Digital national land information

The digital land data maintained in the Geographic Survey Institute are listed in Tab 1. They are computerized for the digital national land information to establish a geographical data bank of land information.The digital national land information contains many kinds of land data, which have been maintained mainly as maps, aerial photos and statistics, and is stored as magnetic tape.The smallest geographical unit is either the standard mesh, geodetic coordinate or dots, according to accuracy of the original data.The digital national land information can be used in the various fields of geographical researches and in national or local land planning.In this paper, as an example of application, the housing land selection method is introduced, using the natural land data and the land use data.     

Urban land use transformation and determinants of urban land use size in China

Astract Recent economic reforms and shifts in land use planning in China have greatly changed the size and structure of urban land use. In this paper, an overview of the problems in urban land use and the impacts of economic reforms and planning policies on rapid urban land expansion and structural transformation is outlined. This is followed by statistical analyses to reveal determinants of urban land size. The study shows that urban land use in China has been improved, and urban land use size is related to urban reforms, urban land use adjustment, as well as to population growth and economic development.     

基于能值理论的采煤沉陷区土地复垦行为分析

利用能值分析方法揭示采煤沉陷区土地复垦行为特征,为采煤沉陷区土地复垦决策和土地利用导向提供科学依据。以徐州城北矿区复垦区为例,采用野外试验与能值理论分析相结合的方法,对采煤沉陷区土地复垦前后能值变化进行分析。结果表明:土地复垦是以人的价值行为为导向、自然资源为依托、生态系统流为骨架,来实现和提升采煤沉陷区生态经济系统功能;以恢复和提高区域生产力为价值导向的土地复垦行为可有效提高区域和产品服务功能,年净增加能值361.61×1016 sej;复垦后土地用途增加一定面积的鱼塘和储水区,在满足生产需求的同时,可提高区域水分涵养功能,年净增加能值4.6×1016 sej;土地复垦行为是通过调整采煤沉陷区土地利用结构、土地利用布局和土地利用行为,以实现生态经济系统能量流动与转换来增加区域生态经济系统能值。      

黑龙江省漠河地区土地覆被与地表温度时空变化特征研究

以我国高纬度多年冻土区漠河县城区及郊区862 km²的区域为研究对象,基于RS和GIS技术对该区地表覆被变化和地表温度进行研究。结果表明：地表类型和地表温度反演结果与现场比对结果一致;从1988年到2015年,经过火灾后重建和城镇化发展,建设用地面积增加了11.33 km²;以2015年为例,冬季由于积雪覆盖,有79.02%的区域无植被覆盖,夏季有80.91%的区域为高植被覆盖。冬季地表温度和高程具有高度相关性,高程每升高100 m,地表温度平均升高2.27℃,表明该区地表温度也存在显著的逆温现象。该区城镇热岛效应全年存在,城镇区域地表温度高于全区平均值,夏季最显著,最高温差可达6.37℃。地表温度与NDVI具有明显的负相关关系;不同土地利用类型地表温度由低到高的顺序为水体-林地-草地-裸地-建筑用地。     

Land use and land transformation

Types and pattern of land use in the GDR are controlled both by the historical development and the strong influences of technological, social and political alterations during the last four decades. Owing to these factors and the favourable natural conditions the share of non-arable area is small. The two basic features of land transformation are land use alteration and intensification. Compared to other European countries the first process lies on the average. It is still remarkable because most alterations of land use drastically reduce the agricultural area. Intensification consequently is the main type of land transformation in all sections of regional development. In most cases the benefit of strong intensification serves to particular users. Therefore various by-effects arise like pollution, contamination, blocking and devastating of renewable natural resources. Under the auspices of long term rationalization land transformation must be accompanied by the development of a dense network of protective measures and reservation areas, and in addition by different types for multiple utilization of renewable natural resources. At present complicated systems of land use are in evolution.     

