黔西南架底金矿床载金黄铁矿成矿物质来源和成矿机制探讨:来自原位硫同位素的证据

架底金矿床是黔西南玄武岩分布地区较为典型的金矿床之一,该矿床载金黄铁矿普遍具有环带结构,显示出多期次、多来源的特征,对成矿物质来源和矿床成因研究提出挑战。本文基于野外认识和室内显微镜下的观察,将不同形态的黄铁矿划分为三个期次:(1)成矿前的黄铁矿为草莓状黄铁矿,是沉积期黄铁矿的典型代表;(2)成矿期的黄铁矿有两种:一种呈自形-半自形,粒径较大,几十微米到100μm不等,核部有较多的裂隙发育,背散射图像显示核部周围发育有环带,通常呈脉状产出;另一种为均质结构的细粒五角十二面体的黄铁矿,粒径大约都在50μm左右,无环带结构;(3)成矿期后的黄铁矿颗粒较大,多为立方体和不规则状产出,同样也发育有环带结构。在此基础上,利用LA-MC-ICP-MS分析方法对不同期次的黄铁矿进行原位S同位素测试,结果显示:成矿前无环带黄铁矿δ³⁴S的值为-23.47‰～-19.76‰,表现为较大的负值,显示沉积硫的特征;成矿期的环带黄铁矿以及同期均质五角十二面体黄铁矿的δ³⁴S值为-1.39‰～4.45‰;成矿期后的环带黄铁矿δ³⁴S的值为-1.5...     

贵州贞丰水银洞金矿矿床成因与成矿模式:来自载金黄铁矿NanoSIMS多元素Mapping及原位微区硫同位素的证据

贵州贞丰水银洞金矿是中国"滇黔桂"金三角地区最具代表性的超大型卡林型金矿床之一。黄铁矿和毒砂是水银洞金矿的主要载金矿物。背散射电子图像和NanoSIMS高分辨率元素面扫描分析显示载金黄铁矿普遍发育环带结构,不同环带的微量元素种类和含量有显著差别。如增生环带富集Au、Cu、As元素,而核部则相对贫这些元素,富Se。同时,即使在富Au环带中,Au和微量元素也并非均匀分布,环带之中又发育次一级环带。这表明热液来源呈现阶段性和"脉冲式"特征。在元素面扫描分析(Mapping)基础上,本次研究对载金黄铁矿中不同成分特征的核部和环带分别进行了原位硫同位素分析。结果表明:黄铁矿核部的δ34S值变化范围为1.3‰~6.5‰,而富金环带的δ34S值为-3.5‰~7.4‰。与国内外同类矿床的硫同位素特征比较之后发现,这些硫同位素显示岩浆硫特征,暗示载金黄铁矿的硫主要来源于深源岩浆。计算表明,有部分沉积硫混入了成矿流体。最终,我们为水银洞金矿建立了岩浆-热液模式:从深源岩浆分异出的超临界气-液流体携带Au、As等元素沿区域深断裂上升,在区域不整合面和灰家堡背斜轴部破碎带等构造薄弱部位,通过充填、交代围岩的方式沉淀成矿。大气降水的淋滤和渗透在一定程度上有利于金矿化。     

甘肃阳山金矿载金黄铁矿硫同位素Nano-SIMS原位分析

硫同位素示踪是矿床研究的重要手段之一,它在示踪成矿物质来源方面具有极其重要的作用。由于阳山金矿床的载金黄铁矿普遍发育环带结构,显示多期热液活动的特点,而前人研究往往得到整颗粒黄铁矿硫同位素的混和值,因而无法将不同阶段的硫同位素来源区分清楚。本次研究采用纳米二次离子质谱分析技术(NanoSIMS)对不同阶段的黄铁矿的不同部位进行了原位硫同位素分析。结果表明,斜长花岗斑岩脉中载金黄铁矿的硫同位素分布基本表现为核部高、环带低的特点,其中,黄铁矿核部的δ34S值为0~1.3‰,显示硫来自于深源岩浆,而环带的δ34S值为-4.5‰~-1.3‰,表明成矿过程中的硫主要来源于岩浆硫,同时可能还有部分沉积硫的混入;千枚岩中草莓状黄铁矿和自形黄铁矿核部的δ34S值均较低(平均值分别为-22.2‰和-26.5‰),显示细菌还原海水硫酸盐过程所产生的硫同位素特征,而自形黄铁矿环带的δ34S值为-5.1‰~1.3‰,同样显示硫来源于岩浆硫与一定程度沉积硫的混合。笔者综合研究区内岩浆活动与成矿的关系后认为,岩浆活动与成矿关系密切,岩浆活动的频发不仅为流体运移提供了足够的热源,同时还带来了丰富的成矿物质。     

