铁矿为草莓状、胶状,砷和金含量最低,分别为0.10%和0.08%;热液成矿期早阶段黄铁矿粒度较粗(0.40～1.00mm),是较高温度(270～300℃)下缓慢结晶的产物,其砷和金含量较低,分别为0.27%和0.09%;热液成矿期主阶段(包括M1,M2和M3亚阶段)黄铁矿粒度微细(0.05～0.20mm),是210～270℃条件下快速结晶的产物,砷和金含量最高,M1亚阶段分别为3.45%As和0.11%Au,M2亚阶段分别为3.88%As和0.14%Au.在含砷黄铁矿中,金可能有自然金和离子金两种存在方式.沉积成岩期和热液成矿期早阶段低砷黄铁矿中金主要以纳米级自然金(Au~0)颗粒形式分布,而在热液成矿期主阶段含砷黄铁矿中金主要以Au+的形式存在.当热液中As活度高时,含砷黄铁矿在快速生长条件下,其生长面的空穴和缺陷较多,有利于热液中Au(HS)~0络合物通过吸附反应直接进入含砷黄铁矿生长表面.此外,主阶段流体的硫化和沸腾作用均可导致H_2S的减少,有利于形成砷黄铁矿和Au沉淀富集.     

滇黔桂“金三角”卡林型金矿含砷黄铁矿和毒砂的矿物学研究

滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同矿床亚类的典型矿床硫化物显微镜下观察和电子探针显微分析(EP-MA)表明,含砷黄铁矿和毒砂是主要的载金矿物.载金黄铁矿主要以环带状含砷黄铁矿、细粒自形含砷黄铁矿为主.环带状黄铁矿核部贫As、Au,富S、Fe,而环带则相反,且Au与As具有正相关关系.核部贫As的黄铁矿成因复杂,既有成矿早阶段的热液成因,又有受热液蚀变交代的沉积成因.核部和环带是不同成矿阶段的产物.元素的相关关系表明环带中As主要取代S的位置.多环带的特点还表明,热液活动是脉动式的,含矿流体化学成分也是在不断变化的.不论是核部还是环带,均有Au含量高出检出限的测点,但环带是主要的载金部位.细粒含砷黄铁矿为均质结构,具有高As、Au,低S、Fe的特点,类似环带状黄铁矿的环带特征,推测与富砷环带是同期热液活动形成的.毒砂-黄铁矿集合体中的黄铁矿分为环带结构和均质结构2种,并分别具有上述2种黄铁矿的特点.载金毒砂可以细分为3个世代,具均质结构,热液成因.各世代毒砂Au含量均有高出检出限的测点,同时Au、As、S、Fe的含量变化不大,均为主成矿阶段的产物.载金矿物的结晶顺序为:贫砷的沉积成因或早阶段热液成因黄铁矿→富砷的细粒黄铁矿颗粒和富砷黄铁矿环带→毒砂.黄铁矿和毒砂中的Au在EPMA微束的分辨率下均显示分布是不均匀的,环带状黄铁矿中Au元素图出现的均匀结构可能为一种假象,说明金主要以"不可见"的纳米级超显微包裹金形式存在,少量为"不可见"晶格金和微米级显微"可见金".整个滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同亚类矿床之间的载金矿物特征和金的赋存状态没有本质区别,说明它们具有相同的成矿作用过程和成矿背景.     

