“地形”错误辨析与试题研究

一、师生纠错 1.核心概念理解地形、地貌与地势（1）地形是指地势高低起伏的变化,即地表的形态。一般从高低起伏、开阔闭塞、地貌组合等因素综合起来进行分类。常见陆地地形有五种,每种地形都有自己的海拔范围,如平原在200米以下,而高原多在1000米以上。（2）地貌指地表起伏的     

关于高程面积曲线及其应用问题

广义的高程面积曲线不仅是指陆地上高程与面积分布的函数曲线,它往往也包括着大洋盆地的深度与面积分布的关系,即忽略地表的水体而把陆上地貌与海底地貌看为一个整体——地球岩石圈地貌。如果,为了更明确起见,在把整个岩石圈地貌分为陆上地貌与海底地貌的基础上,可有狭义的适用于陆地上的“高程面积曲线”及适用于海洋的“深度     

关于高程面积曲线及其应用问题

广义的高程面积曲线不仅是指陆地上高程与面积分布的函数曲线,它往往也包括着大洋盆地的深度与面积分布的关系,即忽略地表的水体而把陆上地貌与海底地貌看为一个整体——地球岩石圈地貌。如果,为了更明确起见,在把整个岩石圈地貌分为陆上地貌与海底地貌的基础上,可有狭义的适用于陆地上的“高程面积曲线”及适用于海洋的“深度     

基于等值线分布区域树的分层设色图自动生成研究

基于ArcGIS Engine的核心组件功能实现了空间离散点生成等值线,并针对ArcGIS Engine在生成等值线分布区域方面的不足,提出采用等值线分割确定研究区域边界、构建等值线分布区域树的算法,实现了等值线分布区域、拓扑关系构建及高程值的计算,最终实现了分层设色图的自动生成。通过浙江省金华市地下水水位等值线与分层设色图的自动生成试验,表明该文的技术路线是可行的。     

西藏高原地貌的形成和演化

青藏高原是一系列巨大的山系、高原面、镶嵌以宽谷和盆地的组合体,平均海拔在4,500米以上,构成地球上地势最高的一级台阶,素有“世界屋脊”之称。这样一个大高原,它是晚新生代以来大幅度、分阶段强烈断块隆起而形成的一个巨大的构造地貌单元。以板块构造学说作为基本观点,地质时期多次构造运动的反复作用,奠定了高原地貌的基础;而强烈的新构造隆起直接造就着高原的本身,隆起的性质及其所获得的巨大高度,使高原     

云南东川地区层状地貌面的成因

在东川地区的山地及小江河谷的两侧山麓上部，分布着不同高度和不同规模的层状地貌面，对其成因仍有不同的认识。分歧主要表现在两个方面：一是高原隆升之前的初始地貌面是否是准平原型夷平面；二是山顶面之下的梯级层状地貌面的成因。本文从以下几个方面对上述问题进行讨论：(1)层状地貌面的地貌特征及其与侵蚀河谷体系的关系；(2)层状地貌面上堆积物的性质；(3)层状地貌面与断裂构造水平展布的关系；(4)相邻层状地貌面的空间过渡关系；(5)区域构造演化背景。作者认为在云贵高原抬升过程中，东川地区以挤压穹起隆升变形为主。不同海拔高度的层状地貌面具有多成因特性。山顶面及局部高原面是高原隆升之前古夷平面的残留。并遭到后期强烈的侵蚀改造。目前，尚缺乏足够证据证明高原隆升之前的古夷平面为准平原型夷平面。小江河谷两侧的梯级层状地貌面是侵蚀或剥蚀面，它们形成于高原隆升及初始地貌面解体之后，其梯级空间分布特征与区域性的阶段隆升有关。     

路南巴江喀斯特流域空间趋势面分析

该文运用基面—径流—形态响应和空间趋势面分析等方法，探讨路南巴江喀斯特流域最高高程（Pa）和最低高程（Lm）的趋势面特征和差异，以及路南石林的空间分布和趋势面的关系。在一次趋势面分析中，最低高程趋势面Lm的倾向较最高高程趋势面Pa向西偏转了12^＊,h趋势面的倾角较Pa陡2^＊，说明流域的水系和地貌倾斜方向发生了较为明显的变化。二次趋势面分析中，Lm和Pa差别不大，石林主要集中分布在曲面比降较大的大、小石林到蒲草村一带。     

贵州省农业资源开发的战略问题

一、贵州农业资源的优势贵州习惯称贵州高原。地势由西向东倾斜,西部海拔1500至2000米,中部海拔1000米左右,北、东、南边缘和河谷地带海拔500米以下。贵州的地貌特征决定了土地资源的特点。地貌特征是:山地性显著,溶岩地貌广泛分布,地貌类型和土地类型复杂多样。全省地貌分高原、高中山、中山、低中山、低山、丘陵和盆地等类型。山地占全省土地面积87％,丘陵占10％,盆地和河谷坝子占3％。土壤类型繁多,共有九个大类,30个亚类,不仅有很长的发育历史,而且分布错综,表现为地带性土壤、非     