小秦岭成矿省大湖、灵湖和金渠金(钼)矿床地质特征和硫同位素组成异同及其控制因素

小秦岭金(钼)矿省发育大量脉状金(钼)矿床,具有重要经济价值。本次研究选择大湖、灵湖和金渠金(钼)矿床,通过系统的构造-蚀变-矿化研究和金相关黄铁矿原位硫同位素分析,拟查明小秦岭金和钼矿化基础地质异同和硫同位素组成及其控制因素。构造-蚀变-矿化研究表明上述金(钼)矿脉赋矿围岩均为前寒武太华群变质岩,控矿构造主要为近EW向(局部为NW向)剪切带,金和钼矿体发育在同一剪切带不同部位或局部叠加。钼矿脉通常发育钾化和硅化蚀变和辉钼矿和黄铁矿等矿石矿物组合,而金矿脉以绢英岩化蚀变为主,主要发育黄铁矿、多金属硫化物和碲化物等矿石矿物。原位S同位素结果显示大湖矿床钼矿脉中黄铁矿δ³⁴S值为-3.3‰～+3.3‰,而大湖、灵湖和金渠金矿脉中黄铁矿δ³⁴S值为-7.8‰～+8.9‰。大湖和灵湖近EW金矿脉中黄铁矿δ³⁴S值分别为-2.8‰～+0.4‰和-7.8‰～+8.2‰,与大湖金矿脉相比,灵湖金矿脉倾向较缓且发育大量围岩角砾表明上述硫同位素组成可能由差异水力破裂和水岩反应控制。金渠金矿脉近EW和NW向矿脉中黄铁矿δ³⁴     

贵州尾若金矿床载金矿物EPMA分析与原位硫同位素特征

尾若金矿位于南盘江盆地西北部,是烂泥沟金矿区外围的小型金矿床,找矿潜力较好。该矿床的黄铁矿按其矿物组合和脉体穿插关系可划分为浸染状黄铁矿阶段(S1)和细脉状石英-黄铁矿阶段(S2)。为了查明该矿床金的赋存状态和硫化物中硫的来源,在金属硫化物组构特征观察的基础上,采用了电子探针(EPMA)和原位硫同位素分析方法,分析了不同金属硫化物中Au、As、S、Fe等元素的含量和δ34S组成。结果表明,尾若金矿床的载金矿物为含砷黄铁矿和毒砂,金主要以纳米级自然金(Au0)形式存在,少部分以固溶体(Au+)形式存在。该矿床的硫同位素值介于10.6‰～14.0‰之间,2个阶段形成的硫化物具有较为相似的硫同位素值,表明2期热液中硫的来源相同,均来自于海相硫酸盐,TSR(热化学还原作用)是尾若金矿床硫酸盐的还原机制。     

辽东地区王家崴子金矿古元古代金预富集矿化事件

王家崴子金矿床位于辽东半岛猫岭金矿集区内,为一中型石英脉型金矿床。矿体产于古元古代辽河群盖县组地层中,主要受控于区内一系列近平行的NW向韧性剪切带。本文选择与金密切共生的黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿为研究对象,采用LA-(MC)ICP-MS原位微区分析技术,开展原位S-Pb同位素和微量元素特征研究。S同位素测试结果显示王家崴子金矿床硫化物δ³⁴S值为8.2‰～11.5‰,明显高于典型岩浆硫值范围,与盖县组地层硫范围重叠,推断可能主要来源于地层硫。王家崴子金矿床硫化物的²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值分别为39.000～39.084、15.691～15.707和18.623～18.664,落在上地壳演化线附近且在盖县组地层范围内,表明上地壳地层围岩盖县组是王家崴子金矿床重要的Pb源。LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析显示黄铁矿具有低的Co/Ni和Te/Au比值,明显富集Au、As、Ag、Cu、Pb和Zn等元...     