新疆东准噶尔顿巴斯套金矿地质特征及矿床成因

新疆东准噶尔地区自北向南发育额尔齐斯、阿尔曼太、卡拉麦里三条大型构造带,南北两条构造带已发现大量造山型金矿,而阿尔曼太构造带与南北构造带具有相似的成矿地质背景,却未见造山型金矿的报道。因此,笔者等选取了该构造带最重要的金矿床——顿巴斯套金矿,开展了详细的岩相学、矿相学研究以及构造解析。研究表明,该矿床具有区域性断裂的次级断裂控矿、脆—韧性剪切带控矿、背斜核部控矿"三位一体"的控矿特征,其中,NW—SE向脆—韧性剪切带是最重要的控矿构造,金矿化显著晚于矿区赋矿岩浆岩——石英闪长玢岩,且该矿床与相邻构造带典型的造山型金矿地质地球化学特征相似。结合成矿流体具有中低温、富CO_2的特征,综合认为顿巴斯套金矿是典型的造山型金矿。将该矿床成矿过程划分为3期:(1)以产出草莓状黄铁矿为典型特征的沉积期;(2)以黄铁矿压实、结核、重结晶为特征的成岩期;(3)以产出热液脉和金的矿化为典型特征的热液期。热液期进一步划分为两个阶段:以脆—韧性变形为主的铁白云石—石英—黄铁矿阶段和由脆—韧性变形向脆性变形转变的石英—钠长石—方解石阶段。黄铁矿可划分为6个世代、毒砂可划分为3个世代:(1) Py1为沉积成因的黄铁矿,具有草莓状、胶状等特殊结构;(2) Py2为成岩作用形成的黄铁矿,具有顺层分布、呈结核状等特征;(3)热液期毒砂Apy1,粒度50～100μm,自形、半自形,常与金共生;(4)热液期毒砂Apy2,自形,粒度300～700μm;(5)热液期黄铁矿Py3,他形—自形,粒度50～150μm,以内部包体多、孔洞多为显著特征;(6)热液期黄铁矿Py4,半自形—自形,粒度150～300μm,以包体多,孔洞少,发育压力影为特征;(7)热液期Py5,以背散射下亮度高、显著富As为特征;(8)热液期毒砂Apy3:以颗粒粗大、自形、内部包体少、发育碎裂结构和压力影为特征;(9)热液期黄铁Py6:以颗粒粗大、半自形到自形、内部包体少、发育碎裂结构和压力影为特征。随着脆—韧性变形作用进行,黄铁矿、毒砂的粒度有序递增,自形程度逐渐升高,而品位逐渐降低,金的沉淀主要发生在脆—韧性变形阶段,脆性变形阶段无金矿化。主成矿阶段标志性的铁白云石化蚀变、微细浸染状的黄铁矿化、毒砂化蚀变可以作为找矿标志。     

黔西南普安泥堡大型金矿床黄铁矿与毒砂标型特征及金的赋存状态

通过系统的显微镜鉴定及扫描电镜观察,将黔西南普安泥堡金矿床中的黄铁矿按形貌特征划分为6种类型,即立方体状、草莓状、细粒状、粗粒状、环带状及长条状黄铁矿。黄铁矿电子探针分析结果表明,主要载金矿物为含砷黄铁矿(环带状黄铁矿、细粒状黄铁矿)和毒砂。环带状黄铁矿核部和环带形成于不同的成岩、成矿阶段,其核部贫Au、As,富Fe、S,属成岩期的产物;环带富Au、As,贫Fe、S,形成于主成矿期。黄铁矿环带中Au与As具有正对应关系,在一定的楔形空间呈正相关,高Au含量往往与中等As含量(2%~6%)相对应;而As与S呈明显负相关,说明富砷环带是As取代S而进入黄铁矿晶格所致。细粒状黄铁矿具有高Au、As,低Fe、S的特点,类似于环带状黄铁矿环带部位的特征,推测富As环带与细粒状黄铁矿同属主成矿阶段的产物。毒砂常穿插或沿含砷黄铁矿边缘分布,表明其形成晚于热液期含砷黄铁矿。因此,泥堡金矿床中载金矿物的结晶顺序大致为:贫砷沉积成因黄铁矿(核部)→富砷黄铁矿环带和细粒状黄铁矿→毒砂。电子探针点分析和面波普扫描显示,Au在载金矿物含砷黄铁矿和毒砂中具有不均匀分布的特征,根据Au的溶解度极限(Au/As 0.02)和lgw(As)—lgw(Au)图解,推测Au主要以"不可见"固溶体(Au~(+1))形式赋存于含砷黄铁矿和毒砂中,极少量可能为纳米级自然金(Au~0)。     

