中国某些金属矿床矿石铅来源的铅同位素诠释

在矿质来源研究中,铅同位素组成作为一种有效手段,已应用于几乎所有的金属甚至非金属矿床,起到了重要的作用。随着矿床地球化学研究所的不断深入,一个矿床的矿质来源已不能简单地说来自地球的某个圈层,需要把矿质来源定位到矿区某个具体的岩体或层位,这样才具有实际意义,这样才具有实际意义。本文采取矿石、岩浆岩、地层及基底铅同位素对比的方法研究了４种矿床类型中９个金属矿床铅的来源。结果表明,与岩浆活动有关的夕卡岩     

广西龙州县金龙铝土矿地质特征及成因初探

广西龙州县金龙铝土矿是近年新发现的迭大型以上规模的堆积型一水铝土矿床.文章在分析研究区域成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征的基础上,对矿床成因及控矿因素进行了初步探讨,总结了找矿标志,认为矿源层来自晚泥盆世与早石炭世之间古侵蚀间断面上的原生铁铝岩(铝土矿);成矿经历了矿源层的形成、表生的风化岩溶作用和改造富集三个阶段;矿区外围...     

热液矿床石英铅同位素组成及其地质意义

作者以若尔盖铀矿床为例，研究了含矿热液形成的石英脉石英的铅同位素组成，并将其作为联系母源铅同位素组成的桥梁，判别铀的来源。结果表明，矿床中石英铅同位素组成与含矿黄铁矿和中酸性构造－岩浆成因的花岗岩铅同位素组成具线性演化关系。由此提出含矿热液中的铀来自中酸性构造－岩浆岩而不是地层岩石的新见解，同时提出利用热液石英铅同位素组成判别非放射性矿床成矿元素来源的可能性。     

会泽铅锌矿床Pb、Zn成矿物质来源探讨

长期以来,有关会泽铅锌矿床的Pb、Zn成矿物质来源问题存在较大的争论。作者从成矿金属元素地球化学特征、Sr和Pb同位素组成特征出发,全面阐述了会泽铅锌矿床的Pb、Zn成矿物质来源。指出：成矿金属则是来自多方面的,它不仅来源于从震旦系到二叠系碳酸盐岩地层,而且来源于基底岩石（如昆阳群）和峨眉山玄武岩。因此,成矿物质具有多源性。     

湖北鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床铅同位素地球化学研究

湖北鸡笼山金铜矿床是长江中下游铁铜金多金属成矿带鄂东南成矿区中典型的矽卡岩矿床,对其成矿物质来源的专门研究相对贫乏。对鸡笼山矽卡岩带的11件黄铁矿、2件方铅矿和2件闪锌矿样品进行了铅同位素分析,结果显示206Pb/204Pb为17.358～18.589,207Pb/204Pb为15.414～15.745,20 8Pb/204Pb为37.956～39.094,矿石铅属异常铅,其单阶段模式年龄(136.3～707.3 Ma)不能代表成矿年龄,但其分布特征反映了铅的多源混合特征。同位素构造模式图上投点的线性分布特征显示了花岗闪长斑岩、矽卡岩、大理岩中的铅同位素演化具有很好的继承性和相应性,但各类铅同位素组成在20 8Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb图上均落在下地壳和地幔之间,指示其具有来自壳幔边界附近的深源的特点。鸡笼山金铜矿床、丰山洞铜钼矿床、城门山铜金矿床、铜绿山铜铁矿床4个相似矿床的铅同位素组成进行对比,显示整体成矿物质来源在主体相似的背景下也具有局部的差异性。     

Lead isotope behaviour in a polyphased Pb-Zn ore deposit: Les Malines (Cévennes,France)

