Negotiating partnerships, understanding power: doing action research on Chilean Fairtrade wine value chains

Sales in Fairtrade wine have been growing rapidly worldwide, and the UK is the most important market. This paper reports on an action research project undertaken with different economic actors along the value chain of a Chilean Fairtrade wine. The aim of the interdisciplinary project was to explore how the internet and tracking and tracing technologies could be used to render value chains more transparent for consumers and producers. An internet interface combined with a barcode-based data retrieval system could allow actors in the value chain to call up economic, social and environmental information about a product. Early findings from the action research process show that while supermarkets are the lead firms in the Fairtrade wine chain in terms of economic power, the producers and the Fairtrade certification body wield 'moral power' over other actors in the value chain. Fairtrade producers and the Fairtrade certification body relate to each other in cycles of mutual recognition, thus underpinning each others' legitimacy and moral power. The paper argues that action research, in particular the positionality of the researcher team as a collaboration partner, can lead to a better understanding of the nature of linkages and power relations between the economic actors in value chains.     

从全球到地方:东莞家具产业的绿色化升级路径

地方产业链嵌入全球价值链带动绿色化升级的研究已开始成为经济地理学关注的研究话题。在梳理国内外产业绿色化升级研究基础上,构建发展中国家产业绿色化升级理论分析框架,以东莞市家具产业为案例,通过实地调研和半结构访谈法,分析东莞家具企业嵌入全球生产网络的发展历程,理清在全球化动力、国家和地方动力等两大驱动力的作用下,东莞家具产业绿色化升级的路径和动力机制。结果显示：全球动力、国家和地方动力影响下的家具产业绿色化升级路径有差异,全球动力推动的绿色化升级被锁定在有限范围内,并对本地出口企业造成“可持续采购挤压”,而国内绿色家具利基市场的形成和产业绿色化发展的制度环境对本地绿色化升级起关键作用。结论对理解中国制造业由外向型向内循环发展过程中产业绿色化升级有一定的实践意义。     

长三角地区研发企业集聚与知识溢出强度——连续空间中的微观分析

利用2005年中国规模以上制造业企业数据,以长三角地区为范围,对企业地址进行地理编码,建立企业点对点的空间邻近关系,将距离从5 km逐次扩大到100 km,进行企业知识溢出的空间效应分析。研究发现,长三角地区的研发企业比较集中,大约在20 km范围内有明显的集聚状况,之后则有比较明显的分散,并与整体制造业活动空间分布趋向一致。知识溢出的空间强度随距离递增呈负指数幂函数形式加速衰减,于40 km处左右减势趋于平缓。与连续空间上的微观数据分析相比,区域层面上的归并数据分析放大了知识溢出的效应。     

Competitive Adjustment and Advancement in Global Commodity Chains II: The Case of the Singapore Garment Industry

This is the second part of a contribution to the debate on the possibilities of leveraging economic globalisation — through incorporation in international production networks and global commodity chains (GCCs) — as a strategy for developing countries to industrialise and advance their position in the world economy. In the first part, we analysed the experience of the East Asian apparel industry and addressed the issues of sustaining positions, upgrading to more rewarding roles, and advancing to less dependent positions within production networks and GCCs. We developed an analytical framework at both the firm and industry levels, and subsequently identified alternative firm- and industry-level strategies and trajectories. The present paper deals with these issues in the context of the Singapore apparel industry. Based on extensive empirical research, we demonstrate that although the East Asian experience of upgrading and repositioning within the GCC is to some extent emulated in the case of the Singapore apparel industry, the outcomes have been less favourable in terms of the depth, extent and strength of these trajectories. The differing outcomes can be explained in terms of different (systemic) conditions in the Singapore business environment, including the agency of local players, the geography of sourcing networks, and the role of the state and prevailing business attitudes. Our conclusions merit continued attention in both research and policy circles on the development of capabilities at the firm level, and the role of local business and institutional environments in local industry development processes under globalisation.     