泥堡金矿床载金含砷黄铁矿的微量元素LA-ICP-MS原位测定及其对矿床成因的指示意义

泥堡金矿床为黔西南地区新近发现的又一个重要的卡林型金矿床,显微镜下观察和电子探针分析显示,含砷黄铁矿是其主要的载金矿物。在详细的野外调研和室内观察的基础上,将该矿床中的载金含砷黄铁矿分为3种类型,即环带状含砷黄铁矿(PyⅠ)、胶状含砷黄铁矿(PyⅡ)和生物结构状含砷黄铁矿(PyⅢ)。电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位主微量元素测定结果显示,PyⅠ明显存在继承核和增生环带,内核富S、Fe,贫Au、As、Ag、Cu等中低温成矿元素,为沉积成因或成矿前热液成因黄铁矿;增生环带则相对贫S、Fe,富Au、As、Ag、Cu等中低温成矿元素,为主成矿期热液成因黄铁矿。PyⅡ和PyⅢ均为均质结构,具有富Au、As、Ag、Cu等中低温成矿元素及贫S、Fe的特点,类似PyⅠ的增生环带,应与PyⅠ的增生环带为同一成因类型,可能是同期形成的。毒砂中普遍富As,而贫Au、Ag、Hg、Cu等元素,应为成矿热液晚期的结晶产物。综合分析认为,泥堡金矿床载金矿物的结晶顺序为:贫砷的沉积成因或早阶段热液成因黄铁矿(PyⅠ内核)→含砷黄铁矿颗粒+含砷黄铁矿环带(PyⅠ增生环带)→毒砂。矿床中Au、Ag、As、Cu等成矿物质主要来自于燕山晚期的岩浆热液系统。     

西藏拿若铜（金）矿床硫、铅同位素组成及成矿物质来源

为探讨多龙矿集区拿若铜(金)矿床的成矿物质来源,研究矿床成矿机制,本文在详细的野外地质调查和矿石学研究基础上对矿石样品进行硫和铅同位素分析,并对成因意义进行讨论。研究结果表明,17件金属硫化物的δ³⁴S值变化于-2.3‰～2.3‰之间,均值为-0.1‰;其中13件黄铁矿δ³⁴S值变化范围为-2.3‰～2.3‰,均值为0.2‰;4件黄铜矿的δ³⁴S值变化范围为-1.5～-0.8‰,均值为-1.1‰。δ³⁴S值频率直方图总体具有塔式分布特征,平均值接近于零,具幔源硫特征。金属硫化物的²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb介于38.209～38.854之间,平均值为38.635;²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb变化范围为15.541～15.665,平均值为15.605;²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴b为17.942～18.580,平均值为18.461,具有正常铅的特征。铅同位素μ值变化范围为9.40～9.57,均...     

西秦岭八卦庙金矿床原位S-Pb同位素组成对成矿物质来源和成矿过程的指示意义

八卦庙金矿床位于西秦岭造山带凤太多金属矿田北部,已探明金储量约106 t(平均金品位1.56 g/t),属于特大型金矿。金矿体受脆韧性剪切带控制,总体走向NWW,倾向北,赋矿地层为上泥盆统星红铺组下段。文章在成矿期次研究基础上,采用硫化物原位S-Pb同位素分析方法,对八卦庙金矿成矿过程和成矿物质来源进行了约束。基于详细的野外观察和矿相学研究,矿区识别出了2个金成矿期：顺层磁黄铁矿-石英成矿期和NE向黄铁矿-石英成矿期。顺层磁黄铁矿-石英成矿期可划分为自形黄铁矿-石英(Ⅰ)、磁黄铁矿-自然金-铁白云石(Ⅱ)、白云母-绿泥石-绿帘石-石英(Ⅲ)3个阶段;NE向黄铁矿-石英成矿期由自形磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿-粗粒石英(Ⅳ)、他形黄铁矿-细粒石英(Ⅴ)、他形磁黄铁矿-自然金-铁白云石(Ⅵ)和石英-黑云母(Ⅶ)4个阶段构成。顺层磁黄铁矿-石英成矿期硫化物的δ³⁴S值集中在1.60‰～5.89‰和14.07‰～16.87‰两个区间;NE向黄铁矿-石英成矿期硫化物的δ³⁴S值也集中在2.77‰～5.52‰和9.11‰～15.9‰两个区间,通过与围岩和区内岩浆岩对...     

湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床燕山期幕式成矿作用：来自原位白钨矿U-Pb定年与黄铁矿元素-同位素的约束

沃溪矿床位于江南造山带中段,是一座同时具有金、锑、钨大规模成矿的大型金矿,近年的研究揭示其主要形成于燕山期,但该矿的成矿物质源区及矿床成因尚存争议。基于此,本文利用SEM、EPMA、LA-MC-IF-ICP-MS等原位分析技术,对该矿床多世代黄铁矿的结构、成分及同位素组成和成矿期白钨矿的U-Pb年代学进行了研究。在沃溪矿床中,识别出3个世代5种类型黄铁矿(Py),即成矿前Py1,成矿第二阶段Py2和第三阶段的Py3a、Py3b和Py3c。黄铁矿微区成分及围岩蚀变特征指示,成矿期Au、As和Cu耦合,Au主要以固溶体(Au⁺)的形式存在于Py3b的晶格中;As^-取代S^-进入黄铁矿是促进晶格金富集的主要因素;而强烈的水-岩反应是导致成矿期热液黄铁矿Co/Ni<1的原因。黄铁矿的原位微量元素和S-Pb同位素组成(δ³⁴S_V-CDT值：Py2为-4.33‰～-1.61‰,Py3a为-6.36‰～3.59‰,Py3b为-4.36‰～3.59‰,Py3c为-2.21‰～-0.65‰;...     

藏南查拉普金矿床载金矿物特征与金的赋存状态

黄铁矿和毒砂是卡林型和造山型金矿床重要的载金矿物。文章通过电子探针(EPMA)分析研究了藏南查拉普金矿床不同类型黄铁矿和毒砂中Au、As、S、Fe等元素的含量变化和分布规律,发现不同阶段的黄铁矿具有不同的结构特征和元素组成特点。沉积成岩期黄铁矿(Py1)主要呈草莓状、胶状,常构成环带状黄铁矿的核心,其中金的含量最高,显示了金在沉积成岩期的大量富集。热液期早阶段黄铁矿(Py2)主要呈自形-半自形的立方体,与Py1元素(S、Fe、As)组成相近,显示了一定的继承演化关系。热液期主阶段黄铁矿(Py3)与毒砂共生,多呈自形-半自形的五角十二面体、立方体,常包裹早期的黄铁矿形成环带结构。Py3中As的含量明显升高,其增加量近似等于S的减少量,说明As主要进入黄铁矿晶格替代了S的位置。各个阶段的黄铁矿和毒砂中Au的分布在EPMA微束的分辨率下均显示是不均匀的,Au在Py1和大部分Py2中主要以纳米级自然金(Au0)的形式存在;而在Py3中主要以(Au+)的形式存在,少部分以纳米级自然金(Au0)形式存在。Py1的结构及元素组成与典型卡林型金矿和造山型金矿沉积成岩期黄铁矿的特点相似,而Py3的大量发育则符合卡林型金矿的特征。     