Les Malines Mine (Cévennes, France) provides an example of Pb-Zn ore bodies that underwent a polyphased evolution. On the Pb-Pb diagram, experimental points of the Les Malines ore types always plot in the central part of the field defined for the Cévennes metallogenic province. This homogeneity, the similarities with the Pb isotopic compositions of the surrounding rocks and the comparison with Pb isotopes evolution of whole rocks and minerals of the neighbouring continental lands, which emerged during Triassic and Liassic times, rule out the participation of extraneous Pb during the successive concentration stages and agree with an initial metal stock transformed and mobilized in a Pb closed system. Hercynian K-feldspars are the main source of the Pb preconcentrated during Triassic times. Most of the Cévennes Pb-Zn ore bodies could derive from this Triassic metal stock; nevertheless, local Pb isotopic anomalies suggest hydrothermal sources for some Pb-Zn ore bodies located along the Cévennes fault.     

四川石棉大水沟碲矿床铅同位素地球化学特征

文章在对大水沟碲矿床矿石铅、岩浆岩铅的同位素组成分析基础上探讨两者之间的密切联系.研究表明,该区成矿物质来源主要来自下地壳和地幔且矿区矿石与围岩关系紧密;矿床的铅不是单一来源的正常铅,而是混合型多来源的异常铅.     

Lead sources in Mesozoic and Cenozoic Andean ore deposits,north-central Chile (30–34°S)

Mesozoic and Cenozoic ore deposits in the Chilean Andes between La Serena (~30°S) and Santiago (~34°S) include polymetallic vein, low- and high-sulfidation epithermal vein, skarn, porphyry copper-molybdenum and porphyry copper-gold. These deposits are associated with volcanic and plutonic complexes emplaced in eastward-migrating longitudinal arcs which formed during subduction along the continental margin of South America since the Middle Jurassic. Stratabound, but epigenetic, volcanic rock- and sedimentary rock-hosted manto deposits contain additional copper resources. Lead isotopic compositions in ore minerals from 29 deposits vary with age and geographic location, and hence with basement and host rocks. Lead in most ore deposits is derived from temporally related igneous rocks, except for the manto deposits whose lead is derived from host volcanic and sedimentary rock sequences. Lead in the ore deposits is dominated by two crustal sources. Low ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb characterizes one source whereas high ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb characterizes the second source. Lead isotopic compositions of Jurassic and Miocene ore minerals (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb>18.50; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb>15.61) lie along the average crustal growth curve. By contrast, most Cretaceous deposits have ore minerals with lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (<18.39) and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (<15.58) than Jurassic ore minerals. The shift in lead isotopic composition to lower lead isotopic values precludes derivation of lead from a source of similar composition to those in the Jurassic or Tertiary deposits. For Cretaceous deposits, polymetallic and low-sulfidation epithermal veins and a skarn have lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb than a porphyry copper-gold system and peripheral gold veins at Andacollo (18.43-18.50). Late Cretaceous veins from the Bellavista deposit have the lowest ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (18.33) of all deposits. Ore minerals in Miocene and Pliocene porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits have higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (18.58-18.67) than Cretaceous deposits, consistent with their age being younger. The Miocene and Pliocene ore minerals also have higher ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.58-15.66) than Cretaceous ore minerals, thereby requiring an additional input from the high-²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb source into the younger deposits. Miocene auriferous deposits in the north have similar ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values as the Miocene and Pliocene porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits in the south, but they are distinguished by higher and variable ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.61-15.66) and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (38.54-39.01), which are arrayed along steep mixing trends. These ore minerals have the largest input of high-²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb material in the deposits studied. By contrast, lead in the epigenetic manto deposits appears to be derived from the host volcanic or sedimentary rock-dominated sequences, and locally exhibits large-scale isotopic heterogeneity within a deposit. Overall, the lead isotopic compositions of ore minerals mimic the values and variations established in age-equivalent rock sequences. The low-²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb material in the deposits is derived from Cretaceous igneous rocks or their sources as they evolved with time; low ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb characterizes these rocks. By contrast, high-²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb material is likely derived from Carboniferous to Triassic igneous rocks or their sources, as this lead isotopic characteristic dominates these rocks.     

