基于范例推理的山区公路滑坡治理方案决策模型

随着西部大开发的进行，将有更多的山区高等级公路有待建设。公路滑坡问题已经成为影响公路工程质量、建设时间和安全程度的关键因素。即将遇到的公路滑坡和已经治理完成的公路滑坡在发育机制、滑动模式及治理方式上有许多十分相似之处，若对每个滑坡都进行分析，研究制定其治理方法，就需投入大量的人力和财力。针对影响山区公路滑坡治理方案的决策因素的随机性和未知性，提出基于范例推理的山区公路滑坡治理方案决策模型，对模型的推理机制、山区公路滑坡范例库的建立和目标范例与源范例的相似度计算等问题进行了讨论。通过实例分析表明，模型是有效的。     

高频探地雷达技术在香港工程质量检测中的应用

结合几个典型的工程质量检测实例，详尽介绍了高频探地雷达技术在香港特别行政区公路路面厚度、机场跑道面层脱空、海底隧道村砌以及城市地下管网调查等工程检测方面的应用成果，进一步证明了探地雷达技术在无损工程质量检测应用方面的有效性和必要性。     

浅谈县乡公路建设的问题与对策

县乡公路与广大人民群众的关系密切，其建设质量的好与坏，直接关系到广大人民群众的生产生活。     

混合料贮料仓离析现象试验研究

针对混合料生产过程中贮料仓卸料时可能出现的离析现象,通过室内小型模拟试验,观测集料从仓体流出的过程,分析流出材料颗粒组成均匀性的变化特点。结果表明,混合料贮料仓卸料时的离析现象主要是由于细料向下渗透而产生的,集料下落时,细料在自重力作用下通过空隙结构向下渗透,集料发生离析;集料粒径比、分布宽度、平均粒径等因素的变化使料仓中形成不同的集料的空隙结构,使得细料的渗透作用的发生程度不同,从而引起集料离析程度的差异。     

土钉面层配筋量计算原理及实例分析

本文在分析国内外大量文献资料的基础上,对土钉面层的受力机制进行了详细的讨论和分析,认为土钉面层主要受到钉体对面层的集中荷载及土体对面层的分布荷载作用。引入半弹性体和布辛涅奈斯克理论推导出了较为实用的土钉面层配筋量计算公式,并通过实例验证了该公式的正确性。     

乙酸铵交换-全自动凯氏定氮法测定贵州某地区耕地土壤阳离子交换量

：为分析无机结合料稳定铁尾矿用作半刚性路面基层的水稳定性,对铁尾矿进行筛分,通过测定改良铁尾矿混合料的液限、塑限,确定无机结合料稳定类型,按二级及二级以下公路路面基层的集料级配要求改良铁尾矿,以击实试验确定无机结合料稳定时最佳含水率和最大干密度,然后用半刚性基层冲刷量灰色预估模型计算并分析其抗冲刷性。结果表明：铁尾矿为特细集料,液限为19%,塑性指数为11,宜采用水泥进行稳定,掺加级配碎石改良铁尾矿满足CC3集料级配要求,当水泥剂量为5%时能够取得良好的抗冲刷性能和经济性。     

土钉墙面层土压力的计算分析

在目前的土钉墙设计中,面层通常被当作构造处理而不参与计算,墙后的主动土压力全部由土钉承担。实际上,土钉墙面层承受一部分土（水）压力。文中把土钉墙面层看作是弹性地基上的有限长梁,基于试验,推导了成层地基上土钉墙面层在土钉拉力作用下的挠曲线、转角、弯矩和剪力方程,并与实测数据进行了比较分析,验证了模型的合理性,得到的解析解基本上可以反映土钉墙面层土压力的分布。在此基础上,探讨了不同土性土层中土钉墙面层土压力的分布。面层土压力在土层的分界面上,位移连续,土压力发生突变;软弱土层分布的面层土压力较硬土层为大;上软下硬型较上硬下软的土层分布更能使面层土压力得到充分发挥,同时计算了面层土压力换算成荷载与土钉拉力的比值,其值随着开挖深度的增加越来越大,面层对于土压力的作用随着深度的增加表现得愈加明显,并提出针对不同地区、不同深度和不同土性条件下应给出比值的建议值,以使土钉墙的设计更符合其真实的作用机制,得到的结论和上述比值的计算方法对于进一步研究土钉墙的作用机制及设计中如何充分发挥面层的作用等具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