The relationship between land surface temperature and land use/land cover in Guangzhou,China

The integration of remote sensing, geographic information system, landscape ecology and statistical analysis methods was applied to study the urban thermal environment in Guangzhou. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Build-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Barren Index (NDBaI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) were used to analyze the relationships between land surface temperature (LST) and land use/land cover (LULC) qualitatively. The result revealed that, most urban built-up lands were located in the middle part, and high LST areas mostly and were in the middle and southern parts. Therefore, the urbanization and thermal environment in the middle and southern parts need to be determined. Land surface temperature increased with the density of urban built-up and barren land, but decreased with vegetation cover. The relationship between MNDWI and LST was found to be negative, which implied that pure water would decrease the surface temperature and the polluted water would increase the surface temperature. A multiple regression between LST and each indices as well as the elevation was created to elevate the urban thermal environment, which showed that NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI, MNDWI were effective indicators for quantifying LULC impacts on LST.     

阜新矿区地面塌陷灾害对土地生产力的影响

在研究地面塌陷对一个地区的影响时，一般只侧重于其对建筑物、铁路的影响，而对土地生产力影响的探讨和研究还不够深入。对于阜新矿区来说，地面塌陷对该区土地生产力的影响更是空白，前期的工作仅仅侧重于地面塌陷的调查，如果就地面塌陷对土地生产力的影响做一决的概括和分析，无疑会给今后治理由地面塌陷带来的灾害提供借鉴作用。本文结合大量实测、实算数据，应用土地复理论与方法对地面塌陷引起的土地侵蚀、土壤盐碱化、土壤湿度、土壤质量水平等四个方面做了较为系统的阐述，并对灾害的治理提出了见解。     

Estimation of land coverage from a land cover classification derived from remotely sensed data

Remotely sensed data are an attractive source of land cover information. In many applications the required information relates to the extent or coverage of land cover class(es) in a region, which is generally derived from a count of the pixels allocated to the class(es) of interest in a classification. A highly accurate classification is not required for the derivation of accurate estimates of class coverage, provided the classification is accompanied by appropriate information on its quality. For instance, the information on classification quality contained in the classification confusion matrix can be used to significantly increase the accuracy of the estimates of land coverage. This is illustrated with reference to a case study focused on the estimation of despoiled land coverage in administratively defined local district in industrial South Wales from Landsat TM data. The accuracy of the investigation was assessed relative to a map of despoiled land cover for this region produced by conventional methods. From an image classification of moderate accuracy, the classification accuracy ranged form 57–83% between the districts investigated, a pixel count provided estimated of despoiled land coverage that were only poorly correlated to the mapped coverage;r = 0.27. Using the information on the pattern of error in the class allocation contained in the classification confusion matrix the estimation accuracy was increased significantly, with a correlation ofr = 0.81 observed between the remote sensing based estimate and the mapped land coverage. Furthermore, the r.m.s. error in despoiled land coverage estimation was reduced by approximately half, to less than 1% district area, when the classification was used in conjunction with information on the pattern of classification error.     

Recent development of land use in China

China has long been an agricultural country. Cultivated land is mainly used for growing staple foods. Before liberation (1949), land was scarcely planted for cash corps. Factors exerting influence on land use are: The traditional Chinese way of intensive land use, and population pressure as well as economic situation. The structure of recent developments of land use exhibits: altidutinal agricultural land use, intercropping of crops and trees, twotier and multi-tier land use.     

国土空间规划编制视角下的国土空间用途管制体系研究

为明确国土空间用途管制体系,解决国土空间用途管制对象错位、行政部门间管控范围越位、规划落地实施缺位等问题,本研究构建了由指标、分区、地类和控制线等管控方式组成的国土空间用途管制体系。结合浙江省国土空间规划编制经验,系统梳理了适合当下国土空间规划编制的土地用途管控理论体系,深化了浙江省国土空间用途管制传导细则,并图示化各管制措施之间的编制逻辑关系,演绎了管控体系的实践操作逻辑,以期为国土空间规划编制提供技术依据。     

基于DEM的土地坡度计算研究

本文论述了在土地利用现状调查中应用数字高程模型技术,进行土地坡度的计算,并详细阐述了基于DEM获取坡度图的流程.     

