桥墩-梁体系横向半主动变阻尼控制研究

针对桥梁横桥向抗震条件相对较差的情况,提出利用变阻尼控制装置对典型桥梁结构横向振动进行控制的方法,探讨其基于LQR算法的半主动控制效果.将被控结构作为多自由度体系,建立了结构-变阻尼系统力学模型和运动微分方程,进而结合实例利用 Matlab软件仿真分析了各种半主动控制算法和被动控制策略的控制效果.研究结果表明:采用半主动变阻尼控制装置有效的降低了桥梁结构横向地震反应,控制效果明显.     

应用MBC策略的MRD 隔震结构半主动控制

磁流变阻尼器(Magnetorheological Damper,MRD)与隔震垫组成的半主动隔震系统能有效地改善被动隔震系统的性能,消除隔震层因过大变形产生的不利影响。基于市场机制的控制(Market-Based Control,MBC)策略是一种利用自由经济市场来模拟控制系统,用销售商和消费者来代替能量源系统和受控系统,并应用市场中商品的供需规律来完成系统控制能量的分配,实现对受控系统有效控制的策略。本文将MBC策略应用于此种半主动隔震系统,提出了相应的控制策略,实现对MRD电压的实时有效控制。算例分析表明,采用此策略能充分利用MRD的变阻尼特性,使结构振动控制效果显著。     

基于H∞理论的磁流变阻尼器半主动容错控制

建筑结构的半主动控制系统中的传感器,在强震作用下可能因出现故障而影响控制效果。以磁流变阻尼器为例,研究半主动容错控制系统的设计方法。首先,研究了基于状态观测器的半主动H∞控制器设计方法,并将之应用到建筑结构采用磁流变阻尼器的减振控制中;运用改进Bouc-Wen模型,计算磁流变阻尼器的阻尼力,通过求解一个代数Riccati方程和一个状态观测方程,得出了基于状态观测器的H∞主动控制律;再对其采用Clipped-optimal方法实施半主动控制策略。然后,针对传感器故障,利用观测器组的输出残差对故障进行在线诊断,并通过几个观测器状态值的比较得到故障的大小,并据此对传感器的测量值进行修正,从而消除故障对闭环系统的影响,最终实现半主动H∞容错控制。仿真结果表明,该方法具有很好的容错控制效果。     

被动及半主动摩擦阻尼器对合肥翡翠电视塔地震反应的控制

摩擦阻尼器是一种构造简单的耗能减振装置,已应用于国内外多座新建建筑的抗震设计和已建建筑的抗震加固．半主动磨擦阻尼器则通过调整阻尼器的起滑力来改善被动摩擦阻尼器的耗能减振性能。本文研究了被动及半主动摩擦阻尼器对于高耸塔架结构地震反应的减振效果。为满足摩擦阻尼器对高耸塔架结构风振控制的特殊需要,本文建立了合肥电视塔的空间桁架有限元模型和串联多自由度体系模型,并在形成控制力变换矩阵和计算摩擦阻尼器两端的相对位移的过程中综合地运用了这两种力学模型。在半主动摩擦阻尼器的控制策略方面,本文提出了一种基于次优控制理论的半主动控制策略．本文研究表明,摩擦阻尼器可以抑制高耸塔架结构的地震反应．而半主动摩擦阻尼辞的耗能减振效果明显优于被动摩擦阻尼器．     

安装复合MR阻尼器的结构振动台试验研究

对不同控制策略下安装有复合MR(磁流变)阻尼器的模型结构进行了振动台试验研究.在El Centro地震动激励下,基于线性二次高斯(LQG)和广义预测(GP)两种控制算法,针对半主动控制系统、MR阻尼器以恒定电流(-0.5A(Passive-on 1)、0A(Passive-off)、2A(Passive-on 2)的控制系统,以及由半主动控制方式和基础隔震组合而成的混合控制系统,在WINCON/SIMULINK实时控制软件平台下对一个1:4的三层钢框架模型进行了地震模拟振动台试验.试验结果表明:基于复合MR阻尼器的控制系统是有效的,无论是被动控制、半主动控制还是混合控制,都显著降低了模型结构各层的加速度、位移响应;复合MR阻尼器在不通入电流时具有一定的被动控制效果;采用考虑时滞自补偿的广义预测控制效果要好于LQG控制,并且这两种控制策略的都能以较被动控制小的控制力达到较好的控制效果.     