重庆南川-武隆铝土矿含矿岩系稀土元素特征及其地质意义

重庆市南川武隆铝土矿是黔中渝南铝土矿成矿带的重要组成部分。为初步查明重庆地区铝土矿稀土元素的地质意义,弥补重庆铝土矿成因研究的不足,笔者以重庆南川武隆铝土矿含矿岩系为研究对象,分析稀土元素(REE)的地球化学特征。通过研究发现,稀土元素总量较高,多数样品轻稀土富集,重稀土不同程度亏损。由于含矿岩系中的REE含量在沉积后只有极微弱的变化,因此利用稀土元素的特征及有关参数对铝土矿含矿岩系的形成环境及其物质来源进行了初步判断:Eu中等负异常,含矿岩系以陆相沉积为主,部分为海相沉积;从含矿岩系样品稀土元素总和、Ce异常、Eu 异常情况来看,含矿岩系形成的古水介质呈弱酸性,含矿岩系主要形成于氧化环境中,氧化能力增强时有利于铝土矿的形成;含矿岩系物质来源具有多样性,志留系韩家店组粉砂质页岩与石炭系黄龙组灰岩均可能为物质来源。     

Isotope Tracing and Prospecting Assessment of Gold-Silver Deposits in Zhejiang Province

Three different types of gold and silver deposits in Zhejiang Province(Huangshan gold deposit, Zhilingtou gold-silver deposit and Haoshi silver deposit) showmarked differences in lead and strontium isotopic composition, suggesting three differentsources and geneses of these deposits. The Huangshan gold deposit features low initial Srisotope ratios and low μ values or low content of radiogenic Pb and its ore-forming materialscame primarily from the upper mantle; the Zhilingtou gold-silver deposit shows high initial Srisotope ratios and high μ values or high content of radiogenic Pb and the ore-forming materialswere derived mainly from the upper crust; and the Haoshi silver deposit has its Pb and Srisotope ratios between the above two cases with the ore-forming materials stemming from boththe mantle and the crust. The characteristic Pb isotopic composition may serve as an indicatorfor prospecting for different types of ore deposits.     

Lead isotope data from selected galena occurrences in the North Eifel and North Sauerland,Germany

The isotopic ratios of Pb have been determined from 33 galena samples collected from a variety of occurrences in the north Eifel and north Sauerland. On the basis of the data presented, it is not possible to distinguish between the isotopic characteristics of galena-Pb from veins, carbonate cavity-filling and sandstone-hosted disseminated mineralisation in the north Eifel. In the north Sauerland, Saxonian (late Mesozoic-Tertiary) disseminated Pb mineralisation in Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments is generally more radiogenic than Saxonian vein mineralisation in Paleozoic country rocks. Variscan vein-type mineralisation (Ramsbeck, Ebbe Mountains) proved to have the least radiogenic Pb. The results are discussed in terms of potential sources of the Pb, and are compared to other data reported from European deposits.     

豫西北地区铝土矿地质特征及找矿方向

豫西北地区铝土矿均为一水硬铝石型沉积矿床,赋存于中石炭统本溪组.铝土矿含矿岩系的物源主要来自碳酸盐岩的红土风化壳,矿层厚度、矿石结构构造及矿体产状的变化均受古岩溶地貌控制,含矿岩系应属滨海-湖沼相沉积;溶斗型铝土矿小而富,主要分布在豫北地区;层状、似层状铝土矿规模大、品位高,主要分布于豫西地区;豫西的新安、渑池、三门峡、陕县一带和豫北的沁阳、博爱北部是下一步铝土矿的找矿重点区.     

