新疆北部幔源岩浆矿床的类型、时空分布及成矿谱系

新疆北部与幔源岩浆有关的矿床种类齐全,成矿环境复杂,时代和类型繁多,在中国乃至世界颇具特色。主要矿床类型包括铬铁矿矿床、钒钛磁铁矿矿床、铜镍硫化物矿床、铂族元素(PGE)矿床、铜镍-钒钛铁复合型矿床、含钴磁铁矿矿床、玄武岩自然铜矿床、热液型钴-多金属矿床,以及非金属矿床等。按照含矿地质体的类型,可分为6种类型:蛇绿岩型、层状杂岩型、小侵入体型、阿拉斯加型、浅成岩型和喷出岩型。这些幔源岩浆矿床可划分为3个成岩成矿系列:铜镍系列、钛铁系列和铬铁系列。钛铁系列以碱性层状岩体型钒钛磁铁矿、铁磷矿为代表,岩石具有明显的富Fe特征,属于碱性富铁质的高钛玄武岩系列;铜镍系列以小侵入体型铜镍矿、阿拉斯加型铜镍-PGE矿为代表,岩石属于铁质的拉斑玄武岩-钙碱性系列;铬铁系列主要为蛇绿岩型铬铁矿,岩石具富Mg贫Fe特征,属于镁质系列。3个系列的岩浆都具有亏损地幔源特征,可能都与地幔柱活动有关;岩浆源区富含相应的成矿元素,是形成3个系列矿床相应成矿地质体的主要条件。3个系列矿床的成矿机制可分为深部熔离/岩浆分异、就地分凝、矿浆贯入、岩浆热液等过程。根据各系列矿床之间存在的紧密联系,建立了与幔源岩浆作用有关的3个系列矿床综合模式: 亏损地幔部分熔融产生的幔源岩浆在上升过程中发生熔离/分异,分离为3个系列,由于外部物质加入在地壳深部发生分异和熔离,在不同深度富集形成铬铁矿、钒钛磁铁矿和铜镍硫化物矿床,临近地表时流体富集和分离成含矿流体,分别形成浅成岩型磁铁矿和喷出岩型自然铜矿。新疆北部各类幔源岩浆矿床从早到晚主要产于3期构造阶段/构造类型: 大陆裂解期、板块俯冲期、碰撞/后碰撞造山期(又分3个阶段: 碰撞后伸展阶段、幔柱叠加造山阶段、后碰撞结束阶段)。     

黑水河钒钛磁铁矿地质特征

黑水河钒钛磁铁矿赋存于辉长岩体中，辉长岩体呈岩株状侵入于变质岩系，形成岩浆晚期-岩浆期后气成热液贯入型矿床。     

芬兰马斯塔瓦纳磁铁矿-钛铁矿矿床地质特征与成因

马斯塔瓦纳磁铁矿-钛铁矿床位于芬兰北部,属于芬诺斯堪迪亚地盾,辉长岩是主要的含矿岩体。矿石类型主要为钛磁铁矿,含矿岩石为含钛磁铁矿、钒钛磁铁矿辉长岩。浸染状矿石金属矿物以钛磁铁矿为主,次为钛铁矿。地球化学特征研究表明,马斯塔瓦纳矿床的Zr、Hf、U、Th在含矿辉长岩中含量非常稳定,均小于10×10-6,反映了岩浆成因的特征。由于马斯塔瓦纳矿床形成时构造环境不稳定,原始岩浆来不及长期彻底地分异,导致岩石的地球化学参数等均具有过渡特征。芬兰马斯塔瓦纳矿床的成岩成矿过程主要分为2个期次:成岩期(形成辉长岩体)和主成矿期(岩浆期形成铁矿)。初步研究表明,芬兰马斯塔瓦纳铁-钛-钒矿床与国内的"大庙式"和"攀西式"铁矿有所不同,2个国内矿床处于相对稳定的板内构造环境,而芬兰马斯塔瓦纳矿床产于特殊的造山带而非稳定的克拉通构造环境。     