神经网络半主动TLCD对偏心结构的减震控制

本文采用在结构水平双向设置TLCD半主动控制装置的方法，对偏心结构在多维地震作用下的振动控制问题进行研究。首先利用多层前向神经网络，对偏心结构在双向地震输入下的两个平动方向的反应进行预测，然后在建立起半主动控制策略的基础上，利用神经网络根据控制准则调整TLCD的开孔率，实现以结构的半主动控制，数值结构表明，这种方法能对结构的平动反应和扭转反应都能起到的较好的减震效果。     

多维Benchmark桥梁结构半主动控制策略

随着大跨度桥梁结构的广泛应用,作为生命线工程之一的桥梁结构振动问题备受关注。结构振动控制作为一种新方法,可以有效的减小结构振动响应。半主动控制只需较少的能量调节便可对最优控制力进行跟踪,进而成为研究的热点。传统的最优控制算法（LQR）需要计算复杂的Riccati方程,具有在线计算时间长等缺点。基于最优控制与计算结构力学之间的模拟理论,引入区段混合能的概念,将Riccati方程转化为区段矩阵的求解,采用水平双向布置MR阻尼器的方法对桥梁结构进行振动控制,考虑了桥梁结构3个方向的平动分量和转动分量,基于哈密顿体系提出了LQR半主动控制策略。最后,对Benchmark桥梁结构模型进行了仿真计算,结果表明:提出的LQR半主动控制策略是有效的。     

磁流变式调谐液柱阻尼器抑制结构

磁流变式调谐液柱阻尼器(MR-TLCD)是由调谐液柱阻尼器(TLCD)和磁流变液阻尼器(MRD)组成的新型半主动控制装置.依据Lagrange方程建立了MR-TLCD与单自由结构耦合运动方程,基于线性二次型经典控制计算出最优主动控制力,采用Bang-Bang、离复位以及限界Hrovat最优控制三种算法来实现半主动控制策略,以Nonhfidge地震动为例在Maflab/Simulink模块下进行了仿真计算.结果表明三种半主动控制策略中离复位控制最优,限界Harvot,Bang-Bang次之,且都优于被动控制效果.相对位移控制效果好于相对加速度,均方根值效果好于峰值效果.但MR-TLCD抑制结构受到此类特征周期地震作用时有放大加速度峰值可能.     

磁流变式调谐液柱阻尼器抑制结构地震作用半主动控制

磁流变式调谐液柱阻尼器(MR-TLCD)是由调谐液柱阻尼器(TLCD)和磁流变液阻尼器(MRD)组成的新型半主动控制装置。依据Lagrange方程建立了MR-TLCD与单自由结构耦合运动方程,基于线性二次型经典控制计算出最优主动控制力,采用Bang-Bang、离复位以及限界Hrovat最优控制三种算法来实现半主动控制策略,以Northridge地震动为例在Matlab/Simulink模块下进行了仿真计算。结果表明三种半主动控制策略中离复位控制最优,限界Harvot,Bang-Bang次之,且都优于被动控制效果。相对位移控制效果好于相对加速度,均方根值效果好于峰值效果。但MR-TLCD抑制结构受到此类特征周期地震作用时有放大加速度峰值可能。     

半主动TLCD对固定式海洋平台的离散神经网络滑模控制

主要研究了半主动调液柱型阻尼器（TLCD）对固定式海洋平台的离散神经网络滑模变结构控制方法。首先建立了平台结构-TLCD控制系统微分方程及其离散化状态空间表达,然后阐述了基于神经网络的滑模变结构控制的基本算法和控制策略,最后应用该神经网络滑模变结构控制策略对一个已建成的实际海洋平台结构的TLCD半主动控制问题进行了数值仿真分析。仿真分析的结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Market‐based control of linear structural systems

To limit the response of structures during external disturbances such as strong winds or large seismic events, structural control systems can be used. In the structural engineering field, attention has been shifted from active control to semi‐active control systems. Unlike active control system devices, semi‐active devices are compact, have efficient power consumption characteristics and are less expensive. As a result, an environment of a large number of actuators and sensors will result, rendering a complex large‐scale dynamic system. Such a system is best controlled by a decentralized approach such as market‐based control (MBC). In MBC, the system is modelled as a market place of buyers and sellers that leads to an efficient allocation of control power. The resulting MBC solution is shown to be locally Pareto optimal. This novel control approach is applied to three linear structural systems ranging from a one‐storey structure to a 20‐storey structure, all controlled by semi‐active hydraulic dampers. It is shown that MBC is competitive in the reduction of structural responses during large seismic loadings as compared to the centralized control approach of the linear quadratic regulation controller. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于电磁摩擦控制装置的被动智能控制研究

本文将电磁摩擦控制装置应用于结构被动智能控制。分析了电磁摩擦控制装置的恢复力特性及影响参数，建立了被动连续变刚度体系的理论模型，推导了受控结构系统的一般方程，进行了模型结构的被动智能控制仿真分析。从理论上验证了：电磁摩擦控制装置用于结构被动智能控制具有良好的控制效果。     

基于能量方程的建筑结构半主动控制

基于地震作用下结构的能量响应方程,本文提出根据结构吸收能量、相对动能和变形能的变化(对时间的一次导数)进行结构的“开-关”半主动减震的控制律;在物理坐标系中对这3种控制律的动力特征和控制效果,以及作动器参数的选取进行了分析。本文针对建筑结构进行了数值仿真。计算结果表明,本文提出的控制律可以有效地减小了结构的位移响应,对随机不确定的地震波均具有良好的减震效果,适应性强,而且控制器参数合理。其中根据结构变形能推导的控制律的半主动控制效果优于其它2种控制律。     

