2008年塔里木河流域“四源一干”径流运行与河道断流成因分析

2008年塔里木河四条源流出山口天然径流量241.8×108m3,比多年平均值216.4×108m3多24.9×108m3,偏多11.5%,属偏丰水年;塔里木河阿拉尔站以上3条源流出山口天然径流量202.5×108m3,比多年平均值多19.6×108m3,偏多10.7%,属偏丰水年;开都河-孔雀河为38.83×108m3,比正常年份多5.33×108m3,属偏丰水年.四条源流入塔里木河总水量为29.52×108m3,占四条源流出山口天然径流总量的12.2%.其中,阿拉尔站以上3条源流入塔里木河水量为24.74×108m3,占三条源流出山口天然径流总量的12.2%.2008年塔里木河干流上游段耗水量21.11×108m3,占阿拉尔站年径流量的72.3%,是塔里木河干流最大的耗水区段;中游段耗水量7.63×108m3,占阿拉尔站年径流量的26.1%;下游段耗水量0.46×108m3,占阿拉尔站年径流量的1.6%.四条源流出山口来水量为偏丰水年,但由于源流耗水严重,入塔里木河水量减少成为特枯水年,2008年暂不向干流下游应急生态输水.     

塔里木河流域2003年"四源一干"河川径流及输水运行分析

2003年塔里木河四条源流出山口天然径流量258.21×108 m3,偏多12.8%,属偏丰水年.阿拉尔站以上的三条源流(阿克苏河、叶尔羌河、和田河)出山口天然径流量为221.19×108 m3,偏多14.0%,属偏丰水年;开都河孔雀河为37.02×108 m3,偏多6.0%,属平略偏丰水年.四条源流入塔里木河总水量为47.66×108 m3,占出山口天然径流总量的18.5%.阿拉尔站以上三条源流入塔里木河水量为44.08×108 m3,占三条源流出山口天然径流总量的19.9%,叶尔羌河是惟一无水输入塔里木河的源流.2003年塔里木河干流上游段耗水量20.51×108 m3,是干流最大的耗水区段,中游段耗水量16.89×108 m3,下游段耗水量11.16×108 m3.上、中游耗水量在减少,下游耗水量在增加.从2003年3月3日至7月11日第5次应急输水历时132 d,从博斯腾湖调水入塔河干流水量3.58×108 m3,而塔河干流到达恰拉水量7.58×108 m3,干流来水量继2002年后再次超过了博斯腾湖调水量.可以确定,2002年塔里木河向下游输水属于由博斯腾湖调水为主转为干流为主的转折年份,但是2003年干流向下游输水的比例更高.2003年大西海子水库向最下游下泄水量为3.455×108 m3,首次打通了145 km的老塔里木河,采取其文阔尔河和老塔里木河双河道输水,水再次流到塔里木河尾闾--台特玛湖,加上车尔臣河水的汇入,年内在台特玛湖区最大形成了约200 km2的水面.长期确保向塔河下游输水以干流来水为主,加大对塔河的综合治理,特别要加大对干流上游段和主要源流区的综合治理.     

塔里木河流域2006年“四源一干”河川径流及输水运行分析

2006年塔里木河四条源流出山口天然径流量268.9×108m3, 比正常年份偏多17.4%, 属偏丰水年. 其中, 阿拉尔站以上的三条源流(阿克苏河、叶尔羌河、和田河)出山口天然径流量为228.6×108m3, 比正常年份偏多18.0%;开都河-孔雀河为40.33×108m3, 比正常年份偏多20.4%, 属偏丰水年. 四条源流入塔里木河总水量为50.26×108m3, 占出山口天然径流总量的18.7%. 其中: 阿拉尔站以上三条源流入塔里木河水量为47.58×108m3, 占三条源流出山口天然径流总量的20.8%. 2006年塔里木河干流上游段耗水量33.55×108m3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的58.8%, 是塔里木河干流最大的耗水区段;中游段耗水量16.56×108m3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的29.0%, 比多年平均耗水量22.51×108m3减少5.95×108m3;下游段耗水量6.97.16×108m3. 上游耗水量在增加, 中游耗水量在减少, 下游耗水量接近多年平均值. 2006年第8次向干流下游输送生态水2.33×108m3, 其中由博斯腾湖下泄0.26×108m3, 由塔里木河自身来水下泄2.07×108m3. 此次输水由前7次的应急输水转变为功能性输水, 由以往输往塔里木河尾闾台特玛湖, 转变为以扩大下游生态灌溉面积为目的, 尝试以激活天然种子库, 高效利用水资源, 进一步恢复塔里木河下游生态植被范围. 2000-2006年连续共8次生态输水, 已累计由大西海子水库向塔里木河下游输送生态水22.75×108m3, 生态、经济、社会效益日益显著.     