西南天山阿沙哇义金矿载金矿物地球化学特征及地质意义

阿沙哇义金矿床是中国新疆西南天山目前探明的第二大金矿，是中亚造山带南缘"亚洲金腰带"的重要组成部位。野外构造调查表明，研究区在古生代期间经历了由挤压变形发展为走滑伸展两次构造作用，成矿发生在挤压变形到走滑伸展转换时期。运用矿相学、电子探针、扫描电镜及S同位素等方法确定矿床载金矿物、金的赋存状态、成矿物质来源等，结果表明:阿沙哇义金矿载金矿物主要为含砷黄铁矿、部分毒砂。含砷黄铁矿分为沉积成岩期（Py1）、成矿早期（Py2）、成矿期（Py3）；Py2、Py3富As、Te，亏S、Fe，S、As呈明显负相关；Co/Ni比值显示黄铁矿属沉积-热液成因。Au以纳米级"可见"自然金（Au0）形式存在于含砷黄铁矿中。黄铁矿、辉锑矿δ34S为9.5‰~16.3‰，显示成矿流体中硫为海相硫酸盐热化学还原产物，成矿物质来自赋矿地层。矿床属典型的中浅成造山型金矿，矿床埋藏较浅，矿区深部具有很好的找矿潜力。      

新疆东准噶尔顿巴斯套金矿地质特征及矿床成因

新疆东准噶尔地区自北向南发育额尔齐斯、阿尔曼太、卡拉麦里三条大型构造带,南北两条构造带已发现大量造山型金矿,而阿尔曼太构造带与南北构造带具有相似的成矿地质背景,却未见造山型金矿的报道。因此,笔者等选取了该构造带最重要的金矿床——顿巴斯套金矿,开展了详细的岩相学、矿相学研究以及构造解析。研究表明,该矿床具有区域性断裂的次级断裂控矿、脆—韧性剪切带控矿、背斜核部控矿“三位一体”的控矿特征,其中,NW—SE向脆—韧性剪切带是最重要的控矿构造,金矿化显著晚于矿区赋矿岩浆岩——石英闪长玢岩,且该矿床与相邻构造带典型的造山型金矿地质地球化学特征相似。结合成矿流体具有中低温、富CO2的特征,综合认为顿巴斯套金矿是典型的造山型金矿。将该矿床成矿过程划分为3期：① 以产出草莓状黄铁矿为典型特征的沉积期;② 以黄铁矿压实、结核、重结晶为特征的成岩期;③ 以产出热液脉和金的矿化为典型特征的热液期。热液期进一步划分为两个阶段：以脆—韧性变形为主的铁白云石—石英—黄铁矿阶段和由脆—韧性变形向脆性变形转变的石英—钠长石—方解石阶段。黄铁矿可划分为6个世代、毒砂可划分为3个世代：① Py1为沉积成因的黄铁矿,具有草莓状、胶状等特殊结构;② Py2为成岩作用形成的黄铁矿,具有顺层分布、呈结核状等特征;③ 热液期毒砂Apy1,粒度20~50 μm,自形、半自形,常与金共生;④ 热液期毒砂Apy2,自形,粒度80~200 μm;⑤ 热液期黄铁矿Py3,他形—自形,粒度50~150 μm,以内部包体多、孔洞多为显著特征;⑥热液期黄铁矿Py4,半自形—自形,粒度100~250 μm,以包体多,孔洞少,发育压力影为特征;⑦ 热液期Py5,以背散射下亮度高、显著富As为特征;⑧ 热液期毒砂Apy3：以颗粒粗大、自形、内部包体少、发育碎裂结构和压力影为特征;⑨ 热液期黄铁Py6：以颗粒粗大、半自形到自形、内部包体少、发育碎裂结构和压力影为特征。随着脆—韧性变形作用进行,黄铁矿、毒砂的粒度有序递增,自形程度逐渐升高,而品位逐渐降低,金的沉淀主要发生在脆—韧性变形阶段,脆性变形阶段无金矿化。主成矿阶段标志性的铁白云石化蚀变、微细浸染状的黄铁矿化、毒砂化蚀变可以作为找矿标志。     

云南者桑金矿床载金矿物标型特征研究

者桑金矿床处在滇黔桂"金三角"构造带中,该矿床的形成经历了沉积成岩期、热液成矿期及表生氧化期,黄铁矿及毒砂为矿床的重要载金矿物。通过岩相学特征、标型矿物研究,发现热液成矿Ⅰ阶段中主要载金矿物为毒砂,热液成矿Ⅱ阶段为金矿化最主要阶段,主要载金矿物为黄铁矿。黄铁矿呈胶状、细粒状、破碎状;毒砂呈粗粒板柱状,维氏硬度偏低为其载金标型。晶胞参数测试表明,黄铁矿a值在5.4300~5.4325之间,成矿Ⅰ阶段至成矿Ⅱ阶段a值逐渐变大。载金毒砂明显富S、Co亏As,导致b、c、β均低于理论值。各成矿阶段的黄铁矿及毒砂中主量、微量元素及硫同位素组成呈现一定变化规律,成矿物质主要来自于富含有机质的围岩。者桑金矿床为中低温热液矿床。     