市场转向与产业升级路径分析——以珠江三角洲出口导向型家具产业为例

近年来,特别是2008年全球金融危机爆发以后,中国出口导向型制造业出现了由以出口为主转向出口和内销并进的发展趋势。然而现有文献较少关注市场转向对制造业企业产业升级的影响。基于全球生产网络的视角,以珠江三角洲出口导向型家具产业为例,通过以深度访谈为主的定性研究方法,探讨出口导向型制造业企业在出口转内销过程中的产业升级路径。结果显示：在与中国国内市场进行战略耦合（strategic coupling）的过程中,家具制造业企业分别通过网络式、企业内部协调式及市场型方式嵌入国内市场导向型的生产网络,并呈现出产业升级（upgrading）和降级（downgrading）等多元化路径。中国市场为家具制造业企业提供了产业升级特别是功能升级的机会,但小部分制造业企业也经历着产品降级的过程。研究市场转向中的产业升级对理解后危机时代新兴市场的崛起具有一定的理论意义;同时对理解在全球经济背景下中国出口导向型加工制造业转型具有实践意义。     

Competitive Adjustment and Advancement in Global Commodity Chains: I. Firm Strategies and Trajectories in the East Asian Apparel Industry

Globalisation discourses increasingly depart from a network‐centred view of the world, and focus on the possibilities of leveraging economic globalisation – through incorporation in international production networks and global commodity chains (GCCs)– as a strategy for less developed countries (LDCs) to industrialise and advance their position in the world economy. This article goes beyond the question of incorporation and addresses the issue of sustaining positions, upgrading to more rewarding roles, and advancing to less dependent positions within production networks and GCCs. Drawing on experiences in the East Asian apparel industry, we present a framework for analysing such processes at both the firm and industry levels. We demonstrate that the East Asian experience provides a rather positive picture, despite a decline in the region's share of world trade. The present paper is a preliminary contribution; further research, using the framework presented, would enhance insights into competitive adjustment and advancement in GCCs, specifically, the forces underlying success or failure.     

外资企业集聚对本土企业国有占股比例的影响——基于区域禀赋差异分析

旨在研究企业所在地的地区禀赋差异如何通过外资企业集聚影响本土企业国有占股比例的调整。因变量为企业国有占股比例,关键自变量为通过地区自然及人文禀赋差异作为工具变量代理的外资企业集聚程度,以及企业所在的地理区位特征,包括交通和经济区位。基于世界银行工业调查数据库企业调查数据并运用IV-Tobit估计方法,研究发现:① 较高的外资企业集聚程度将降低同行业内本土企业国有股份占股比例;② 主要矿产资源越丰富的地区,外资企业集聚程度相对较低,而人文科技教育越发达的地区,外资企业集聚程度越高;③ 传统的沿海沿江及经济特区等区位特点对企业所有制结构的影响逐渐减弱,而当地交通货运发达程度对混合所有制经济发展的作用正日益显现。最后,在此基础上提出关于发展混合所有制经济的政策建议。     

市场间邻近性与广东省出口企业的地理集聚

对外贸易是塑造广东省产业空间分布格局的重要力量,深入地探讨出口贸易与广东省企业集聚的内在联系机制,具有重要意义。本文从出口市场与本地市场之间的多维邻近性角度,为广东省的企业集聚发生机制提供了新的解释,具有一定的理论与政策参考价值。本文认为,企业的出口市场与本地邻近性越低,企业自身越难以远距离地直接获取关于目的市场的出口知识。在这种情况下,企业为了实现出口的成功扩张,其在空间上倾向于集聚分布,以在本地获取相关知识的溢出。基于2000—2016年中国海关进出口贸易数据,本文对广东省出口企业的外部出口市场格局以及内部空间集聚格局进行了描述,并实证测度了企业的出口市场与广东省在地理、经济、文化、政治和制度五个维度上的邻近性与企业地理集聚水平之间的关系。特别地,本文运用DO方法对企业集聚水平进行定量测度,还原了企业集聚的原始微观形态,一定程度上弥补了现有对于集聚水平测度方法的不足。描述性分析表明,一方面,广东省企业的出口市场具有多样化的特点,其扩张一定程度上遵循“邻近性”原则;另一方面,广东省的企业空间分布呈现明显的“核心-边缘”格局。实证结果表明,当出口至与本地在经济、政治和制度三个维度上邻近性较低的市场时,企业在本地更加集聚。市场间地理和文化邻近性对企业集聚水平的影响不显著。同时,该影响效应在出口市场为发达地区和发展中地区的企业样本中具有差异。     