新疆哈拉达拉辉长岩体中磁铁矿脉特征及其地质意义

哈拉达拉岩体是特克斯岩带中规模最大的层状辉长岩体，在岩体ＮＷ向断裂中发现磁铁矿脉，系统研究其地质产出特征，稀土元素特征和磁铁矿成分，结构，物性等矿物标型特征，认为磁铁矿脉是岩浆是结晶的产物，为贯入式钒钛磁铁矿脉，与攀枝花，力马河辉长岩体特征对比，认为该岩体具有形成攀枝花式铁矿的成矿远景。     

河北省承德市大庙斜长岩杂岩体超大型钒钛磁铁矿床研究

大庙式钒钛磁铁矿床产于大庙斜长岩杂岩体中，受红石砬一大庙深断裂及次级构造控制，成矿构造以北东向压扭性构造为主，北西向压扭性构造次之。矿体成群产出，具有雁行叠瓦式分布产出规律。物探重磁成果推断成矿系统发育较深，矿田截面形态反映矿体产于中深带。通过对东大洼矿段普查和M24地磁异常验证及该区其它地质勘查项目的开展，认为该区有成为超大型钒钛磁铁矿床的成矿条件。     

陕西毕机沟钒钛磁铁矿床铂族元素地球化学特征及其意义

位于扬子地块北缘的毕机沟钒钛磁铁矿床是我国西北地区主要的岩浆型铁矿床。毕机沟钒钛磁铁矿床岩石及矿石的铂族元素(PGE)化学研究表明,该矿床PGE分异明显,出现铂和钯的轻度富集。推测该区基性-超基性岩形成于硫不饱和拉斑玄武质岩浆的演化,主要成矿作用为熔离分异。但拉斑玄武质岩浆上升侵位过程中,存在岩浆硫饱和,导致硫化物熔离,残余岩浆中PGE亏损,PGE成矿作用不发育。     

吉林白山五道羊岔钒钛磁铁矿地质特征及找矿标志

五道羊岔铁矿是吉南台区太古宙古基性岩脉中首次发现的大型钒钛磁铁矿床。并伴有钴、镍、铌、钪、镓、硒、碲等有益组分。文章介绍了矿床的地质特征和区域地质概况;对矿区原岩性质及基性岩浆活动期次进行了划分,对铁矿石进行了各项分析,同时也分析了与铁矿共生、半生的元素。确定了铁矿属岩浆晚期结晶分异型和岩浆晚期贯入式矿床。最后指明了找矿方向。     

新疆伊吾县宝山铁矿地质特征、成矿模式与找矿方向

宝山铁矿位于新疆东准噶尔晚古生代岛弧岩浆-构造成矿带东部,位于琼河坝铁铜多金属矿集区.宝山铁矿为由热液交代成因夕卡岩型磁铁矿矿体和黄铜矿-磁铁矿矿体、贯入成因夕卡岩型磁铁矿矿体和热液充填型黄铜矿矿脉构成的铁矿床,目前开采的主要为磁铁矿型铁矿.矿区岩浆岩类型多样,主要有花岗岩、辉长岩和辉绿玢岩.从矿体被花岗岩穿插及贯入型磁铁矿中含Co高等特征推断,主成矿岩体可能为隐伏的辉长岩.矿区深部存在规模较大的含矿夕卡岩质成矿流体"生产车间",含矿夕卡岩质流体的形成与迁移是脉动的,成矿后期以铜的成矿为主.宝山铁矿下步的找矿重点应放在对露天采坑深部隐伏铁矿和矿区深部隐伏铜矿的预测与探查.     