辽宁省桃源铅锌矿床成矿物质来源——硫、铅同位素组成特征

桃源铅锌矿床是辽东青城子矿集区中部新发现的一个中型铅锌矿床,矿体赋存于古元古界辽河群大石桥组,受地层和断裂控制明显。目前缺乏针对该矿床的成矿物质来源研究,导致对矿床成因认识不清。本文在详细野外调研和室内镜下观察的基础上,系统地研究了桃源铅锌矿床的硫、铅同位素特征。分析结果显示：桃源铅锌矿床中硫化物的δ³⁴S值区间为3.5‰~8.9‰,平均为5.5‰,显示了具有幔源硫的特征;铅同位素²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb分别为17.969~18.309（均值为18.076）、15.572~15.669（均值为15.617）和38.222~38.371（均值为38.312）,μ值变化范围为9.46~9.62（均值为9.55）,绝大多数低于地壳正常值。在铅同位素判别图解上位于上地壳与地幔铅同位素演化线之间,显示了具有壳幔混合的特点。桃源铅锌矿床的硫、铅同位素组成与青城子铅锌-金银矿集区和印支期岩体类似,成矿热液来自深部岩浆,与辽河群围岩的硫、铅同位素分布有明显的不同。因此,初步认为桃源铅锌矿床是与深部岩浆流体活动有关的岩浆热液型铅锌矿床。     

Lead isotope geochemical characteristics of Pb-Zn-Cu deposits on the southwestern margin of Tarim, and their significance

The polymetallic(Pb,Zn,Cu,etc) ore belt on the southwestern margin of Tarim is one of the major regions with the greatest prospecting potential in Xinjiang.Reported in this paper are the lead isotope data for 66 sulfide samples(including 50 galena samples,15 chalcopyrite samples and 1 pyrite sample) collected from such representative deposits as Tamu,Tiekelike,Kalangu,Abalieke,etc.in this ore belt.The Pb isotopic ratios of 206 Pb/204 Pb,207 Pb/204 Pb and 208 Pb/204 Pb in the galena samples range from 17.931 to 18.176,15.609 to 15.818 and 38.197 to 38.944,with the average values of 18.017,15.684 and 38.462,respectively.Those in the chalcopyrite samples range from 17.926 to 18.144,15.598 to 15.628 and 38.171 to 38.583,with the average values of 18.020,15.606 and 38.262,respectively.The pyrite sample has the Pb isotopic ratios of 206 Pb/204 Pb,207 Pb/204 Pb and 208 Pb/204 Pb to be 17.980,15.604 and 38.145,respectively.In combination with the previous Pb isotope data for sulfides,it is found that there is only a slight variation in the Pb isotopic composition of galena,chalcopyrite,sphalerite and pyrite in the ore belt.However,there is some difference in Pb isotopic characteristics between galena and chalcopyrite,especially the Pb isotopic composition of galena shows an obvious linear correlation with some other relevant parameters(e.g.β and γ).The comprehensive analysis suggested that lead in galena(maybe including sphalerite and pyrite) was derived principally from wall rocks and underlying basement,and that in chalcopyrite only originated from the basement.The single-stage model ages of these sulfides couldn’t indicate the time limit of metallogenesis(Pb,Zn,Cu,etc.),and the positive linear correlations for the Pb isotopic composition of galena are of no single-stage and two-stage Pb-Pb isochron significance.Furthermore,there are significant differences in Pb isotopic composition characteristics between the genetic type of deposits in this polymetallic ore belt and the Mississippi Valley type(MVT).In addition,the authors also pointed out that there is a phenomenon of differentiation(not paragenesis) for lead and copper elements during the process of metallogenesis in this ore belt.     