2002年塔里木河流域"四源一干"地表径流情势

2002年塔河流域内平原及山区气温都明显偏高, 平原降水偏多, 山区降水略偏多.3～10月 0 ℃层高度接近常年.塔里木河4条源流出山口天然径流量273.9×108m3, 比多年平均值227.0×108m3多46.9×108m3, 偏多20.7%, 属丰水年.其中发源于天山山脉的阿克苏河和开都河-孔雀河径流增幅大, 水量充沛, 属丰水年; 而发源于喀喇昆仑山脉的叶尔羌河和源于西昆仑山的和田河径流量保持多年均值年.4条源流入塔里木河水量为54.82×108m3.在塔里木河干流上游段耗水量25.42×108m3, 是干流最大的耗水区段, 中游段耗水量24.55×108m3, 下游段耗水量7.38×108m3.上、中游区间耗水量49.97×108m3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的90.8%.从7月20日至11月10日共计114 d由博斯腾湖向塔里木河下游生态应急输水, 从博斯腾湖调水12.67×108m3, 恰拉水库分水闸向塔里木河输水2.339×108m3, 大西海子水库下泄3.313×108m3, 年内台特玛湖形成了28.74 km2的水域面积, 下游沿河地下水位普遍回升, 影响范围达800 km2, 生态效益十分显著.     

塔里木河流域2004年"四源一干"河川径流情势及输水运行分析

2004年塔里木河流域平原的年平均气温特高,山区偏高.平原与山区年降水量均正常略偏多,流域内春夏季0℃层高度偏低.2004年塔里木河四条源流出山口天然径流量224.0×108m3,属平水年.天山南坡的河流水量偏丰,阿克苏河偏多15.9%,为丰水年;开都河-孔雀河偏多4.2%,为平略偏丰水年.而喀喇昆仑山及昆仑山北坡的河流水量均少于多年均值,如叶尔羌河偏少10.8%,为偏枯水年;和田河偏少17.9%,为枯水年.四条源流阿克苏河、和田河、叶尔羌河、开都河-孔雀河入塔里木河总水量为27.02×108m3,占四条源流出山口天然径流总量的12.1%,叶尔羌河全年无水输入塔里木河.2004年塔里木河干流上游段阿拉尔-英巴扎耗水量为19.19×108m3,是干流最大的耗水区段;中游段英巴扎-恰拉耗水量为7.530×108m3,为治理前的30.3%,是输水堤工程竣工和加强管理的效益.2004年4月22日至6月25日,实施了第6次从博斯腾湖向塔里木河下游应急输水,历时65 d从博斯腾湖调出水量1.600×108m3,大西海子水库泄洪闸向下游输水量1.020×108m3,水头再次到达台特玛湖,多年来的调水已使下游河段两岸生态环境有了明显改善.     

阿克苏河流域无站控制区地表水资源及可利用量评价

阿克苏河是"四源一干"中最大的源流,多年平均地表径流总量为80.6×108m3,入塔里木河水量34.2×108m3,占阿拉尔站以上3条源流输水量的73.5%,对塔里木河的形成、发展、演变和生态环境起着决定作用.无站控制区调查面积7 110 km2,占流域总面积的14.2%.2005—2007年对中国境内阿克苏河无站控制区主要19条河(沟)洪水水量、洪水沟基流和17条泉水水量野外调查计算,阿克苏河流域无站控制区间地表水资源总量为6.68×108m3.其中,洪水沟总洪量0.6050×108m3,洪水沟基流总量2.0569×108m3,泉水天然补给量4.0185×108m3.在6.68×108m3的地表水资源总量中,可利用量为3.2×108m3.     

塔里木河流域2005年四源流对干流供水径流情势分析

2004年塔里木河流域四条源流出山口天然径流量272.1×10⁸m³,属丰水年,比多年平均值224.9×10⁸m³多47.20×10⁸m³,增加21.0%;比20世纪90年代平均241.9×10⁸m³多30.20×10⁸m³,增加12.8%,在1957-2005年49 a水文系列中排名第5位.其中,阿克苏河、叶尔羌河、和田河3条源流与多年均值比较,增幅达22%～25%,开都-孔雀河为平略偏丰.四条源流入塔里木河总水量为56.88×10⁸m³,占四条源流出山口天然径流总量的20.9%.根据现今塔里木河综合治理,仍需要制定长远的全面流域规划,以生态系统建设为根本,从工程上、宏观水量控制管理上、经济上和科技手段上,保障实现塔里木河流域水资源的可持续开发利用.     