Structural vibration control by shape memory alloy damper

A damper device based on shape memory alloy (SMA) wires is developed for structural control implementation. The design procedures of the SMA damper are presented. As a case study, eight such SMA dampers are installed in a frame structure to verify the effectiveness of the damper devices. Experimental results show that vibration decay of the SMA damper controlled frame is much faster than that of the uncontrolled frame. The finite‐element method is adopted to conduct the free and forced vibration analysis of the controlled and uncontrolled frame. The experimental and numerical results illustrate that the developed SMA dampers are very effective in reducing structural response and have great potential for use as efficient energy dissipation devices with the advantages of good control of force and no lifetime limits, etc. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design of passive systems for control of inelastic structures

A design strategy for control of buildings experiencing inelastic deformations during seismic response is formulated. The strategy is using weakened, and/or softened, elements in a structural system while adding passive energy dissipation devices (e.g. viscous fluid devices, etc.) in order to control simultaneously accelerations and deformations response during seismic events. A design methodology is developed to determine the locations and the magnitude of weakening and/or softening of structural elements and the added damping while insuring structural stability. A two‐stage design procedure is suggested: (i) first using a nonlinear active control algorithm, to determine the new structural parameters while insuring stability, then (ii) determine the properties of equivalent structural parameters of passive system, which can be implemented by removing or weakening some structural elements, or connections, and by addition of energy dissipation systems. Passive dampers and weakened elements are designed using an optimization algorithm to obtain a response as close as possible to an actively controlled system. A case study of a five‐story building subjected to El Centro ground motion, as well as to an ensemble of simulated ground motions, is presented to illustrate the procedure. The results show that following the design strategy, a control of both peak inter‐story drifts and total accelerations can be obtained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effectiveness of structural control based on control energy perspectives

A computational algorithm for maximizing the control efficiency in actively controlling the elastic structural responses during earthquake is proposed. Study of optimal linear control using a single degree of freedom shows that applying active control is very effective in reducing the structural displacement and velocity responses for long‐period structures, but at the same time it has an adverse effect in increasing the absolute acceleration response. The extent of this adverse effect reduces the effectiveness of the control system, and therefore it poses a limit on the maximum control force in order to provide maximum control efficiency. In view of this shortcoming, maximum control energy dissipation is used to define the most effective optimal linear control law. Less displacement and velocity response are expected as larger control force is applied, but there is always a limit that maximum control energy can be dissipated. This study shows that this limit depends on the structural characteristics as well as the input ground motion, and a general trend is that the maximum control energy decreases as damping increases. Finally, application of the proposed algorithm on a six‐storey hospital building is presented to show the effectiveness of using optimal linear control on a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system from the control energy perspectives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结构振动的无能源主动控制

本文提出了一种无能源主动控制方案,这种控制方案的优点是不须配备高压油源,可降低控制成本,并地保证控制的可靠性。     

基于无能源磁摩擦控制装置的被动智能控制研究

将无能源磁摩擦控制装置应用于结构被动智能控制。分析了无能源磁摩擦控制装置的恢复力特性及影响参数，建立了被动连续变刚度体系的理论模型，推导了受控结构系统的一般方程，进行了模型结构的被动智能控制仿真分析。从理论上验证了无能源磁摩擦控制装置用于结构被动智能控制具有良好的控制效果。     

Full‐scale experimental verification of resetable semi‐active stiffness dampers

Because of many advantages over other control systems, semi‐active control devices have received considerable attention for applications to civil infrastructures. A variety of different semi‐active control devices have been studied for applications to buildings and bridges subject to strong winds and earthquakes. Recently, a new semi‐active control device, referred to as the resetable semi‐active stiffness damper (RSASD), has been proposed and studied at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). It has been demonstrated by simulation results that such a RSASD is quite effective in protecting civil engineering structures against earthquakes, including detrimental near‐field earthquakes. In this paper, full‐scale hardware for RSASD is designed and manufactured using pressurized gas. Experimental tests on full‐scale RSASDs have been conducted to verify the hysteretic behaviours (energy dissipation characteristics) and the relation between the damper stiffness and the gas pressure. The correlation between the experimental results of the hysteresis loops of RASADs and that of the theoretical ones has been assessed qualitatively. Experimental results further show the linear relation between the gas pressure and the stiffness of the RSASD as theoretically predicted. Finally, shake table tests have also been conducted using an almost full‐scale 3‐storey steel frame model equipped with full‐scale RSASDs at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE), Taipei, Taiwan, and the results are presented. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of RSASDs in reducing the responses of the large‐scale building model subject to several near‐field earthquakes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.