贵州尾若金矿床载金矿物EPMA分析与原位硫同位素特征

尾若金矿位于南盘江盆地西北部,是烂泥沟金矿区外围的小型金矿床,找矿潜力较好。该矿床的黄铁矿按其矿物组合和脉体穿插关系可划分为浸染状黄铁矿阶段(S1)和细脉状石英-黄铁矿阶段(S2)。为了查明该矿床金的赋存状态和硫化物中硫的来源,在金属硫化物组构特征观察的基础上,采用了电子探针(EPMA)和原位硫同位素分析方法,分析了不同金属硫化物中Au、As、S、Fe等元素的含量和δ34S组成。结果表明,尾若金矿床的载金矿物为含砷黄铁矿和毒砂,金主要以纳米级自然金(Au0)形式存在,少部分以固溶体(Au+)形式存在。该矿床的硫同位素值介于10.6‰～14.0‰之间,2个阶段形成的硫化物具有较为相似的硫同位素值,表明2期热液中硫的来源相同,均来自于海相硫酸盐,TSR(热化学还原作用)是尾若金矿床硫酸盐的还原机制。     

泥堡金矿床载金含砷黄铁矿的微量元素LA-ICP-MS原位测定及其对矿床成因的指示意义

泥堡金矿床为黔西南地区新近发现的又一个重要的卡林型金矿床,显微镜下观察和电子探针分析显示,含砷黄铁矿是其主要的载金矿物。在详细的野外调研和室内观察的基础上,将该矿床中的载金含砷黄铁矿分为3种类型,即环带状含砷黄铁矿(PyⅠ)、胶状含砷黄铁矿(PyⅡ)和生物结构状含砷黄铁矿(PyⅢ)。电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位主微量元素测定结果显示,PyⅠ明显存在继承核和增生环带,内核富S、Fe,贫Au、As、Ag、Cu等中低温成矿元素,为沉积成因或成矿前热液成因黄铁矿;增生环带则相对贫S、Fe,富Au、As、Ag、Cu等中低温成矿元素,为主成矿期热液成因黄铁矿。PyⅡ和PyⅢ均为均质结构,具有富Au、As、Ag、Cu等中低温成矿元素及贫S、Fe的特点,类似PyⅠ的增生环带,应与PyⅠ的增生环带为同一成因类型,可能是同期形成的。毒砂中普遍富As,而贫Au、Ag、Hg、Cu等元素,应为成矿热液晚期的结晶产物。综合分析认为,泥堡金矿床载金矿物的结晶顺序为:贫砷的沉积成因或早阶段热液成因黄铁矿(PyⅠ内核)→含砷黄铁矿颗粒+含砷黄铁矿环带(PyⅠ增生环带)→毒砂。矿床中Au、Ag、As、Cu等成矿物质主要来自于燕山晚期的岩浆热液系统。     

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Pyrite and Arsenopyrite from the Zaozigou Gold Deposit in West Qinling Orogenic Belt,Central China: Implications for Ore Genesis

The Zaozigou gold deposit lies in the West Qinling orogenic belt, Gansu Province, China. It is one of the largest gold deposits, and the orebodies are hosted in fine‐grained slates intercalated with limestone of the Middle‐Triassic Gulangdi Formation and varied dykes. The gold orebodies are strictly controlled by the NE‐, NW‐, and SN‐trending tensional and shearing faults with high dipping angle. The mineralogy and geochemistry of pyrite and arsenopyrite are measured by electron microprobe. Pyrite has up to 0.12 wt.% Au, and arsenopyrite contains up to 0.17 wt.% Au. The antithetic correlation between S and As indicates the substitution of As for S in pyrite, and arsenic occurs in anionic As^1? state in the pyrite structure under the reduced conditions. Pyrite has relatively high Co (~364–2248 ppm) but relatively low Ni (~109–497 ppm) contents, with Co/Ni ratios ranging from ~1.63 to 10.50, indicating that the deposit originated from a volcanogenic fluid and remobilized by hydrothermal fluid. Au in arsenopyrite occurs as cationic Au in solid solution, whereas Au in pyrite is in solid solution and metal nanoparticles (Au⁰). The texture characteristics and trace element geochemistry among cores, transition zones, and rims of pyrites demonstrate that there are at least four pulses of fluid participating in the generation of pyrite in the deposit. The calculated formation temperatures of the Zaozigou deposit vary from 148°C to 304°C, with an average temperature of 213°C based on Au contents in pyrite. The Pb isotopic compositions of pyrite samples suggest that the metallogenic materials of the Zaozigou deposit were derived from the mantle and upper crust. All the characteristics above lead us to draw the conclusion that the Zaozigou gold deposit is classified as an epithermal deposit.     

