青岛一次沙尘污染事件的气象条件特征

2008年5月28日至6月1日青岛市区出现了持续5 d的大气污染,其中29-30日为重度污染,其余3日为轻度污染。本文基于青岛常规地面和高空观测资料以及环境监测站SO2、NO2、PM10监测资料,利用资料分析和中尺度数值模拟的方法,分析造成青岛此次持续多日的大气污染的污染源、大气环流和气象要素特征。分析结果表明：此次污染过程主要是外来沙尘引起的PM10污染;持续较强的逆温层结以及近地面层弱南北风频繁交替出现造成沙尘在近地层往复、积聚,最终导致连续多日的空气污染。     

Economically consistent long-term scenarios for air pollutant emissions

Pollutant emissions such as aerosols and tropospheric ozone precursors substantially influence climate. While future century-scale scenarios for these emissions have become more realistic through the inclusion of emission controls, they still potentially lack consistency between surface pollutant concentrations and regional levels of affluence. We find that the default method of scenario construction, whereby emissions factors converge to similar values in different regions, does not yield pollution concentrations consistent with historical experience. We demonstrate a methodology combining use of an integrated assessment model and a three-dimensional atmospheric chemical transport model, whereby a reference scenario is constructed by requiring consistent surface pollutant concentrations as a function of regional income over the 21st century. By adjusting air pollutant emission control parameters, we improve consistency between projected PM_2.5 and economic income among world regions through time; consistency for ozone is also improved but is more difficult to achieve because of the strong influence of upwind world regions. Reference case pollutant emissions described here were used to construct the RCP4.5 Representative Concentration Pathway climate policy scenario.     

Mathematical modeling of small watercourse pollution by biogenic substances in the nonchernozem zone of the Russian Federation

The pollution of surface inland waters under the influence of anthropogenic activity is of the global nature. A process of the pollutant concentration formation is considered as the stochastic one. The dividing of observational series into separate time periods is proposed to obtain the homogeneous series of the pollutant concentration. A technique of the mathematical modeling of pollutant concentration taking account and regardless of the autocorrelation dependence is given. The results of mathematical modeling of biogenic substance concentration in small watercourses in the northwest of the Russian Federation are estimated.     

城市大气污染物扩散模拟系统开发

简单介绍了一个应用于复杂地形，下垫面条件下的中尺度大气污染物扩散模式的开发和利用；并为城市大气质量数值模拟和预测的实施，以兰州为例进行了初步的理想数值试验，其结果将对改进模式和城市污染源描述提供依据并积累经验，同时这也是最终形成城市大气质量预测系统的前期工作。     

Numerical studies of neutrally stratified planetary boundary-layer flow above gentle topography

A numerical model of planetary boundary-layer flow above two-dimensional gentle topography is developed as an extension of the surface-layer model described by Taylor (1977). Comparisons are made with surface-layer predictions for flow over Gaussian hills; and the flow at various angles above hills, valleys and escarpments is modelled. Some simple case studies of the influence of gentle two-dimensional topography on pollutant dispersion are made which indicate relatively minor effects on surface pollutant concentrations in comparison with results for dispersion above a plane surface.     

城市街道峡谷汽车尾气污染的数值模拟

建立了一个简单的三维街道峡谷空气污染模式,并用实测资料进行了验证。利用建立的模式设计了7种试验方案,对街道峡谷内的污染状况进行了模拟。以CO为模拟对象的数值试验结果表明,街道峡谷上空的风速风向条件是决定街道峡谷内的污染状况的重要因素。峡谷上空风向与街道轴线的夹角越大、风速越小,则街道地面CO浓度越高。以现有的兰州典型车流量和排放因子,兰州街道地面CO浓度容易超标;若不控制车流量,到2008年,即使兰州上路汽车排放达标,但街道地面CO浓度仍然容易超标。     

A Study of the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Inversion in the ABL over the City of Lanzhou

By analyzing the pollutant concentrations over the urban area and over the rural area of the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, the relationships between the daytime inversion intensity and the pollutant concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are studied with the consideration of wind speed and direction, potential temperature, specific humidity profiles, pollutant concentration in the ABL, the surface temperature, and global radiation on the ground. It was shown that the daytime inversion is a key factor in controlling air pollution concentration. A clear and positive feedback process between the daytime inversion intensity and the air pollutants over the city was found through the analysis of influences of climatic and environmental factors. The mechanisms by which the terrain and air pollutants affect the formation of the daytime inversion are discussed. The solar radiation as the essential energy source to maintain the inversion is analyzed, as are various out-forcing factors affecting the inversion and air pollutants. At last, a physical frame of relationships of air pollution with daytime inversion and the local and out-forcing factors over Lanzhou is built.     