河北承德大庙铁矿床地质构造特征与找矿预测

大庙斜长岩杂岩体位于华北克拉通北缘,是我国唯一岩体型斜长岩杂岩体,赋存了丰富的Fe-Ti-P矿床.对该杂岩体的岩石学、矿床成因研究已经较为深入,但是矿田构造研究较为薄弱.本文主要从大庙矿床地质特征分析入手,通过控矿构造分析和成矿期构造应力场的恢复,结合成矿特征分析,建立大庙矿床找矿预测模型,开展找矿预测.在大庙杂岩体内,先后找到了大庙、黑山、马营和罗锅子沟等中—大型矿床,它们都具有典型的岩浆矿床特征,具有岩浆熔离、分异和贯入式成矿特征;系统的野外地质调查和翔实的构造解析表明,大庙杂岩体的侵位受控于EW向隆化-平泉和大庙-红石砬子的断裂构造,杂岩体内NE和NW向两组断裂构造控制了杂岩体内铁-铁磷矿带的发育,NS向断裂则主要为成矿后构造,往往错断了铁矿体.在黑山矿区,野外观测发现含矿苏长岩利用了固结斜长岩中发育的节理,呈脉状贯入,在节理交汇部位铁矿体变大变富;通过节理和矿脉走向的详细测量和吴氏网统计分析,推测大庙矿区成矿期含矿苏长岩的侵位受控于区域上近似NS向的挤压应力作用.根据大庙杂岩体的岩浆侵位时代、岩相-矿体的接触关系、控矿构造和成矿特征,复原了大庙杂岩体的成矿-构造演化过程:最早期区域构造活动控制了斜长岩的侵位,没有发生矿化;苏长岩的侵位,伴随发生了早期的结晶分凝式矿化;块状苏长岩的侵位导致了晚期的熔离-贯入式矿化的形成;成矿期后,大庙杂岩体还经历了多期次的构造变动、抬升和剥蚀.在此基础上,建立了大庙铁矿床的找矿预测模型,并系统分析了大庙矿田不同矿区的深部和外围的找矿潜力,认为黑山和大庙矿区的深部、黑山矿区东侧和北侧、大庙杂岩体的东部边缘可能被中生界覆盖的区域等地段都具有很好的找矿空间,大庙矿区铁矿资源潜力巨大.     

中国硫化镍矿床类型及成矿模式

中国硫化镍矿床主要产于地台边缘及其外侧活动带。含矿基性-超基性岩体的形成时代主要是元古代和华力西期。成矿岩体类型有:与优地槽火山作用有关的超基性-基性杂岩体:与深断裂有关的超基性岩体、超基性-基性杂岩体、基性岩体。根据成矿作用和成矿方式,硫化镍矿床可分为:岩浆原地熔离矿床(Ⅰ);岩浆深部熔离-贯入矿床:单式贯入矿床(Ⅱ)、复式贯入矿床(Ⅲ)、脉冲式贯入矿床(Ⅳ);晚期贯入矿床:岩内贯入矿床(Ⅴ)、岩外贯入矿床(Ⅵ)。本文还提出了硫化镍矿床的成矿模式。     

承德钒钛磁铁矿钒和钛物相的联测分析方法

依据承德地区大庙式钒钛磁铁矿床特征,通过人工重砂分离及单矿物化学分析并结合电子探针、岩矿鉴定结果查明了承德钒钛磁铁矿石中的含钒矿物主要是钛磁铁矿和磁铁矿,次要矿物是钛铁矿和硅酸盐;含钛矿物主要是钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿,次要矿物是金红石、榍石。根据承德钒钛磁铁矿石钒和铁呈正比的关系,选取代表性试样进行了钒钛物相分析项目的确定及溶剂选择的实验,最终确定了钒和钛物相分析测定流程。钒物相分析测定项目为磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钒、钛铁矿中的钒、硅酸盐中的钒及总钒四项;钛物相分析测定项目为钛铁矿中的钛、磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钛、金红石中的钛、硅酸盐中的钛及总钛五项。通过本方法测定的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例与人工重砂分析定量计算的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例是相互吻合的。对110件钒钛磁铁矿石样品进行了4种含钛矿物及3种含钒矿物物相分析,结果与实际地质成矿组分符合。本方法实现了钒钛磁铁矿中钒矿物和钛矿物的定量分离,确定了钒和钛物相联测分析流程,可以同时测定钒和钛矿物的含量。     