滇黔桂“金三角”卡林型金矿含砷黄铁矿和毒砂的矿物学研究

滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同矿床亚类的典型矿床硫化物显微镜下观察和电子探针显微分析(EP-MA)表明,含砷黄铁矿和毒砂是主要的载金矿物.载金黄铁矿主要以环带状含砷黄铁矿、细粒自形含砷黄铁矿为主.环带状黄铁矿核部贫As、Au,富S、Fe,而环带则相反,且Au与As具有正相关关系.核部贫As的黄铁矿成因复杂,既有成矿早阶段的热液成因,又有受热液蚀变交代的沉积成因.核部和环带是不同成矿阶段的产物.元素的相关关系表明环带中As主要取代S的位置.多环带的特点还表明,热液活动是脉动式的,含矿流体化学成分也是在不断变化的.不论是核部还是环带,均有Au含量高出检出限的测点,但环带是主要的载金部位.细粒含砷黄铁矿为均质结构,具有高As、Au,低S、Fe的特点,类似环带状黄铁矿的环带特征,推测与富砷环带是同期热液活动形成的.毒砂-黄铁矿集合体中的黄铁矿分为环带结构和均质结构2种,并分别具有上述2种黄铁矿的特点.载金毒砂可以细分为3个世代,具均质结构,热液成因.各世代毒砂Au含量均有高出检出限的测点,同时Au、As、S、Fe的含量变化不大,均为主成矿阶段的产物.载金矿物的结晶顺序为:贫砷的沉积成因或早阶段热液成因黄铁矿→富砷的细粒黄铁矿颗粒和富砷黄铁矿环带→毒砂.黄铁矿和毒砂中的Au在EPMA微束的分辨率下均显示分布是不均匀的,环带状黄铁矿中Au元素图出现的均匀结构可能为一种假象,说明金主要以"不可见"的纳米级超显微包裹金形式存在,少量为"不可见"晶格金和微米级显微"可见金".整个滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同亚类矿床之间的载金矿物特征和金的赋存状态没有本质区别,说明它们具有相同的成矿作用过程和成矿背景.     

Gold and antimony metallogenic relations and ore-forming process of Qinglong Sb(Au) deposit in Youjiang basin,SW China: Sulfide trace elements and sulfur isotopes

In the northwestern margin of the Youjiang basin(NWYB)in SW China,many Carlin-like gold deposits are highly antimony(Sb)-rich,and many vein-type Sb deposits contain much Au.These deposits have similar ages,host rocks,ore-forming temperatures,ore-related alterations and ore mineral assemblages,but the Au and Sb metallogenic relations and their ore-forming process remain enigmatic.Here we investigate the large Qinglong Sb deposit in the NWYB,which has extensive sub-economic Au mineralization,and present a new metallogenic model based on in-situ trace elements(EPMA and LA-ICP-MS)and sulfur isotopes(NanoSIMS and fs-LA-MC-ICPMS)of the ore sulfides.At Qinglong,economic Sb ores contain coarse-grained stibnite,jasperoid quartz and fluorite,whilst the sub-economic Au–Sb ores comprise dominantly veined quartz,arsenian pyrite and fine-grained stibnite.Three generations of ore-related pyrite(Py1,Py2 and Py3)and two generations of stibnite(Stb1 and Stb2)are identified based on their texture,chemistry,and sulfur isotopes.The pre-ore Py1 is characterized by the lower ore element(Au,As,Sb,Cu and Ag)contents(mostly below the LA-ICP-MS detection limit)and Co/Ni ratios(average 0.31)than the ore-stage pyrites(Py2 and Py3),implying a sedimentary/diagenetic origin.The Py2 and Py3 have elevated ore element abundance(maximum As=6500 ppm,Au=22 ppm,Sb=6300 ppm,Cu=951 ppm,Ag=77 ppm)and Co/Ni ratios(average 1.84),and have positive As vs.Au–Sb–Cu–Ag correlations.Early-ore Stb1 has lower As(0.12–0.30 wt.%)than late-ore Stb2(0.91–1.20 wt.%).These features show that the progressive As enrichment in ore sulfides is accompanied by increasing Au,Sb,Cu and Ag with the hydrothermal evolution,thereby making As a good proxy for Au.As-rich,As-poor and As-free zones are identified via NanoSIMS mapping of the Au-bearing pyrite.The As-rich zones in the Qinglong Au-bearing pyrites(Py2 and Py3)and ore stibnites(Stb1 and Stb2)have narrowδ³⁴SH₂S ranges(-8.9‰to +4.1‰,average-3.1‰)and-2.9‰to +6.9‰,average + 1.3‰),respectively,indicating that the Au-rich and Sb-rich fluids may have had the same sulfur source.Published in-situ sulfur isotopic data of pyrite As-rich zones from other Carlin-like Au deposits(Shuiyindong,Taipingdong,Nayang,Getang and Lianhuashan)in the NWYB have similar ore-fluidδSH₂S values(-4.5‰to +6.7‰,average-0.6‰)to those of Qinglong.Therefore,we infer that the sulfur of both Au and Sb mineralization was derived from the same magmatic-related source(0±5‰)in the NWYB.Moreover,the core of pyrites(Py1)has variable S isotope fractionation(-18.9‰to +18.1‰,mostly +3‰to +12‰),suggesting that the higher-³⁴S H₂S was produced by bacterial sulfate reduction(BSR).The hydrothermal pyrite(Py2 and Py3)δ³⁴S values gradually decrease with increasing As concentrations,and ultimately,within the restricted range(-5‰to +5‰)in As-rich zones.This variation implies that the As-rich pyrite was formed through ongoing interactions of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid with pre-existing sedimentary pyrites,causing the progressive decreasing δ³⁴S values with As content increase,Hence,the fluid/mineral interaction may have generated the observed variation in δ³⁴S and As contents.Overall,comparing the Au and Sb deposits in the NWYB,we favor a magmatic-related source for the Au–Sb–As-rich fluids,but the Au-and Sb-ore fluids were likely evolved at separate stages in the ore-forming system.     