2009年阿克苏河枯水年水文特征及其对塔里木河干流生态环境的影响

塔里木河流域2009年4—8月0℃层高度平均为4290 gpm,较12 a平均值偏低52 gpm,偏低幅度位居近19 a(1991—2009年)同期第5位.而夏季(6—8月)4站平均高度偏低129 gpm,偏低幅度位居近19 a(1991—2009年)同期第1位.2009年阿克苏河流域年径流量69.28×108m3为偏枯水年;经两支流灌区后,阿克苏河西大桥站年径流量为52.34×108m3,为枯水年.由于塔里木河阿拉尔站以上阿克苏河、叶尔羌河、和田河三条源流2009年入塔里木河水量仅为12.01×108m3,使阿拉尔站年径流量仅为14.08×108m3,为历史最小值,属特枯水年.新渠满站年径流量仅为8.374×108m3,为历史最小值,属特枯水年,并于6月1日—7月22日河道断流52 d,该站至台特玛湖河道断流长达1 100km,占塔里木河干流总长1 321 km的83%,这在历史上是罕见的.     

塔里木河干流上游中、下段河床淤积和耗水对生态环境的影响

塔里木河干流上游中、下段河床一直呈淤积状态, 新渠满站1965-2007年总淤积厚度达120 cm, 平均年淤积3.0 cm. 其中: 1965-1990年25 a淤积50 cm, 年均淤积2.0 cm, 1991-2007年17 a中河床淤积加快, 总淤积70 cm, 年均淤积4.7 cm. 由于河床淤积, 河道行洪断面缩水, 洪水漫溢不断增大, 导致上游段耗水量呈不断增加趋势, 2001年起上游段己成为干流最大的耗水区. 阿克苏河、和田河和叶尔羌河3条源流出山口多年平均年输沙量为6310×10~4t, 进入塔里木河干流龙头站--阿拉尔站多年平均年输沙量为2050×10~4t, 干流上游段多年平均年泥沙淤积量为1462×10~4t, 占塔里木河阿拉尔站多年平均年输沙量的71.3%, 是干流最大的泥沙淤积区, 也是现今最大的洪水漫溢区和耗水区. 塔里木河干流上、中、 下游各水文点年输沙量呈急剧減少趋势, 泥沙淤积河道主要是上游段的沙雅二牧场至英巴扎318 km河段. 塔里木河上游段河长495 km, 多年平均区间耗水量14.48×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站多年径流量的31.5%;中游河长398 km, 多年平均区间耗水量24.84×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的54.0%;下游河长428 km, 多年平均区耗水量6.68×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的 14.5%. 上、 中游段多年平均区间耗水量39.32×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的85.5%. 上游耗水量从2001年起成为塔里木河干流最大的耗水区, 导致2002、 2005和2006年上、中游耗水量达到50.0×10~8m~3, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的88%, 成为历史最大值.     

塔里木河流域2001年四源一干河川径流运行分析

2001年塔里木河流域四条源流出山口天然径流量计266.5×10⁸m³, 比多年平均值多40.70×10⁸m³, 增加1%.源流区在进入塔里木河干流前总耗水量为220.0×10⁸m³, 与多年平均值比较多43.4×10⁸m³, 增加24.6%, 而入塔里木河水量为46.4×10⁸m³, 比多年平均4.12×10⁸m³减少1.64×10⁸m³.塔里木河干流龙头站--阿拉尔站2001年年径流量为45.72×10⁸m³, 接近多年均值46.00×10⁸m³, 属平水年.干流上游区间耗水量24.77×10⁸m³, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的54.2%; 中游区间耗水量1.94×10⁸m³, 占阿拉尔站年径流量的41.4%; 下游区间耗水2.025×10⁸m³(纯塔里木河水), 仅占阿拉尔站年径流量的4.4%. 2001年从开都河-孔雀河的博斯腾湖和塔里木河向下游绿色走廊的应急输水于11月16日水流到台特玛湖, 从而结束了塔里木河下游近30 a干涸的历史, 使下游绿色走廊恶化环境开始恢复.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.