攀西地区黑石河铁矿矿石特征研究及矿床成因探讨

黑石河铁矿位于攀西地区,其含矿岩体以辉长岩体为主,岩体具弱分异并显示一定的层理构造;矿体呈似层状、透镜状、脉状产。通过对矿石特征研究,认为矿石主要以海绵陨铁结构及浸染状构造为主,矿物组成主要有钛磁铁矿、钛铁矿等金属氧化物、以黄铁矿为主的硫化物,以及辉石等组成。基于矿区主要矿物的结晶阶段及黑石河铁矿石典型的结构构造特征,结合攀西地区其它钒钛磁铁矿床成因研究资料,认为黑石河铁矿床属岩浆晚期分异结晶成因类型。     

Applied Mineralogical Studies on Iranian Titanium Deposits

Qara-aghaj and Skandian as hard rock titanium deposit and Kahnooj one as a placer deposit were investigated from applied mineralogical point of view. The mineralogical studies were carried out using XRD, XRF, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis. These studies indicated that ilmenite and magnetite are main valuable minerals in the studied ores. Pyroxene, olivine and plagioclase are the main gangue minerals in Qara-aghaj ore while chlorite and plagioclase are the major gangue minerals in Skandian ore. Plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, feldspate and some quartz are the important gangue minerals in kahnooj deposit. In all three ores ilmenite is mainly in the form of ilmenite grains but some lamellae of ilmenite with thickness between 0.1 to 20 μm have been occurred as exsolution textures inside magnetite grains, where the magnetite here can be referred to as ilmenomagnetite. In the hard rock ores some fine ilmenites have been disseminated in silicate minerals. The liberation degree of granular ilmenite was determined 150, 140 and 200 μm for Qara-aghaj, Skandian and Kahnooj, respectively. So, only the granular form of ilmenite is recoverable by physical methods. Some sphene and rutile as titanium containing minerals were observed mainly inside ilmenite phase in kahnooj ore. Some fine rutile was also found inside Skandian ilmenite while there were not any other titanium minerals inside Qara-aghaj ilmenite. Apatite is another valuable mineral which was found only in Qara-aghaj ore. Using SEM and microprobe analysis it was found that there are different amounts of exsolved fine lamellae of hematite inside ilmenite in Qara-aghaj and Kahnooj ores while it was not observed in Sckandian one. The average contents of TiO2 in the lattice of Qara-aghaj, Skandian and Kahnooj ilmenite were determined 51.13, 50.9% and 52.02%, respectively. FeO content of ilmenite lattice for all three samples is clearly lower than the theoretical content. This is due to the substitution of Mg and Mn for some Fe2+ ions in the ilmenite lattice. V2O3 content of magnetite lattice is up to 1%. So, magnetite can be a suitable source for production of vanadium as a by-product in all three deposits.     

Origin of nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore of the Damiao anorthosite complex,NE China: Evidence from trace element geochemistry of apatite,plagioclase, magnetite and ilmenite

Nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore are common in Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and layered intrusions. Their geneses have long been controversial, with existing hypotheses including liquid immiscibility between Si-rich and Fe–Ti–P-rich melts and gravitational fractionation among apatite, magnetite, ilmenite and silicates. In this paper, we report detailed field geology and mineral geochemical studies of the nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore from the Damiao anorthosite complex, NE China. Geological observations indicate that the nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore occur as irregularly inclined stratiform-like or lensoid or veins, and are in sharp contact with the anorthosite and gabbronorite. The widespread veins and lenses structure of the Damiao nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore in the anorthosite indicates their immiscibility-derived origin. The apatite in the nelsonite and gabbronorite shows evolution trends different from that in the gabbronorite in the diagrams of Sr versus REEs and Eu/Eu*, suggesting that petrogenesis of the nelsonite and gabbronorite is different from the gabbronorite. Compared with the gabbronorite, the nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore have magnetite high in Cr, plagioclase high in Sr and low in An, and apatite high in Sr, low in REEs with negative Eu anomaly. The evidence permits us to propose that the Damiao Fe–Ti oxides ore/nelsonite and gabbronorite were derived from different parental magmas. The gabbronorite was formed by solidification of the interstitial ferrodioritic magma in the anorthosite, which was the residual magma after extensive plagioclase and pyroxene crystallization and was carried upward by the plagioclase crystal mesh. In contrast, the Fe–Ti oxides ore and nelsonites and mangerite were produced by crystallization of the Fe–Ti–P-rich and SiO₂-rich magmas, respectively, due to the liquid immiscibility that occurred when the highly evolved ferrodioritic magma mixed with newly replenished magmas. The variation from Fe–Ti oxides ore to nelsonite and gabbro-nelsonite upwards (as apatite content increases with height) in the steeply inclined Fe–Ti oxides orebodies suggest that gravity fractionation may have played important roles during the crystallization of the Fe–Ti–P-rich magma.     

斜长岩体中Fe-Ti-P矿床的特征与成因

岩体型斜长岩为由90%以上斜长石组成的岩浆岩,具变压结晶的特点,仅形成于元古宙(2.1～0.9Ga),常赋存有Fe-Ti-P矿床。Fe-Ti-P矿体既呈整合层状也呈透镜状和席状等不规则形式产出;矿石类型有块状和侵染状,前者矿石矿物含量>70%,后者矿石矿物含量为20%～70%;矿物组成上,不同矿床稍有差别:部分矿床的Fe-Ti氧化物以钛磁铁矿为主、钛铁矿次之,而其他矿床则以赤钛铁矿为主、磁铁矿次之。一些矿床磷灰石含量较高,出现仅由Fe-Ti氧化物和磷灰石组成的铁钛磷灰岩。研究表明,Fe-Ti-P矿床由富Fe、Ti的岩浆演化形成,其母岩浆是在深部岩浆房中大量结晶斜长石后的残余岩浆。部分学者认为不同矿石经正常的结晶分异作用并堆晶形成,但该机制很难解释呈不规则状产出的矿石;其他学者则认为不混熔作用对矿石的富集(尤其是脉状、席状的铁钛磷灰岩)有重要作用,但该机制缺乏岩相学和地球化学方面的证据。河北大庙Fe-Ti-P矿体呈透镜状、席状等不连续地分布于斜长岩中,矿体不发育明显岩浆分层,但仍出现不同矿石的相带。依据详细的岩相学、矿体中矿物含量和成分的变化规律以及全岩地球化学特征,我们判断大庙矿床中不同矿石为堆晶矿物和晶隙流体的混合产物,它们由铁闪长质岩浆经结晶分异和堆晶作用形成,与不混熔作用关系不大。矿体不规则状产出的特点可能与岩浆动力分异作用有关,并伴随有小范围的亚固相迁移。     

天然钒钛磁铁矿非均相Fenton法降解酸性橙Ⅱ的研究

用XRD、FTIR及TG-DSC等手段对磁选后的天然钒钛磁铁矿进行结构表征,然后在酸性条件下,探讨天然钒钛磁铁矿非均相Fenton法催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ的性能。结果表明:磁选后的天然磁铁矿主要以钛磁铁矿为主,同时含有少量的钛铁矿和绿泥石。降解实验结果表明,天然钒钛磁铁矿催化降解酸性橙Ⅱ的能力明显强于人工合成的单相磁铁矿,并随着钛磁铁矿含量的增加而增强。降解过程以异相Fenton反应为主,动力学曲线符合准一级方程。反应开始210min后,天然钒钛磁铁矿对酸性橙Ⅱ的矿化率约为30%。在降解过程中,苯环和萘环逐步断裂。     