城市化环境大气污染模型动力学问题

城市化环境大气污染动力学问题是城市环境大气污染形成机理及其治理原理研究中核心理论问题,该文从城市化环境大气污染各类复杂的交叉影响因素角度,初步描述了城市环境大气多尺度相互作用;城市建筑群及其周边地形影响;下垫面及陆面过程对城市环境大气动力结构形成的影响效应;城市环境水-土-气污染形成的多圈层相互作用等问题.并且综合分析探讨了城市环境大气污染的动力学特征及其影响作用.通过理论问题的讨论,给出了本项目开展的BECAPEX现场观测试验的设计实施和城市污染"大锅盖"特征结构研究的科学问题.     

哈尔滨市冬末逆温、大气稳定度与大气污染概率关系

利用2006～2008年2月逐日地面常规观测资料和高空探测资料以及逐日的污染监测资料,统计分析了哈尔滨市2月风速、逆温和大气稳定度与大气污染的概率关系。分析结果表明：哈尔滨市2月的大气污染主要发生在风速〈3 m/s,污染物浓度随着风速的增大而减小,在一定程度上反映了哈尔滨市2月的污染主要是局地污染物的累积;发生大气污染时一定有逆温出现,但有逆温时不一定就发生大气污染;大气稳定度增加,大气污染概率增大。     

哈尔滨秋季一次持续性重污染过程分析

利用气象与环境监测数据,结合后向轨迹和秸秆焚烧火点监测资料,从环流形势、气象要素、污染源和污染传输特征等方面,对哈尔滨2017年10月18-20日持续性重污染天气过程进行分析。结果表明：这次重污染过程连续48 h为重度或严重污染,首要颗粒物为PM_2.5,PM_2.5平均浓度为438 μg·m^-3,局地PM_2.5浓度高达1487 μg·m^-3。重污染过程分为两个阶段,每个阶段主要污染物呈双峰分布。在重污染过程中,高空环流平直,浅槽前暖平流占主导地位,地面为弱低压均压场控制。地面风速小,平均风速仅为1.5 m·s^-1,风速≤ 1.5 m·s^-1静小风频率为71%,风场辐合,有利于污染物积聚。在重污染发展的过程中,地面相对湿度（RH）增大有利于颗粒物吸湿增长和污染加剧;在重污染减弱的过程中,PM_2.5浓度减少至每阶段谷值时间比RH减小至谷值时间滞后4-5 h。在边界层内有逆温层顶高为200 m左右、逆温强度>2.0℃·（100 m）^-1的贴地逆温层,层结稳定,垂直扩散条件差。污染物主要来源于秸秆焚烧,其次来源于取暖燃煤。静稳气象条件下本地污染物积累叠加远距离较高浓度的秸秆焚烧污染物输送导致哈尔滨这次重污染过程。     

The envivonment of the Russian Federation in 2006-2015: State and pollution dynamics

The present research is based on the annual Reviews of Environmental Conditions and Pollution in the Russian Federation and Yearbooks of Environmental Pollution in the Russian Federation for the period of 2006-2015. The parameters and estimates of abiotic environmental component (air, surface water, and soil) and radiation conditions are generalized from the data of the national observation system of environmental conditions (a base of the national system of environmental pollution monitoring in the Russian Federation) as well as from the data of local environmental observation systems. The results of the analysis of observational data and the conclusion on the conservation of high levels of air pollution in the cities and surface water pollution in many water bodies (including the assessment of priority of existing problems) are an important element of the informational support of state control of the sources of pollutant emissions (discharges) to the environment. The given information is also used for the comprehensive assessment of the influence of unfavorable environmental factors on the population health and terrestrial and water ecosystems. Besides, information on the dynamics and actual levels of environmental pollution allows assessing the efficiency of nature protection measures taking into account the observed trends and dynamics of variations.     

Modeling of pollutant dispersion in sea breeze conditions using a Lagrangian model

Summary This work presents a numerical study of non-reactive pollutant dispersion in sea breeze conditions. Sea breeze circulation is investigated using a 3-D mesoscale meteorological model. Simulation was conducted for the area of Tarragona (Spain) which has an important petrochemical industry in the coastal region and complex terrain. Results from the meteorological model were used as input to a Lagrangian particle model in order to analyze the pollutant dispersion of an elevated plume emitting near the shoreline. The simulation was performed for 24 h and an analysis of the meteorological and concentration fields was untertaken for this time period. The results are compared with measured surface data. Good correlation exists between observed and simulated conditions indicating that the coupling of the meteorological and particle models provides a good tool for analyzing air pollution in complex situations.With 13 Figures     

城市非点源污染负荷估算研究

针对污染地表水环境的城市径流污染源,利用SCS降雨径流模拟建立了城市径流不同土地利用类型径流系数与年降雨量的相关关系,其相关性显著;在不同降雨强度条件下,对典型示范区城市排污口实施降雨过程监测,获得了有代表性的城市径流污染物平均浓度,从而估算出辽宁省城市径流污染负荷总量。     