西藏雄村斑岩型铜金矿集区I号矿体的硫、铅同位素特征及其对成矿物质来源的指示

西藏雄村斑岩型铜金矿集区是近年来西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带内发现的一处超大型铜金矿集区,其形成于与新特提斯洋向北的洋内俯冲作用有关的岛弧环境,成矿时代为中侏罗世。该矿集区位于冈底斯火山-岩浆弧的中段南缘,其南侧紧邻日喀则弧前盆地,目前探明Ⅰ(原命名为雄村铜矿床)、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号铜金矿体规模达大型-超大型,同时还存在多个矿化异常带。本文以雄村Ⅰ号矿体为研究对象,对雄村Ⅰ号矿体含矿斑岩、赋矿凝灰岩和主要硫化物的硫、铅同位素开展研究,结果表明:①含矿斑岩、赋矿凝灰岩和主要硫化物具有较为一致的硫同位素组成,δ34SCDT变化范围为-3.5‰～2.7‰,平均-1.07‰,十分接近于零,塔式分布效应显著,硫可能主要来自地幔;②含矿斑岩、赋矿凝灰岩和主要硫化物具有相对一致的铅同位素组成,均以放射性成因铅含量低为特征,206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb变化范围分别为18.369～18.752、15.473～15.589和38.389～39.1531,位于地幔与造山带铅演化线之间,并且相对靠近地幔铅演化线,显示出铅主要来源于地幔,可能有少量地壳物质的混染。通过西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带碰撞造山环境和岛弧环境(以雄村Ⅰ号矿体为代表)斑岩型铜矿床的硫、铅同位素组成特征对比,认为两者的成矿物质来源是相似的,碰撞造山环境的地壳物质混染较强烈,而岛弧环境的地壳物质混染较弱。     

Provenance of iron,bauxite and clay deposits of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in southern margin of North China Craton: An example from Da'an bauxite and clay deposit of Sanmenxia area,Henan Province

During the Middle Ordovician to Late Carboniferous period,the North China Craton(NCC)was exposed and experienced prolonged weathering that resulted in the formation of large-scale iron,clay and bauxite deposits. The source of ore-forming material has always been a research focus,in particular,whether the sources of the iron ore and the Fe-bearing clay at the bottom of Benxi Formation are the same as the upper bauxite and clay deposit is still unclear. In this study,the Da'an bauxite and clay deposit at the southern margin of the NCC was chosen to carry out a detailed analysis of the micro-region mineral composition and elemental geochemical characteristics for further exploring the sources of iron,bauxite and clay deposits. The composition of the ore-bearing rocks in the Da'an bauxite deposit from the bottom to top includes Fe-bearing clay(locally iron ore),bauxite,and bauxitic clay;locally,in karstic uplift,bauxitic clay layer is directly overlying on the Fe-bearing clay. The Fe-bearing clay is dominated by siderite,pyrite,and illite in the karstic depression,and hematite,illite,and kaolinite in the uplift. Bauxite is mainly composed of diaspore,illite,and anatase,while bauxitic clay is mainly composed of illite. Mineral microanalysis revealed the development of large amounts of moissanite and small amounts of natural silica,silicalite,and chromite at the bottom of bauxitic clay layer. Regional comparison and correlation reveal that the ophiolite in the Shangdan suture zone and Erlangping Group in the North Qinling orogenic belt(NQOB)likely provides source materials for bauxite and clay deposits. The obvious differences in immobile element ratios (e.g., Zr/TiO₂,Hf/TiO₂,Nb/TiO₂,Ta/TiO₂)between the bottom Fe-bearing clay layer and the upper bauxite and clay layer in Da'an deposit,revealing that they are from different sources. The bottom Fe-bearing clay and iron ore layers are the products of in-situ weathering of underlying carbonates,while the top bauxite and clay are allochthonous. The regional uplift of the NQOB during the Late Carboniferous period provided important ore-forming materials for the formation of the NCC bauxite and clay deposits.     