基于传递-反射矩阵法的层状公路结构动力响应研究

利用传递-反射矩阵方法和叠加原理推导了双轮胎振动荷载作用下弹性层状公路结构的动力响应解,并利用Hankel数值逆变换技术进行了数值求解。弹性层状结构的传递-反射矩阵同时具有单个矩阵尺寸小、矩阵元素只含有负指数项2个优点,计算结果不受土层单元厚度与荷载频率大小的影响,可以大幅提高计算效率和精度。通过将数值计算与室内模型试验结果进行比较,验证了方法的正确性。在此基础上,分析了面层厚度及模量对层状公路结构动应力、动位移的影响程度和规律,得出了一些有意义的结论。研究结果可为公路路面、路基结构设计提供参考。     

新型生态边坡治理支护形式现场试验研究

边坡治理工程常用到喷锚支护形式。护坡面层采用素混凝土或者钢筋混凝土,耗用建材量大,不经济。公路边坡往往还需要环保观感要求,灰色的混凝土跟周围环境不协调。本文提出一种“锚杆加固+土工格栅护坡+客土喷播绿化”的新型生态边坡复合支护形式,并设计试验段进行研究。通过理正岩土软件计算,边坡稳定性、锚杆承载力均满足设计要求。试验段锚杆采用GFRP锚杆,面积100 m2。施工完成后,对比传统土钉墙混凝土面层和格构梁锚杆护坡支护形式,该形式具有施工快捷、经济适用等优势,既可用于加固边坡又具备绿色环保功能。     

网络计划技术在公路工程地质钻探中的应用

将网络计划技术应用于公路工程地质钻探生产中，以期达到保证工期、降低成本、提高经济效益之目的。详细介绍了网络计划技术用于公路工程地质钻探项目管理的具体实施步骤。     

The sliding bed facies in esker sands and gravels: a criterion for full-pipe (tunnel) flow?

The Guelph esker (Ontario, Canada) consists of a sinuous, steep-sided and segmented ridge which comprises poorly sorted, matrix-supported sands and gravels. These sands and gravels were probably deposited during the sliding bed stage which has been observed by others in closed-conduit hydraulic experiments. The poor sorting probably resulted from a high concentration of bed-material load in the lower part of a subglacial tunnel, sorting being restricted to that produced by particle collisions. Inclusive graphic standard deviation is characteristically large for the sands and gravels, indicating that virtually all sizes available were in transport. The overall grain size distribution shows a characteristic undulatory shape on arithmetic probability paper, mostly because of selective removal of pebble gravel and granule sizes. This poorly sorted fades is believed to be diagnostic of transport in a subglacial tunnel flowing full of water, and may be used to identify subglacial conditions in other eskers. Deltaic sands and gravels occur downcurrent of the esker and contain a greater diversity of structures; climbing-ripple cross-laminae, parallel laminae and massive structure, deposited in large-scale foresees at the end of a subglacial tunnel. These deltaic sands and gravels grade distally into outwash sands and gravels.     

Quality control tests and acceptance specifications for concretionary laterite gravel aggregates

In most tropical countries, good and poor concretionary laterite gravels are distinguished solely on the basis of the aggregate impact-strength specifications of the British Standards Institute. Acceptance limits of other aggregate properties (e.g., absorption, specific gravity, etc.) require modifications, because of the peculiar structure and mineralogy of laterite gravels. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study undertaken to develop other quality-control tests and their acceptance limits to supplement the aggregate impact-strength test in evaluating the quality of laterite gravel aggregates.

Commonly used concretionary laterite gravels from across Nigeria were used for this study. The laboratory tests performed included sorption tests, density, abrasion, slake durability, Iowa pore index, aggregate impact value, wet-dry cycles and chemical composition. The test results were subjected to bivariant correlation and multivariant stepwise regression-statistical analyses.

The study revealed that the ratio of silica to oxides of iron and aluminum, which is known to have a dominating influence on the physico-mechanical properties of laterite gravels can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from the specific gravity. Similarly, abrasion resistance, aggregate impact strength (dry and wet) and durability under wetting and drying cycles can be estimated from empirical multiple-regression relations, involving simple tests such as sorption, density and Iowa pore index (pore-size indexes). These simple tests, therefore, constitute additional quality-control tests.

Four quality grades — excellent, good, fair and poor — were established on the basis of the impact strength. The limits of acceptability for each of the recommended simple quality-control test were computed from the relevant linear-regression equations. The main advantage of the proposed new quality-control tests and acceptance limits is the quantitative approach and the ability to recognize four quality grades instead of the usual two. This enables a better selection of laterite gravels for various categories of constructions.     