黔东南坑头金矿床热液蚀变特征及成矿过程研究

黔东南金成矿区位于江南造山带金成矿省的西南端,成矿条件优越。坑头金矿床是黔东南金成矿区的一个中型矿床,在其深部找矿中,发现除石英脉型矿体外,还存在蚀变岩型矿体。然而,这种蚀变岩型矿体的构造形态、蚀变类型、与石英脉型矿体之间关系和金的赋存状态尚不清楚。本研究与当前的勘查工作紧密结合,围绕石英脉型矿体和新发现的蚀变岩型矿体为研究切入点,借助微区分析技术(扫描电镜和电子探针)进行系统的“流体- 蚀变- 成矿”研究。蚀变矿物金红石矿物化学显示为热液成因,具有典型造山型金矿床的金红石标型特征。围岩的沉积- 成岩过程(包括低级变质作用过程),主要形成了草莓状黄铁矿和含铁碳酸盐岩,为后期含金硫化物(黄铁矿和毒砂)的形成提供物质基础(如Fe)。金的成矿富集过程主要经历了绢云母+毒砂+黄铁矿+石英(Ser+Apy+Py+Qtz)阶段、黄铁矿+毒砂+石英(Py+Apy+Qtz)阶段和自然金+石英(Au0+Qtz)阶段。在Ser+Apy+Py+Qtz阶段,主要表现为含矿流体与围岩的初级交代,形成大量浸染状黄铁矿+毒砂的硫化带;Py+Apy+Qtz阶段主要为流体沿着剪切带再交代,形成蚀变岩型矿体;Au0+Qtz阶段主要表现为含金石英大脉的形成。金的赋存状态研究显示,蚀变岩矿体中Au以他形显微- 次显微自然金赋存在蚀变岩硫化物裂隙中,或以化学结合态方式赋存在黄铁矿和毒砂中(后者占主导)。在晚期Au0+Qtz阶段,自然金呈自形、粗粒(~0. 5 mm)赋存在石英脉中。综合研究认为,多期构造(流体)交代导致的溶解- 再沉淀可能是坑头金富集成矿主要原因之一。     

江南造山带中段正冲金矿矿床成因:来自流体包裹体和黄铁矿微量元素的证据

江南造山带上产出有大量金矿,但其成因存在争议,为厘清其成因,对该造山带上的正冲金矿床中的黄铁矿进行了LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和流体包裹体研究。结果显示,正冲金矿的流体包裹体有含CO2包裹体、富CO2包裹体和水溶液包裹体,其中富CO2包裹体与水溶液包裹体共存,具有相似的均一温度,但盐度不同,说明流体不混溶可能导致了金的沉淀;正冲金矿不同阶段黄铁矿中的Au与As、Ag、Zn等有协同变化趋势,而Co/Ni<1,说明含金黄铁矿来源于沉积岩。将正冲金矿黄铁矿的微量元素特征与沉积、变质、浅成低温热液环境中形成的黄铁矿的微量元素特征进行对比,发现其与变质低温热液形成的黄铁矿相似,认为其为变质热液成因。研究认为,正冲金矿是一个典型的造山型金矿,其成矿流体为变质流体。     