Time-resolved,defect-hosted,trace element mobility in deformed Witwatersrand pyrite

The Pb isotopic composition of rocks is widely used to constrain the sources and mobility of melts and hydrothermal fluids in the Earth's crust. In many cases, the Pb isotopic composition appears to represent mixing of multiple Pb reservoirs. However, the nature, scale and mechanisms responsible for isotopic mixing are not well known. Additionally, the trace element composition of sulphide minerals are routinely used in ore deposit research, mineral exploration and environmental studies, though little is known about element mobility in sulphides during metamorphism and deformation. To investigate the mechanisms of trace element mobility in a deformed Witwatersrand pyrite(FeS_2), we have combined electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD) and atom probe microscopy(APM). The results indicate that the pyrite microstructural features record widely different Pb isotopic compositions, covering the entire range of previously published sulphide Pb compositions from the Witwatersrand basin. We show that entangled dislocations record enhanced Pb, Sb, Ni, Tl and Cu composition likely due to entrapment and short-circuit diffusion in dislocation cores. These dislocations preserve the Pb isotopic composition of the pyrite at the time of growth(~3 Ga) and show that dislocation intersections, likely to be common in deforming minerals, limit trace element mobility. In contrast, Pb, As, Ni, Co, Sb and Bi decorate a highangle grain boundary which formed soon after crystallisation by sub-grain rotation recrystallization.Pb isotopic composition within this boundary indicates the addition of externally-derived Pb and trace elements during greenschist metamorphism at ~2 Ga. Our results show that discrete Pb reservoirs are nanometric in scale, and illustrate that grain boundaries may remain open systems for trace element mobility over 1 billion years after their formation.     

华北克拉通南缘石炭系本溪组铁-铝黏土矿物质来源: 以河南三门峡大安铝黏土矿床为例*

华北克拉通在中奥陶世至晚石炭世期间一直出露地表,经历了长期的风化作用,形成大规模的铁-铝黏土矿,其成矿物源一直是研究的热点,尤其是本溪组底部铁矿和铁质黏土矿与上部铝黏土矿是否为同一来源尚未查清。本研究选取克拉通南缘大安铝黏土矿床作为研究对象,展开微区矿物及元素地球化学组成分析,进一步探讨铁-铝黏土矿物质来源。大安矿床内含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质黏土岩、铝土矿、铝质黏土矿;局部喀斯特高地缺失铝土矿,铝质黏土矿直接覆盖于铁质黏土岩之上。铁质黏土岩在洼地以菱铁矿、黄铁矿和伊利石为主,在隆起区以赤铁矿、伊利石和高岭石为主。铝土矿以硬水铝石、伊利石和锐钛矿为主;铝质黏土矿主要矿物为伊利石。矿物微区分析在黏土矿底部发现大量的碳化硅和少量自然硅、硅铁矿、铬铁矿;区域对比揭示北秦岭造山带内商丹缝合带和二郎坪群中的蛇绿岩为铝黏土矿形成提供了成矿物质。本溪组底部铁质黏土与上部铝黏土矿稳定元素比率(例如Zr/TiO₂、Hf/TiO₂、Nb/TiO₂、Ta/TiO₂)存在明显差异,揭示二者为不同来源: 底部铁质黏土岩和铁矿层为底板碳酸盐岩原地风化的产物;而上部铝黏土矿是异地搬运物,北秦岭造山带在晚石炭世的整体抬升为华北铝黏土矿形成提供了重要的成矿物质。     

Russian Bauxite Resources: Current Assessment

The bauxite resource base for the aluminum industry of independent Russia is examined generally in terms of deposit geology and mineralogy, feasibility of processing based on conventional methods, world aluminum markets, and the general economic environment within Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Plans to develop new mines and to expand existing mine production are examined critically in light of aluminum content and impurities in ores, physical conditions at deposits, and competing opportunities for potential outside investors. Important non-bauxite ore sources also are investigated to the extent they represent alternative sources of aluminum supply. Russia and the former USSR traditionally have had to rely either on supplemental bauxite imports or upon the development of its non-bauxite ore deposits. The future depletion of a Urals bauxite ore base in Russia is making it necessary for industry planners to assess the feasibility of developing the North Onega and Middle Timan monohydrate bauxite deposits and expanding imports from Guinea and elsewhere.