The red‐beds of the Triassic Narrabeen group

The closure of the Brisbane River to extractive dredging and the exhaustion or limitation of other sand sources have caused an industry shift to manufactured sand for concrete fine aggregates. Manufactured sand is generated in a purpose‐designed process; it is not recycled waste‐crusher dust. At present it is produced in 12 of the major hardrock quarries in southeast Queensland. To date companies have achieved only partial replacement of natural sands, to around 40% of the fine aggregate component in their concrete mixes. While improved technology and management will further reduce the amount of natural blend sand required, it is unlikely to be fully replaced in the foreseeable future. Although providing a solution to one problem, manufactured sand raises new environmental issues. The management of fine wastes is likely to become an important issue, as will the increased demand for natural fine sands to improve mix grading and workability. Diminishing supply from land‐based sources has resulted in increased applications for dredging of Moreton Bay, where enormous resources occur and low impact extraction may be possible. However, this prospect raises difficult environmental and land‐access issues for government decision makers.     

Petrology of the Weissliegendes sandstones in the Harz and Werra-Fulda areas,Germany

The Weissliegendes and adjacent related Permian sediments from the Harz and Werra-Fulda areas are petrologically described. The Weissliegendes sandstones are classified as moderately sorted, multicycle subgraywackes and orthoquartzites. Petrographic data indicate that the Weissliegendes and Zechsteinkonglomerate were derived in large part from the underlying Rotliegendes. Textural and stratification data show that the Weissliegendes sandstones were deposited in a shallow marine depositional environment and that the aeolian dune origin for the sandstones should be rejected. Rotliegendes sands and gravels were reworked by the transgressive Zechstein Sea, producing the sands of the Weissliegendes and the lag gravels of the Zechsteinkonglomerate. These two closely related units are time equivalent facies which represent the initial stage of the Zechstein Series.     

The internal sediment architecture of a drumlin,Port Byron,New York State,USA

An exposure within the central portion of a large drumlin at Port Byron, New York State, USA, part of the large New York drumlin field, reveals a sequence of steeply dipping cemented sands and gravels of proglacial, ice-contact deltaic origin overlain by a thin till veneer. The sands and gravels appear to have been deposited within the proximal proglacial environment during a late retreat phase of the Laurentide Ice Sheet sometime prior to being overridden by subsequent ice and drumlinized. During deposition of the ice-contact delta, escaping subglacial regelation-meltwater permeated the proximal deltaic sediment pile and calcium carbonate was released, in a series of pulses, to form pore-occluding calcite cement within the sand and gravel porespaces. The calcium carbonate precipitated into the sands and gravels due to a reduction in hydrostatic pressure and CO₂ outgassing of the meltwater as it exited from beneath the ice sheet. Once cemented, these deltaic sediments were considerably stronger and acted afterward as an obstacle around which the future ice advance streamed and, in turn, produced the characteristic drumlin shape. In overriding the ice-contact deltaic sediments, the ice sheet emplaced a thin layer of till which exhibits syndepositional deformation features indicative of being emplaced as a deforming bed layer beneath the advancing ice sheet. Micromorphological analysis of the overlying till shows that no interstitial or intraclastic calcite occurs within the till.     

Early and Middle Pleistocene river systems in eastern England: evidence from Leet Hill,southern Norfolk,England

Pleistocene sediments at Leet Hill, southern Norfolk are examined in terms of their sedimentary structures, palaeocurrent indicators, clast and heavy mineral lithology and litho- and morphostratigraphic position. Colour of the quartzite and vein-quartz clasts is used to differentiate the Bytham and the Kesgrave sands and gravels, with the Bytham sands and gravels having a significantly higher proportion of coloured material. The Kirby Cane sands and gravels are the lower sedimentary unit and were deposited by the Bytham river, which drained a catchment extending into central England. At Leet Hill, erosion of the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels by the Bytham river has given the Kirby Cane sands and gravels a distinctive lithological assemblage. Trace clast lithologies suggest that the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels in the region of Leet Hill were deposited in a coastal location with an input from northern sources as well as southern and Welsh sources diagnostic of the Thames catchment. The glaciofluvial Leet Hill Sands and Gravels were deposited by outwash from the Anglian Scandinavian ice sheet. Initially the flow direction of the outwash was determined by the Bytham river valley, but this changed to a southerly direction once the valley had been infilled. This paper provides the first indication of the location of the boundary (Early Pleistocene coastline) between the fluvial Kesgrave Sands and Gravels and the marine equivalent reworked by coastal processes, and demonstrates the way the pre-glacial relief initially controlled patterns of glaciofluvial sedimentation during the early part of the Anglian glaciation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alluvial gold in Kalimantan, Indonesia: A colloidal origin?