Major and Trace Elements of Magnetite from the Qimantag Metallogenic Belt: Insights into Evolution of Ore–forming Fluids

Magnetite, as a genetic indicator of ores, has been studied in various deposits in the world. In this paper, we present textural and compositional data of magnetite from the Qimantag metallogenic belt of the Kunlun Orogenic Belt in China, to provide a better understanding of the formation mechanism and genesis of the metallogenic belt and to shed light on analytical protocols for the in situ chemical analysis of magnetite. Magnetite samples from various occurrences, including the ore–related granitoid pluton, mineralised endoskarn and vein–type iron ores hosted in marine carbonate intruded by the pluton, were examined using scanning electron microscopy and analysed for major and trace elements using electron microprobe and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The field and microscope observation reveals that early–stage magnetite from the Hutouya and Kendekeke deposits occurs as massive or banded assemblages, whereas late–stage magnetite is disseminated or scattered in the ores. Early–stage magnetite contains high contents of Ti, V, Ga, Al and low in Mg and Mn. In contrast, late–stage magnetite is high in Mg, Mn and low in Ti, V, Ga, Al. Most magnetite grains from the Qimantag metallogenic belt deposits except the Kendekeke deposit plot in the " Skarn " field in the Ca+Al+Mn vs Ti+V diagram, far from typical magmatic Fe deposits such as the Damiao and Panzhihua deposits. According to the(Mg O+Mn O)–Ti O2–Al2O3 diagram, magnetite grains from the Kaerqueka and Galingge deposits and the No.7 ore body of the Hutouya deposit show typical characteristics of skarn magnetite, whereas magnetite grains from the Kendekeke deposit and the No.2 ore body of the Hutouya deposit show continuous elemental variation from magmatic type to skarn type. This compositional contrast indicates that chemical composition of magnetite is largely controlled by the compositions of magmatic fluids and host rocks of the ores that have reacted with the fluids. Moreover, a combination of petrography and magnetite geochemistry indicates that the formation of those ore deposits in the Qimantag metallogenic belt involved a magmatic–hydrothermal process.     

Vanadium bearing titaniferous magnetite ore bodies of Ganjang,Karbi-Anglong District,Northeastern India

A new occurrence of (syenite-hosted) Vanadium bearing titaniferous magnetite ore body has been reported from Ganjang (26°09′35″ N: 93°20′ E), Karbi-Anglong, Northeastern India. The magnetite ore bodies have lumpy and sporadic occurrences within the host syenite pluton intrusive into gneissic country rocks. Ore microscopic studies reveal that magnetite is often associated with haematite and ilmenite depicting different textural patterns. Critical consideration of several elemental patterns suggests magmatic differentiation to be main ore-forming process. The ore body is suggested to have been formed as late stage segregation from a differentiating alkaline magma in a fluid enriched milieu.     

天祝大滩钛铁矿矿体及矿石特征

天祝大滩含钛铁矿辉长岩体岩相分带较好,根据结构演化分为边缘相、外过渡相、内过渡相和中心相4个相带,钛铁矿主要产于过渡相带底部的中粗粒辉长岩中。呈"肾状体"的面积约27km2的辉长岩体中分布有9个矿化段,矿化以Ⅰ、Ⅱ矿化段规模大,Ti O2品位较高,如Ⅰ号矿化段主矿体长度大于600m,倾向延深达700m,厚度达百米,矿床平均品位4.09%,矿石结构主要为它形结构,矿石构造主要为稀疏浸染状构造,铁矿矿石组分单一,以钛铁矿为主,Ti O2品位低,可选性较好。