德国在华知识密集制造业投资进入方式的时空特征及区位影响因素

外资知识密集型制造业进入中国市场,对中国制造业升级转型起着一定的作用。本文围绕区域制度环境和区域吸收能力,探讨影响知识密集型企业进入方式的区域环境,旨在揭示知识密集型产业的外商进入方式的地理驱动机制,有利于加深理解在经济发展方式转型的时代背景下,区域与城市获得外生技术发展动力的机制。采用从1982-2014年德国在华投资企业数据库,结果发现,德国知识密集型制造企业在中国的投资呈现由沿海地区向内陆地区扩张、沿海中心城市向周边城市扩散的时空趋势,并且在1995年后,其进入方式从合资为主向独资为主转变。逻辑计量模型显示,德国知识密集型制造企业的进入方式受到多项区位因子的影响,其中地方人力资源水平和产业专业化水平是知识密集型制造企业选择以合资方式的进入中国市场的重要区位因素,表明区域知识吸收能力是形成全球—地方战略协同的关键变量;另一方面,实际使用外资存量和地方专利授权量这两个区位影响因素则会显著促成知识密集型制造企业采用独资的进入决策,反映了区域制度环境对吸引以知识产权保护为战略核心的知识密集型制造业的作用。     

全球价值链下的顺德家电产业集群升级

以全球价值链理论为指导,分析顺德家电产业集群的形成方式、内部组织结构、产业链结构以及在全球价值链中的地位等基本特征,研究其升级过程,认为顺德家电产业集群正面临功能升级的阶段;通过深入分析影响其产业集群升级的本地大企业、地方政府、本地创新能力以及市场环境等因素,并将这四大因素归纳出与波特"钻石体系"相类似的结构体系,提出未来顺德家电产业集群升级应重点加强本地创新能力的建设,以期为其它区域产业集群的升级提供案例借鉴与政策建议.     

Chained to Development? Livelihoods and global value chains in the coffee-producing Toraja region of Indonesia

ABSTRACT

A popular rural development strategy in recent years has been through the adoption of what has been widely called a ‘value chain approach’, where improved linkages between small producers in underdeveloped rural communities and ‘lead firms’ constitute the foundations for development interventions. Whilst the global value-chain framework can deliver insights into the broad structural processes shaping livelihood possibilities, the adoption of value chains as a development strategy tends to disregard the complexity of smallholder livelihoods that shape poverty alleviation pathways in different contexts. The relationships between global value chains, development interventions, and rural livelihoods are explored in this article through a case study of smallholder coffee farming in the Toraja region of Indonesia. In this case, value-chain interventions in the coffee sector are unlikely to significantly contribute to improved rural welfare due to the diversified reality of local livelihoods, the nuances of how coffee production is embedded within Torajan culture and economy, and excellent prevailing market opportunities. The livelihood framework, therefore, provides an important corrective for the sometimes excessive optimism presented by advocates of a value-chain approach to rural development.     

中小企业集群信息技术应用及其影响因素分析 ———以温岭市鞋业集群为例

近年来, 信息技术的广泛应用正在对产业集群的形成和发展产生着深刻的影响。基于现 代信息技术所形成的网络联系逐渐成为产业集群关系网络的主要内容之一, 是深刻理解产业集 群演化和升级机制的重要方面。特别是, 信息技术可以使产业集群内中小企业空间联系的范围扩 大、时间成本下降, 为其走向全球市场提供便利的条件。本文首先回顾了我国企业信息技术应用 的发展过程与具体形式, 并在此基础上阐述了影响中小企业集群中信息技术应用的主要因素, 最 后以浙江省温岭市鞋业集群为案例分析了这些因素的具体作用。     

MANUFACTURING LOCATION IN A POLYCENTRIC URBAN AREA: A STUDY IN THE COMPOSITION AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF EMPLOYMENT SUBCENTERS