四川木里梭罗沟金矿床载金黄铁矿原位微量元素特征

甘孜–理塘缝合带是四川重要的金矿带之一。梭罗沟大型金矿床是该带上的典型矿床,但其矿床成因仍存在争议。为了准确厘定其矿床成因,本文对梭罗沟金矿床中的它形和自形（五角十二面体）的载金黄铁矿进行了LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素分析。结果显示梭罗沟它形黄铁矿元素含量变化较小,较为集中,而自形黄铁矿具有明显的核–幔–边结构,元素含量变化范围较大。总体上,两种黄铁矿中Au与As均具有明显的正相关性,但Au与FeS₂和Co/Ni值具有负相关性。它形黄铁矿和自形黄铁矿的Co/Ni值分别为0.2和57.1,两者都具有较高的Au和较低的Ag含量;这表明它形黄铁矿主体来源于沉积作用,受后期成矿热液改造,而自形黄铁矿属于热液成因。梭罗沟金矿床成矿过程为火山–沉积岩中的Au在变质热液作用下再活化富集的结果,属于典型的造山型金矿床。     

Geology,geochronology, geochemistry and ore genesis of the Wangu gold deposit in northeastern Hunan Province,Jiangnan Orogen,South China

The Wangu gold deposit in northeastern Hunan, South China, is one of many structurally controlled gold deposits in the Jiangnan Orogen. The host rocks (slates of the Lengjiaxi Group) are of Neoproterozoic age, but the area is characterized by a number of Late Jurassic–Cretaceous granites and NE-trending faults. The timing of mineralization, tectonic setting and ore genesis of this deposit and many similar deposits in the Jiangnan Orogen are not well understood. The orebodies in the Wangu deposit include quartz veins and altered slates and breccias, and are controlled by WNW-trending faults. The principal ore minerals are arsenopyrite and pyrite, and the major gangue minerals are quartz and calcite. Alteration is developed around the auriferous veins, including silicification, pyritic, arsenopyritic and carbonate alterations. Field work and thin section observations indicate that the hydrothermal processes related to the Wangu gold mineralization can be divided into five stages: 1) quartz, 2) scheelite–quartz, 3) arsenopyrite–pyrite–quartz, 4) poly-sulfides–quartz, and, 5) quartz–calcite. The Lianyunshan S-type granite, which is in an emplacement contact with the NE-trending Changsha-Pingjiang fracture zone, has a zircon LA-ICPMS U–Pb age of 142 ± 2 Ma. The Dayan gold occurrence in the Changsha-Pingjiang fracture zone, which shares similar mineral assemblages with the Wangu deposit, is crosscut by a silicified rock that contains muscovite with a ca. 130 Ma ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar age. The gold mineralization age of the Wangu deposit is thus confined between 142 Ma and 130 Ma. This age of mineralization suggests that the deposit was formed simultaneously with or subsequently to the development of NE-trending extensional faults, the emplacement of Late Jurassic–Cretaceous granites and the formation of Cretaceous basins filled with red-bed clastic rocks in northeastern Hunan, which forms part of the Basin and Range-like province in South China. EMPA analysis shows that the average As content in arsenopyrite is 28.7 atom %, and the mineralization temperature of the arsenopyrite–pyrite–quartz stage is estimated to be 245 ± 20 °C from arsenopyrite thermometry. The high but variable Au/As molar ratios (>0.02) of pyrite suggest that there are nanoparticles of native Au in the sulfides. An integration of S–Pb–H–O–He–Ar isotope systematics suggests that the ore fluids are mainly metamorphic fluids originated from host rocks, possibly driven by hydraulic potential gradient created by reactivation of the WNW-trending faults initially formed in Paleozoic, with possible involvement of magmatic and mantle components channeled through regional fault networks. The Wangu gold deposit shares many geological and geochemical similarities as well as differences with typical orogenic, epithermal and Carlin-type gold deposits, and may be better classified as an “intracontinental reactivation” type as proposed for many other gold deposits in the Jiangnan Orogen.     