Pyrite textures and compositions from the Zhuangzi Au deposit,southeastern North China Craton: implication for ore-forming processes

The Zhuangzi Au deposit in the world-class Jiaodong gold province hosts visible natural gold, and pyrite as the main ore mineral, making it an excellent subject for deciphering the complex hydrothermal processes and mechanisms of gold precipitation. Three types of zoned pyrite crystals were distinguished based on textural and geochemical results from EPMA, SIMS sulfur isotopic analyses and NanoSIMS mapping. Py0 has irregular shapes and abundant silicate inclusions and was contemporaneous with the earliest pyrite–sericite–quartz alteration. It has low concentrations of As (0–0.3 wt.%), Au and Cu. Py1 precipitated with stage I mineralization shows oscillatory zoning with the bright bands having high As (0.4–3.9 wt.%), Au and Cu contents, whereas the dark bands have low contents of As (0–0.4 wt.%), Au and Cu. The oscillatory zoning represents pressure fluctuations and repeated local fluid phase separation around the pyrite crystal. The concentration of invisible gold in Py1 is directly proportional to the arsenic concentration. Py1 is partially replaced by Py2 which occurs with arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and native gold in stage II. The replacement was likely the result of pseudomorphic dissolution–reprecipitation triggered by a new pulse of Au-rich hydrothermal fluids. The δ³⁴S values for the three types of pyrite are broadly similar ranging from +?7.1 to +?8.8‰, suggesting a common sulfur source. Fluid inclusion microthermometry suggests that extensive phase separation was responsible for the gold deposition during stage II mineralization. Uranium–Pb dating of monazite constrains the age of mineralization to ca. 119 Ma coincident with a short compressional event around 120 Ma linked to an abrupt change in the drift direction of the subducting Pacific plate.     

甘肃北山老金厂金矿床载金矿物特征、原位硫同位素组成及其对成矿的指示意义

老金厂金矿床是北山成矿南带最具代表性的中低温岩浆热液型金矿床之一，其规模为中型。依据脉体穿插、矿物共生组合和矿石结构构造等特征，将矿床矿化作用过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段（Ⅰ）、石英-含砷黄铁矿-毒砂阶段（Ⅱ）、石英-黄铁矿-多金属硫化物阶段（Ⅲ）和石英-方解石阶段（Ⅳ）。利用电子探针研究了不同成矿阶段载金矿物的元素组成及其分布规律。Ⅰ阶段：黄铁矿以粗粒自形立方体为主，粒度为0.50~1.50 mm，贫As、Au；毒砂含量极少，呈细粒他形。Ⅱ阶段：含砷黄铁矿周围常有大量毒砂产出，含砷黄铁矿多为立方体、五角十二面体，粒度为0.30~1.00 mm，富As、Au；该阶段矿化最为强烈，毒砂主要形成于此时期，多呈棱柱状、柱状、放射状集合体，显示富S亏As特征。Ⅲ阶段：多以黄铁矿-黄铜矿-闪锌矿共生组合脉的形式产出，黄铁矿多呈长条状，以富S、Cu、Zn、Au和贫Fe、As为特征。Ⅳ阶段：矿化作用极弱，毒砂、黄铁矿含量极少，为细粒他形。原位硫同位素组成显示：Ⅰ阶段黄铁矿δ³⁴S_V-CDT值为-3.8‰~-2.9‰，均值为-3.3‰；Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿和毒砂δ³⁴S_V-CDT值为-4.7‰~2.6‰，均值为-3.3‰；Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿和闪锌矿δ³⁴S_V-CDT值主要分布于-1.9‰~1.0‰之间，均值为0.1‰。此3个阶段硫同位素组成反映了成矿期硫主要来源于幔源岩浆，混入了部分地层硫。综合前人研究成果，认为成矿早期至晚期，成矿流体总体上由富S贫As向富As贫S演化。Ⅰ阶段体系处于中性稳定的环境，硫源充足；Ⅱ阶段为贫S富As的高氧逸度环境，由于大气降水对地层的淋滤渗透，混入富As流体，Au可能与As结合形成Au-As络合物，在成矿有利部位富集沉淀；Ⅲ阶段成矿元素种类丰富，体系为富S贫As的弱还原环境，Au很可能与HS^-、S^-形成络合物进入黄铁矿晶格。     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite from the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, Guizhou, China: implications for gold depositional processes