Extensive placer gold deposits occur in Quaternary palaeochannels in the Ampalit and Cempaga Buang drainage basins near Kasongan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Broad interfluvial Pleistocene terraces surrounding the drainages also contain significant amounts of placer gold. The “channel” and “terrace” gold deposits together cover an area in excess of 180 km².Exploration for gold at Ampalit followed traditional alluvial methods, and assumed that mechanical and gravitational factors were the principal mechanisms affecting gold accumulation and concentration. Gold was considered to be physically reworked from terraces and redeposited in the present drainage channels or underlying, laterally displaced, palaeochannels. However, a comparison of gold grains from the Ampalit drainage channel and adjacent terraces indicates that gold grains in the drainage channels are possibly of colloidal origin and not mechanically transported to their present domain.The morphology of gold grains from the Ampalit drainage is compared with grains from adjacent terraces, using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The latter procedure allows for nondestructive analysis to give true three dimensional surface topography down to nanometre resolution. Evidence from force microscopy supports a colloidal origin for gold aggregates.The average purity of gold produced from the Ampalit dredging operation is 970 fine (970/1000) and the majority of examined gold grains extracted from beneath the drainage channel have a purity of 998 fine. This unusually high degree of purity suggests a selective dissolution/aggregation mechanism. We propose that gold is transported downward and laterally in groundwater percolating through the terrace sands and gravels to the current drainage as a humic acid-stabilised colloid. As the pregnant groundwater migrates toward the present drainage channels, it encounters a sleep chemical gradient and the colloid aggregates. The aggregation process occurs near clay zones within palaeochannel sands and gravels beneath the present river sediments. Here the colloidal aggregates form small grains (usually <1 mm) of extremely high purity.Today, the inherently unstable gold deposits at Ampalit are in a state of both aggregation and dissolution. Identification of low energy zones, location of point bar lags in palaeo and recent drainage channels, and the extrapolation of areas of low energy are not solely valid as exploration guides for gold accumulation in this environment. Exploration methods that also recognise ground water migration and composition, and the geochemical controls of dissolution and aggregation, will improve the ability to identify ore accumulations, thus contributing to improved economics of mining these deposits.     

A sedimentation pattern in Anglian marginal meltwater channels from Suffolk, England

Several infilled glacial meltwater channels of Anglian age are described from SE Suffolk, U.K. These channels are up to 4km long, 150m wide and 8m deep. They possess a consistent pattern of infill comprising glacifluvial sands and gravels overlain by subglacial water-lain fine sands and silts; these pass conformably upwards through thinly interstratified tills and sands into basal tills. The channels were formed at the ice-margin. Their sedimentary infill indicates overriding by the ice-sheet and subsequent subglacial deposition.     

Fluvial deposits within the Pleistocene Crag at Thorpe St Andrew,Norwich, England

This paper records the findings at a temporary exposure at Thorpe St Andrew near Norwich, Norfolk, UK in Early and early Middle Pleistocene Crag deposits. The British Geological Survey (BGS) describes the particular formation exposed as Norwich Crag consisting of Early Pleistocene shallow marine sediments. The section shows a succession of sorted sands and gravels overlain by a sandy diamicton. Based on field evidence and clast analysis, the sands and gravels are interpreted as the product of point bar and overbank sedimentation and represent the product of a river cutting into and aggrading within the more widespread shallow marine deposits. Composition of the sediments indicates derivation, primarily from Wroxham Crag Formation, with a contribution from Norwich Crag. The sandy diamicton is interpreted as late Middle Pleistocene Corton Till that is recorded in the area. A distinct pattern of colour changes at the top of the sands and gravels is interpreted as a soil that developed on the fluvial sediments before being overridden by the glacier that deposited the Corton Till. The existence of the fluvial sediments within the regional shallow marine deposits suggests that a fall of sea-level, possibly due to climate cooling, while the elevation of the sediments and the adjacent Crag implies that the site has been uplifted since sedimentation. This is the first observation of terrestrial sediments within the shallow marine Crag. The paper also makes a contribution to understanding the diagenetic processes that give deposits within this region some distinctive colour and sediment patterns.     

The use of low-grade and unsound crushed rock aggregates in Ghana for construction

Summary Ghana and many developing countries have relied heavily, in the past, on hard granites and granitic gneisses for the production of rock aggregates and rock products for civil engineering works including the construction of roads and buildings. Experience in Ghana has shown however, that the quantity of crushed rock aggregates produced from hard rocks have proved insufficient for the needs of the country. This situation has called for engineering geological studies into the use of rock types and rock formations previously designated as low grade and unsound for the production of aggregates. The major objective of this study was to review the occurrences of non-conventional hard rocks and gravels such as quartzites, silicified sandstones, metagreywackes, dolomitic limestones and quartz gravels. This was followed by the application of appropriate standard specification tests to establish criteria for the selection and recommendation for the use of low grade and unsound rocks and gravels for various civil engineering projects in Ghana and other developing countries, especially those of the subregion with similar geological formations.