上海经营性土地储备规划若干问题探讨

土地储备规划是土地利用总体规划的重要组成,是为城市建设发展服务和指导土地供应计划的重要实施性专项规划,将在引领城市发展、规范土地市场运作、提升土地调控能力等方面发挥重要作用。通过分析土地储备规划的定位,确定土地储备规划的范畴和目标,探索土地储备规划编制的基本方法;结合城市土地储备机构工作特点,构建土地储备规划管理的动态机制。     

东北平原区地块尺度土地质量地球化学评价合理采样密度研究

选择吉林省公主岭市大岭地区作为东北平原区典型代表区域开展土壤元素空间变异性、经典统计学合理取样数及不同采用密度数据空间插值对比研究。结果表明:(1)受地形平坦及成土母质相对单一等因素影响,研究区土壤元素空间变异性总体较小,大部分以轻中度变异为主(变异系数<15%),受人为因素影响较大的Cd、Hg变异系数分别为35.3%、136.6%,属于高度变异。(2)经典统计学确定的研究区合理采样数为80,该样本量可在95%的置信区间及允许误差为30%的条件下反应区内土壤元素含量的均值与方差,但因未考虑样本的空间属性,不足以反应区内土壤元素空间变异特征,具有一定的局限性。(3)通过对均匀抽稀后4种不同采样密度数据与实测数据空间插值对比研究,在定量评估空间插值相对误差、地块预测值相对误差及预测等级与实测等级一致性的基础上,结合土地质量地球化学调查工作精度要求,提出研究区地块尺度地球化学评价工作合理采样密度为8个点/km2,该密度可在确保评价精度的前提下,大幅减少采样数量和工作成本。上述结论为东北平原及类似地区大面积开展地块尺度土地质量地球化学评价工作提供了关键的技术支撑,对进一步完善土地质量地球化学评价方法技术具有重要意义。     

第二次全国土地调查之农村土地调查作业方法

本文主要通过施工区的全国土地调查之农村土地调查的作业过程和方法进行阶段性的归纳和总结。     

Watershed prioritization using morphometric and land use/land cover parameters: A remote sensing and GIS based approach

Jaggar watershed is a constituent of the Gambhir river basin, in eastern Rajasthan and covers an area of 352.82 km², representing arid climate. The drainage network is dendritic to sub-dendritic pattern however parallel to sub-parallel has also developed locally. The Jaggar watershed has been divided into fourteen sub-watersheds, designated as SW1 to SW14, for prioritization purpose. The prioritization of the sub-watersheds has been done on the basis of morphometric analysis and land use/land cover categories. Various morphometric parameters (linear and shape) have been determined for each sub-watershed and assigned rank on the basis of value/relationship with erodibility so as to arrive at a compound value for final ranking of the sub-watersheds. Land use/land cover mapping has been carried out using IRS LISS III data of 1998. Based on morphometric and land use/land cover analysis and their ranks, the subwatersheds have been classified into four categories as very high, high, medium and low in terms of priority for conservation and management of natural resources. The prioritization results based on morphometry reveal that only SW7 and SW10 fall under very high priority, whereas SW6, SW11 and SW13 fall under very high priority on the basis of land use/land cover analysis. However on the integration of morphometry and land use/land cover only SW14 show common priority whereas rest have little or no correlation.     

基于土地资源的市县级多要素国土空间开发适宜性评价研究——以湖北省宜昌市为例

国土空间开发适宜性评价是国土空间规划编制的重要基础,市县是落实主体功能区划的基本单元,市县级国土空间开发适宜性评价可为国土资源与空间更精细化的管理提供有效支撑。本研究从自然因素和社会经济因素两个方面构建了国土空间开发适宜性评价指标体系,对宜昌市农业生产适宜性及城镇建设适宜性进行了评价,划分出适宜、较适宜、一般适宜、较不适宜和不适宜5类区域。结果表明宜昌市适宜开展农业生产的土地面积为3412 km²,不适宜土地面积为7143 km²;适宜进行城镇建设的土地面积为748 km²,不适宜土地面积为14679 km²。农业生产和城镇建设适宜性评价结果均呈现出典型的区域特征,适宜区主要分布在东部的平原区,区域整体的国土空间开发条件好;不适宜区主要分布在西部山区,区域整体的国土空间开发难度大。适宜性评价结果与规划数据有部分出入,与土地利用现状相差不大,农业生产适宜等级的土地面积比耕地保有量红线面积多132 km²,分布于农业生产适宜和较适宜区的现状耕地占耕地总面积的73.98%;城镇建设适宜等级的土地面积比建设用地底线面积少611 km²,分布于城镇建设适宜和较适宜区的现状建设用地占建设用地总面积的77.99%。将评价结果叠加在谷歌卫星图上,在空间上观察是否与土地现状一致,结果表明农业生产适宜区的评价结果准确率达100%,不适宜区的准确率为93%;城镇建设适宜区和不适宜区评价结果准确率达100%。     