Arsenian pyrite in the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit in Guizhou, China, is the major host for gold with 300 to 4,000 ppm Au and 0.65 to 14.1 wt.% As. Electron miroprobe data show a negative correlation of As and S in arsenian pyrite, which is consistent with the substitution of As for S in the pyrite structure. The relatively homogeneous distribution of gold in arsenian pyrite and a positive correlation of As and Au, with Au/As ratios below the solubility limit of gold in arsenian pyrite, suggest that invisible gold is likely present as Au¹⁺ in a structurally bound Au complex in arsenian pyrite. Geochemical modeling using the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of fluid inclusions for the major ore forming stage shows that the dominant Au species were Au(HS)₂⁻ (77%) and AuHS_(aq)⁰ (23%). Gold-hydroxyl and Gold-chloride complexes were negligible. The ore fluid was undersaturated with respect to native Au, with a saturation index of −3.8. The predominant As species was H₃AsO₃⁰ _(aq). Pyrite in the Shuiyindong deposit shows chemical zonation with rims richer in As and Au than cores, reflecting the chemical evolution of the ore-bearing fluids. The early ore fluids had relatively high activities of As and Au, to deposit unzoned and zoned arsenian pyrite that host most gold in the deposit. The ore fluids then became depleted in Au and As and formed As-poor pyrite overgrowth rims on gold-bearing arsenian pyrite. Arsenopyrite overgrowth aggregates on arsenian pyrite indicate a late fluid with relatively high activity of As. The lack of evidence of boiling and the low iron content of fluid inclusions in quartz, suggest that iron in arsenian pyrite was most likely derived from dissolution of ferroan minerals in the host rocks, with sulfidation of the dissolved iron by H₂S-rich ore fluids being the most important mechanism of gold deposition in the Shuiyindong Carlin-type deposit.     

LA-ICP-MS in situ analyses of the pyrites in Dongyang gold deposit,Southeast China: Implications to the gold mineralization

The Dongyang gold deposit is a newly discovered epithermal deposit in Fujian Province, Southeast China, along the Circum-Pacific metallogenic belt. Herewith, the authors present mineralogical, scanning electron microscope, and laser ablation inductively coupled clasma mass spectrometry analysis to reveal the relations between Au and Te, As, S, Fe, etc., and discuss the gold precipitation process. The pyrites in this deposit are Fe-deficient, and are enriched in Te and As. The authors infer that As was mainly in form of As-complexes, and Te-Au-Ag inclusions/solid solution also exsits in the Py I. Along with the depletion of Te and As, they were less active chemically in the Py II, and Au may be incorporated into As-rich and Fe-deficient surface sites by chemisorption onto As-rich growth surfaces. Because of the incorporation of new fluid, Te and As became the most active chemically in the Py III, which was the main elements precipitation stage, and As dominantly substituted for S in the lattice of pyrite, due to the more reducing condition. The authors propose Au was in form of invisible gold, and the incorporation of gold can be considered as post-pyrite event, while the Au-bearing minerals were result of post incorporation of gold in arsenian pyrite.     