Attention has shifted to the role of subsidiary urban centers as the new “spatial nodes” within metropolitan areas as manufacturing employment has dispersed away from its traditional central city locations over the past decades. Understanding the character and evolving functions of these new “centers” is crucial to predicting (or influencing) future metropolitan spatial patterns. This paper explores the nature and role of the principal employment centers within the Dallas-Fort Worth region from the perspective of locational choices by firms in three-digit SIC Manufacturing. First the centers are empirically identified via a methodology that “maps” employment land-use polygons onto a zip code-level geography. The industrial attributes of firms choosing such centers are then investigated using multinomial logit. The general attractiveness to firms in manufacturing of various spatial characteristics of these centers are next studied through a discrete choice framework. Finally, a “mixed” conditional logit model is specified and implemented to identify special affinities between a type of firm and a kind of location. Results of the exercise enable judgment on the utility of the employment center concept and on industrial location behavior in a modem urban context.     

Location patterns of urban industry in Shanghai and implications for sustainability

China’s economy has undergone rapid transition and industrial restructuring. The term “urban industry” describes a particular type of industry within Chinese cities experiencing restructuring. Given the high percentage of industrial firms that have either closed or relocated from city centres to the urban fringe and beyond, emergent global cities such as Shanghai, are implementing strategies for local economic and urban development, which involve urban industrial upgrading numerous firms in the city centre and urban fringe. This study aims to analyze the location patterns of seven urban industrial sectors within the Shanghai urban region using 2008 micro-geography data. To avoid Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) issue, four distance-based measures including nearest neighbourhood analysis, Kernel density estimation, K-function and co-location quotient have been extensively applied to analyze and compare the concentration and co-location between the seven sectors. The results reveal disparate patterns varying with distance and interesting co-location as well. The results are as follows: the city centre and the urban fringe have the highest intensity of urban industrial firms, but the zones with 20–30 km from the city centre is a watershed for most categories; the degree of concentration varies with distance, weaker at shorter distance, increasing up to the maximum distance of 30 km and then decreasing until 50 km; for all urban industries, there are three types of patterns, mixture of clustered, random and dispersed distribution at a varied range of distances. Consequently, this paper argues that the location pattern of urban industry reflects the stage-specific industrial restructuring and spatial transformation, conditioned by sustainability objectives.     

城市区位条件与企业区位动态研究

随着新新经济地理理论的发展,企业异质性的研究逐渐受到重视,不同效率企业的区位选择被认为是造成城市生产效率差异的重要原因。验证企业区位选择对城市生产效率的影响,以及探讨企业区位选择的城市影响要素是研究的关键问题。沿用Baldwin和Melitz等学者的研究思路,从企业区位主动选择与被动选择的视角,理解中国城市生产效率的差异及其变化,分析企业区位自选择效应的空间差异。在此基础上,采用2002-2007年的规模以上工业企业面板数据,通过建立基于企业进入、退出区位动态的回归模型,揭示企业区位自选择效应的作用机制和城市影响因素。研究发现：企业区位自选择效应确实存在,不同效率企业的主动选择和被动选择都会影响城市的生产效率。生产率较高的工业企业倾向于选择科技研发水平高、市场潜力大、产业相对集聚的城市,生产率较低的工业企业更容易因城市高昂的要素成本和激烈的行业竞争,尤其是同行企业竞争而被挤出。此外,政府的政策优惠可以吸引高效率企业进入,但这种政策倾斜也会加剧其他企业的退出。因此,提高科技水平、扩大市场规模、促进产业集聚、合理运用政策调控是提高城市竞争力的关键。     

经济全球化下中国经济升级对社会升级的影响

社会升级与经济升级的关系是近年来国际经济地理学关注的热点问题,也是尚未有决议的前沿问题。本文从就业、社会保障、基本权利和社会对话4个维度建立社会升级测度指标体系,采用经济计量模型揭示了社会升级各维度的影响因素及经济升级、经济全球化、政府治理与社会升级的关系。研究发现：① 社会升级的不同维度受经济升级、经济全球化和政府治理的不同影响。就业维度主要受政府管制的正向影响,社会保障主要受社会劳动生产率提高的正向影响,基本权利维度主要受经济质量效益、创新投入和进口贸易的正向影响,社会对话维度受经济质量效益、创新投入、创新效率和外资的正向影响。② 经济升级对社会升级具有促进作用,政府治理对这个促进关系起到了中介作用,同时该中介作用进一步受到经济全球化的正向调节影响。这表明政府治理对促进经济升级转化为社会升级起到重要的中介作用,且这一作用在经济全球化下可以得到增强。本文有助于加深认识经济升级促进社会升级的机制,为探讨中国经济和社会“双升级”发展提供理论基础。     