Trace elements mineral chemistry of sulfides from the Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit,southern China

The Woxi Au-Sb-W deposit is one of the largest polymetallic ore deposits in the Xuefengshan Range, southern China, hosted in low-grade metamorphosed Neoproterozoic volcaniclastic rocks. The orebodies of the deposit are predominantly composed of banded quartz veins, which are strictly controlled by bedding and faults. Petrographic observations and geochemical results are reported on the occurrence of Au and properties of the ore-forming processes for different stages in the deposit. The veins extend vertically up to 2 km without obvious vertical metal zoning. The ore-forming process can be subdivided into four mineralization stages: Pre-ore stage; Early stage (scheelite-quartz stage); Middle stage (pyrite-stibnite-quartz stage); and Late stage (stibnite-quartz sage). Four types of pyrite (Py0, Py1, Py2, and Py3) were identified in the ores and host-rock: Py0 occurs as euhedral grains with voids in the core, ranging in size from 50 to 100 μm and formed mainly in the Pre-ore stage and Early stage; Py1 occurs as subhedral grains. Small grains (around 10 μm) of Py1 form irregularly shaped clusters of variable size ranging from tens to hundreds of μm and mainly formed in the Middle stage; Euhedral-subhedral fine-grained Py2 formed in the Late stage; Minor subhedral fine-grained Py3 was deposited in the Late-stage. Stibnite is widely distributed in the Middle and Late stage ore veins. No systemic difference was recognized in mineralogical features among stibnite formed in different stages. In addition to native gold, the lattice bound Au⁺¹ widely exists in Py1 and Py2 in the deposit, and widespread Py1 is considered as the main Au-bearing mineral with the highest Au contents. Most elements (such as Co, Ni, Cu, As, Sb, Ba, and Pb) are considered to occur as solid solution within the crystal lattice and/or invisible nanoparticles in sulfides minerals. The Co/Ni ratio of most pyrite is lower than 1, suggesting that the metals in the ore-forming fluid are sourced from sedimentary rocks. The coupled behavior between Au and As; Au and Sb suggests that the substitution of As and Sb in pyrite can enhance the incorporation of Au. Variation of trace elements in pyrites of different stages suggests some information on the mineralization processes: Large ion lithophile elements (such as Ba and Pb) are enriched in Py0 indicating that water-rock reaction occurred in the Early stage; Fine-grained Py1 with a heterogeneous distribution of elements suggests fast crystallization of pyrite in the Middle stage.     

贵州太平洞金矿床载金黄铁矿的矿物学特征及原位微区硫同位素分析

太平洞金矿床是我国黔西南地区典型的卡林型金矿床之一。然而,由于发现时间短,其勘探和研究程度较低,对矿床成因模式和成矿机制的认识有待深入。本文在野外调查的基础上,详细分析了太平洞金矿床矿石的显微组构特征,对主要载金矿物——黄铁矿进行了岩相学鉴定、电子探针成分分析(EPMA)以及Nano-SIMS微量元素面扫描(Mapping)和原位微区硫同位素分析。显微镜下观察发现,矿石中的黄铁矿按形态分为草莓状黄铁矿、半自形?自形黄铁矿以及不规则状黄铁矿。电子探针成分分析表明黄铁矿中含有As(0～8.482%)、Au(0～0.092%)、Co(0.059%～0.195%)、Cu(0～0.407%)、Cr(0～0.083%)、Zn(0～0.016%)等多种微量元素。元素相关性分析证实As与S呈负相关关系。背散射电子图像(BSE)显示载金黄铁矿普遍发育环带结构,根据As元素的分布特征将环带黄铁矿细分可为PyⅠ(核部贫As的黄铁矿)和PyⅡ(核部富As的黄铁矿)两类。载金环带黄铁矿的元素面扫描及原位微区硫同位素分析表明:PyⅠ核部富Zn、Cr、Ni元素,贫As,δ³⁴S值多分布在1.1‰～5.9‰,环带则相对富集As、Au、Cu、Mn等元素,δ³⁴S值为–0.7‰～4.7‰;PyⅡ包括成矿期形成的富As核部(δ³⁴S值分别为0.6‰、4.7‰)和宽度不等的增生环带(δ³⁴S值为–1.6‰、3.7‰)。通过对比国内外卡林型金矿载金黄铁矿原位硫同位素特征,推断贵州太平洞金矿床中的硫来源于深部岩浆硫。同时,Nano-SIMS元素面扫描分析对BSE图像显示的黄铁矿环带中元素的分布进行了高分辨率的呈现,揭示了环带尺度的元素分带性——成矿过程中流体活动的"脉冲"效应,即增生环带往往是由更次一级的生长环带所组成的。高分辨率的元素面扫描结合原位微区硫同位素分析表明,黔西南地区的卡林型金矿的形成可能源于深部就位的岩浆分异出的载金气?液流体沿断裂系统经长距离运移到达地表,并充填?交代围岩成矿。