Recognition of two contrasting structural-and mineralogical-gold mineral systems in the Youjiang basin,China-Vietnam:Orogenic gold in the south and Carlin-type in the north

The gold deposits in the Youjiang basin,totaling 25 Moz gold,have traditionally been thought to be of Carlintype,particularly those with extensional structural geometries in the northern basin dominated by platform sedimentary sequences.However,the structural geometries,mineralization styles and alteration types for the Jinya,Gaolong and Nakuang gold deposits in the south-central part of the basin are remarkably similar to those of unequivocal orogenic gold deposits.Structural studies show that gold mineralization in the three gold deposits was controlled by tight "locked-up"anticlines with NW—SE-to E-W-trending and/or concomitant thrusts and/or shear zones,which resulted from NE-SW-to N-S-trending compression or transpression following the Early Triassic closure of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean.Alteration zones in these deposits are dominated by silicification(quartz),sericitization,sulfidation and carbonation.Zoned pyrites in these deposits comprise Au-poor cores and invisible Au-bearing rims with minor external free gold.Euhedral to subhedral auriferous arsenopyrites also contribute to the gold budget.These features indicate that the three gold deposits are sediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits that contrast markedly with the Carlin-type gold deposits in the northern part of the Youjiang basin in terms of structural geometry and timing,mineralization style and nature of associated alteration.Although additional reliable ages using robust methodologies are still required,the older isotopic ages of the gold deposits in the south-central Youjiang basin are also consistent with earlier formation during transpression that predated extension during orogenic collapse,the period of formation of the Carlin-type gold deposits in the northern Youjiang basin.     

Geochemistry of Pyrite from the Gangcha Gold Deposit, West Qinling Orogen, China: Implications for Ore Genesis

The Gangcha gold deposit was discovered in 2011 in the Xiahe-Hezuo region, West Qinling Orogen, China. Five types of pyrite have been identified in the ore according to the detailed mineral paragenetic studies. Geochemical data are presented for type I pyrite (py1) rim-core zonation and for the different types of pyrite based on in-situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The results show that pyrites are characterized with heterogeneous Au concentrations, which indicate that Au occurs mainly as micro- or nano-particle native inclusions. Time-resolved depth profiles demonstrate that As, Co and Ni occur as solid solutions in pyrite, whereas Cu, Pb, Zn and Ag occur mainly as inclusions. Trace element concentrations differ between rims and cores in py1, and the differences also exist within different pyrite types. These differences indicate complex chemical evolution of the ore-forming fluids, and the overall geology, geochronology, and stable isotope and pyrite data suggest that the ore-forming fluids were closely linked to magmatic activity during the Triassic Period in West Qinling orogenic belt.     

黔西南紫木凼金矿床成矿物质来源:S⁃C⁃O⁃Pb⁃Sr同位素制约

紫木凼金矿床是黔西南卡林型金矿区一个重要的大型金矿床,其成矿物质来源尚不明确.对紫木凼金矿床不同类型矿石和赋矿围岩进行了S、C、O、Pb和Sr同位素组成对比研究.矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-13.49‰~17.91‰（主要为-0.99‰~3.58‰）,赋矿围岩的δ34S值为-26.23‰~-19.63‰,矿床成矿期硫主要来源于岩浆,部分来源于赋矿地层中成矿前黄铁矿.热液期方解石的δ13C和δ18O分别为-9.10‰~0.59‰和15.65‰~23.82‰,与赋矿围岩、区域地层的碳、氧同位素组成差别较大,成矿流体的碳、氧部分来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,部分可能来源于岩浆.矿石中硫化物的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.064~18.973、15.585~15.670和38.219~39.054,赋矿围岩的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.136~18.650、15.574~15.656和38.423~38.812,矿石铅的来源较复杂,赋矿地层和岩浆可能都为其提供了部分铅.矿石中石英和方解石（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.707 26~0.708 11,赋矿围岩的（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.707 28~0.707 31,成矿流体中的锶主要来源于赋矿地层.紫木凼金矿床成矿物质具壳幔混合来源特征,成矿物质主要来自矿床深部隐伏岩浆岩,部分来自二叠系-三叠系赋矿地层.