大连市海洋渔业集群空间格局演化与企业区位选择

全球化时代是发展海洋经济的时代,海洋渔业是海洋经济的重要部门,是深耕蓝色国土的重要一步.以典型海洋城市大连市为案例,基于海洋渔业企业视角研究海洋渔业产业,建立海洋渔业企业数据库,运用核密度方法分析大连市海洋渔业企业的空间格局演化规律,建立回归模型重点分析了 2011-2018年海产加工企业在区位选择时的影响因素.结果表...     

The Decentred Firm and the Adoption of Sustainable Office Space in Sydney,Australia

As the social, ecological and economic benefits of green buildings become more established, firms, especially professional service firms, are responding by adopting sustainable office space (SOS). Accelerating this uptake demands a nuanced appreciation of firms’ understandings of and motivations for adopting SOS. Through a qualitative study of professional service firms in Sydney, this paper brings together a decentred understanding of the contemporary firm drawn from the ‘new economic geographies’ approach and theories of corporate social responsibility to trace and interpret the diverse and overlapping motivations shaping the uptake of SOS amongst these firms. The firm is shown to be a site of plurality and agency, governed by multiple logics. Whilst motivations informed by economic logic remain persuasive and pervasive, the adoption of SOS is simultaneously informed by a wider palette of logics, including environmental and social logics. The paper argues that a decentred conceptualisation of the firm brings the multiplicity of firms’ orientations towards SOS into view and, in so doing, has the potential to inform a politics of intervention for steering firms towards more socially and environmentally sustainable behaviours.     

上海高新技术企业创新结网影响因子实证分析

在界定上海高新技术产业和行业分类的基础上,基于上海市科委高技术企业年报系统数据,运用结构方程模型分析方法,比较分析了生物医药产业、电子信息产业、新材料产业和高新技术改造传统产业4类高新技术产业创新网络形成过程中的影响因子、影响路径及影响机制。结果表明：① 高新技术企业创新网络形成过程中主要受到企业规模、企业发展阶段和企业影响力等因子的核心影响,且为正向促进作用;② 高新技术产业不同行业创新网络的影响因子存有较大差异,如政府干预因子对新材料产业创新结网影响较大,且通过投入创新活动资金的形式干预创新网络构建,但对其他产业创新结网影响相对较小;③ 所有制、空间区位和中介服务等影响因子对高新技术企业创新结网的影响均较小,甚至不产生作用。通过4个高新技术产业创新网络影响因子的实证分析,总结归纳了高新技术企业创新结网的形成机制。     

地方出口产品结构及制度环境与企业出口相关多样化

产品相关多样化是企业发展的重要战略。经济学研究认为企业内部因素会影响企业的产品多样化策略,而一些地理学研究则发现企业外部的地方因素也会影响企业发展。为了弥补当前研究中关于企业微观发展战略外部影响因素的空白,本文基于2012—2016年中国出口产品贸易数据研究地方出口产品结构对企业出口产品相关多样化的影响,并进一步探究地方非正式制度和正式制度环境的调节作用。结果发现：① 在出口产品相关多样化程度越高的地方,多产品企业的出口相关多样化倾向会越强。② 正式和非正式制度环境均会影响地方和企业尺度在出口产品相关多样化方面的一致性关系。地方的社会信任属于非正式制度环境,会增强地方与企业在出口产品相关多样化方面的一致性。正式制度环境包括市场化、全球化和分权化进程,其中地方市场化程度对地方与企业在出口产品相关多样化方面的一致性起正向调节作用,而地方的全球化和分权化进程则表现为负向调节作用。本文的研究结论说明了地方产业集群环境、企业微观发展策略以及地方制度背景三者之间存在关联。政府可以通过制度改革和制度创新等政策影响地方内企业联系,为地方产业发展创造新的机会。