Marginal land and the global land rush: A spatial exploration of contested lands and state-directed development in contemporary Ethiopia

The ‘global land rush’ or ‘global land grabbing’ phenomena has prompted concerns over the potential of large-scale land acquisitions to displace rural populations and impact food security in lesser-developed countries. State actors often assert that lands being leased to investors are ‘marginal’, ‘wasteland’, ‘barren’, or ‘unused’ without explicitly stating the criteria that are used to classify those spaces. Using Ethiopia as a case study, this paper synthesizes semi-structured interviews and geospatial land-use data to unpack the federal government’s notion of ‘marginal land’ to investigate how land qualifies for deposition into a federal land bank set aside for future investment and the agro-ecological characteristics and human-environment interactions endemic to these areas. We find that government officials conceive land bank areas to be generally fertile but currently ‘unused’. In reality, we find land bank areas: (1) are used by pastoralists or rural people practicing land extensive forms of cultivation that are only loosely integrated into the Ethiopian state, (2) overlap with protected areas such as National Parks, and (3) are located in places that have surface water resources the government intends to use for large-scale development such as irrigation or hydropower projects. We argue that the intended land uses of banked lands serve not only to fulfill larger development objectives but also increase state-accessible product produced in these areas strengthening the link between ‘othering’ labels, development, and state-making in the context of the global land rush.     

临沂市耕地质量等级状况探析

通过开展耕地质量等级成果补充完善工作,对全面掌握和科学量化耕地质量等级状况,实现国土资源管理部门对耕地的科学化、规范化管理,逐步建立耕地质量等级定期动态调查评价制度、耕地质量等级与产能年度更新报告制度,实现耕地占补平衡由数量管理为主向质量为主、数量为辅的转变,对提升耕地资源保障能力和国土资源管理水平具有重要意义。     

On the ownership of land

In the first section concepts relating to the ownership of land, as voiced by various thinkers from Plato and Aristotle to Locke, Proudhon and Marx, are discussed. In the second section it is shown, that despite the high moral tone of the theorists, in practice land was acquired by theft, the theft perhaps followed by some retrospective attempts to achieve legality. Land was also expropriated on a large scale to be used as a counter in the struggle between the power groupa within the state. In the third section the present day relevance of estate ownership is briefly examined, with reference to political power and to environmental conservation. It is suggested that ideally there should be a return to a leasehold system, in Proudhon's terms possession rather than ownership, land leased from the community and forfeited if environmental damage is inflicted. There should be limit to the upward size of estates in order to limit the political advantages that accrue to families holding large areas of land. For these reforms to be effective and enormous enlargement of democratic processes is required, accompanied by a reduction in power of the central authorities, and by an increase in the financial and intellectual investment in education.     

北京东部地区地面沉降发育特征分析

结合区域地质背景条件,利用水准测量、分层标地层变形、地下水位动态等监测数据,对北京东部地区地面沉降的发育特征与发展变化规律进行了分析研究。该区域的地面沉降与地下水开采具有显著相关性,深部地层仍是沉降的主要贡献层位;沉降中心地下水具有明显的分层变化规律,深层承压水明显的水位降落漏斗,直接导致深部地层沉降压缩最为显著;地面沉降的区域分布、沉降速率变化与地下水降落漏斗具有一定的时空相关性;南水北调的稳定供水,有效缓解了北京地面沉降快速发展的趋势。