调兵山地区污染气象特征研究

利用2003—2005年法库县气象站的地面常规气象资料和2006年12月在调兵山地区进行的低空污染气象探测资料,分析了调兵山地区低空污染气象特征。结果表明:该地区各类型风廓线出现频率比较均匀,而且由于下垫面相对平坦,因此风廓线指数与国标推荐值类似;文中定义N,NE,NNE和ENE四个方位的风向为对调兵山市区大气污染的不利风向,而其他方位为有利风向,按地面风统计本区不利风向的频率为20.88%,有利风向的频率为79.12%。     

华南一些城市近地层大气扩散与输送特征

本文利用1980—1983年广州、湛江、汕头等地的实测资料，讨论了华南一些城市近地层大气污染物扩散与输送特征。发现由于垂直扩散较强，最大浓度常于近源处发生，且向下风方浓度衰减较快。受近地层局地小扰动的影响，大气污染浓度分布常呈现不规则起伏。季风对华南一些城市污染物输送规律有较大影响，从而使平均污染浓度高值区具有明显的季节性变化。沿海城市大气污染还在一定程度上受到海陆风的作用，而使浓度分布有明显的日变化。最后讨论了雨水的冲洗作用。     

大亚湾核电站厂址区域大气扩散研究

采用一个基于流体静力平衡的动力学诊断模式对大亚湾核电站厂址区域的气象场进行实际模拟,研究了复杂地形和下垫面对流场的动力和热力作用。数值实验表明：模式能很好地模拟中尺度局地环流的基本特征和变化规律。在模拟气象场的基础上,利用Monte Carlo多源模式计算了污染物的时空分布和干湿沉积量。模拟结果显示：模式很好地反映在海陆风和山谷风环流及排牙山影响下大气参数的非均匀性和非平稳性。     

中尺度非均一边界层气候的数值研究: (Ⅱ) 夏季的数值试验

用修改的Nickerson等提出的中尺度模式，对我国北方夏季非均一下垫面上的边界层气候特征进行了研究。结果表明，在晴朗、静风和无扰动系统的条件下，下垫面的非均一性对边界层气候起着决定性的影响。边界层气候特征和低空急流强度与局地环流关系密切。干燥裸地上边界层内出现的逆湿现象，是由下垫面非均一的湿度场和中尺度平流共同引起的。     

CALPUFF模型在合肥地区SO2大气环境容量测算中的应用

在对合肥地区污染源调查的基础上,利用CALPUFF模型模拟了合肥地区大气污染物SO₂质量浓度场,通过与现场监测结果对比分析了模型的适用性,并根据模拟结果研究了不同排放源对合肥地区大气污染的贡献情况,建立了大气污染物传递矩阵;通过综合考虑城市区域的大气扩散能力、污染源贡献和大气环境质量目标等,采用线性规划模型测算了合肥市的大气环境容量.     

2014年邯郸大气环境特征及气象条件影响因子分析

利用2013—2014年邯郸市环境监测站环保资料、邯郸气象站地面观测资料及邢台站探空资料,分析了邯郸大气环境特征及影响污染物扩散的气象条件,结果表明：空气重污染主要发生在秋冬季和初春季节;2014年影响污染物扩散的气象条件与2013年的大体相当,但2014年邯郸重污染日数减少,达标日数增加,污染物浓度较2013年的下降,重污染天气持续时间较2013年的明显减少,表明邯郸市实施的一系列减排措施效果明显。     

Environmental Process and Convergence Belt of Atmospheric NO2 Pollution in North China

Both surface environmental monitoring and satellite remote sensing show that North China is one of the regions that are heavily polluted by NO2. Using the NO2 monitoring data from 18 major cities in the region, the tropospheric NO2 column density data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Aura satellite, and the observations from the China Meteorological Administration network, this paper analyzes a regional NO2 pollution event in February 2007 over North China, examines the convergence of the pollutant, and identifies its correlation with the atmospheric background conditions. The results show that daily mean NO2 concentrations derived from surface observations are consistent with the mean values of the OMI measurements, with their correlation coefficient reaching 0.81. The correlations of NO2 concentration with general weather patterns and sequential changes of temperature structure from 925 hPa down to the surface indicate that the weather fronts, high pressure and low pressure systems in the atmosphere play a role in changing the temporal and spatial evolutions of NO2 through removing, accumulating or converging of the pollutant, respectively. It is also found that the eastern Taihang Mountains is most heavily polluted by NO2 in North China. Based on a model that correlates NO2 column density with surface wind vector, the relation of the NO2 concentrations in six major cities in North China to the surrounding wind field is analyzed. The results show that the maximum wind field is associated with the highest frequency of pollution events, and under certain large-scale atmospheric conditions together with the topographic effect, small- and meso-scale wind fields often act to transport and converge pollutants, and become a major factor in forming the heaviest NO2 pollution event in North China. Analysis of the causes for the severe NO2 pollution event in this study may shed light on understanding, forecasting, and mitigating occurrences of heavy NO2 pollution.