基于DEM的黄土高原面积高程积分研究

面积高程积分(Hypsometric Integral,HI)是通过统计流域地表的高程组合信息,从而揭示流域地貌形态与发育特征的重要指标。本文以1:10000比例尺5 m分辨率DEM数据分析流域面积高程积分计算时的影响因素,以SRTM数字高程模型数据为基本信息源,研究黄土高原重点水土流失区的面积高程积分空间分异特征。研究工作首先讨论并总结了面积高程积分的地学含义,明确了DEM分辨率以及分析面积对于面积高程积分计算的影响,并分析各地貌对象面积高程积分的相关性;然后,面向黄土高原重点水土流失区,采用面向多尺度分割的方法,基于小流域面积高程积分,实现了黄土高原重点水土流失区地貌分区。研究结果表明,DEM分辨率对于小流域面积高程积分计算影响较小,当小流域面积阈值达到10 km2时,面积高程积分趋于稳定;各地貌对象中,流域面—正地形—沟沿线、山顶点—山脊线—流域边界这两组组内面积高程积分值相关性非常强;基于面积高程积分的地貌分区,与黄土高原地区水土流失分区图和输沙模数分区图具有相当程度的耦合关系,并细化了原有分区结果。     

川西北高原的地貌垂直地带性与寒冻夷平面

川西北高原地貌垂直地带性明显：流水地貌带,＜3 800 m；冰缘地貌带,3800～4200 m；冰川地貌带,＞4200 m；相应的主导地貌过程分别是流水侵蚀,冻融侵蚀和冰川侵蚀。本文提出了高原面形成的寒冻夷平机制,并认为川西北高原是大面积构造隆升背景下形成的寒冻夷平地貌。花岗岩和石灰岩等结晶岩抗寒冻风化能力强,形成了冰川发育的高山；三叠系砂板岩,抗寒冻风化能力差,形成了融冻土流发育的丘状起伏的高原面。此外,还延伸联想到青藏高原夷平面和高原隆升的一些科学问题,如冻融侵蚀在高原地貌形成和演化中的作用,地面隆升幅度与地壳构造上升幅度,高原面高度的区域差异和大冰盖问题等。     

青藏高原自然环境的演化与分异

青藏高原的强烈隆起导致其本身自然环境的巨大变化和自然区域的明显分异。本文阐明上新世以来青藏地区由低海拔亚热带环境向高寒环境的演化以及因全球气候冷暖波动所引起的变化。对山地垂直自然带结构类型的划分和此较研究,揭示了与山体效应密切相关的分布模式。在自然地域分异规律的背景上,探讨了水汽通道、干旱河谷和寒旱核心等高原山地独特的地生态现象。     

青藏高原自然地理研究的进展

本文综述青藏高原自然地理研究所取得的主要进展,诸如晚新生代以来高原剧烈抬升引起的自然环境巨大变化,上新世的古地理环境和高原隆起,湖泊和水系的演变,第四纪冰川作用,全新世古地理环境演化以及高原隆起对自然环境和过程的影响等。指出了青藏高原具有的独特自然环境类型和特征,阐述了山地垂直自然带谱类型的比较研究,三维空间的地域分异,自然区划以及对独特地生态现象和区域的研究成果。     

青藏高原的范围

青藏高原确切的范围各家说法不一,本文根据青藏高原巨构造地貌特征,提出以高原面及其海拔高度为确定青藏高原范围的依据,对青藏高原具体范围特别是东、东南的边界作了较详细的讨论。     

Quaternary geomorphological evolution of the Kunlun Pass area and uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau

There is a set of Late Cenozoic sediments in the Kunlun Pass area, Tibetan Plateau, China. Paleomagnetic, ESR and TL dating suggest that they date from the Late Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene. Analyses of stratigraphy, sedimentary characteristic, and evolution of the fauna and flora indicate that, from the Pliocene to the early Quaternary (about 5–1.1 Ma BP), there was a relatively warm and humid environment, and a paleolake occurred around the Kunlun Pass. The elevation of the Kunlun Pass area was no more than 1500 m, and only one low topographic divide existed between the Qaidam Basin and the Kunlun Pass Basin. The geomorphic pattern in the Kunlun Pass area was influenced by the Kunlun–Yellow River Tectonic Movement 1.1–0.6 Ma BP. The Wangkun Glaciation (0.7–0.5 Ma) is the maximum Quaternary glaciation in the Pass and in other areas of the Plateau. During the glaciation, the area of the glaciers was 3–5 times larger than that of the present glacier in the Pass area. There was no Xidatan Valley that time. The extreme geomorphic changes in the Kunlun Pass area reflect an abrupt uplift of the Tibet Plateau during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. This uplift of the Plateau has significance on both the Plateau itself and the surrounding area.     

Quaternary soil chronosequences on terraces of the Susquehanna river, Pennsylvania

Susquehanna River terraces are used to establish time lines along a 150 km reach of the river, from the Lower Piedmont to the edge of the Appalachian Plateau. This is achieved by generating soil chronosequences at two locations — Marietta, PA, in the Lower Piedmont, and Muncy, PA, near the glacial border on the boundary between the Valley and Ridge province and the Appalachian Plateau. These sites preserve the most complete record of fluvial incision on the Susquehanna River with flights of seven Quaternary terraces ranging in elevation from 3 m to 51 m above the modern river.Soil characteristics used to develop the soil chronosequences include complexity of horizonization, thickness of B horizon, clay content of B horizon, soil color, CBD extractable Fe, Al, and Mn, total extractable Fe, and clay mineralogy. Terrace age constraints are based on soil development, correlation to regional glacial stratigraphy, correlation to dated fluvial and glaciofluvial deposits, and by paleomagnetic analysis of sediments. Terrace ages at the Muncy site range from modern (< 150 ybp) to Middle Middle through Early Middle Pleistocene (∼ 300 ka to ∼ 770 ka). Marietta has terrace ages ranging from modern (< 150 ybp) to Early Pleistocene through Late Pliocene (∼ 770 ka to ∼ 2400 ka).     

金沙江金江街段河流阶地年代及对河谷水系演化历史的启示

100多年来,关于金沙江独特水系格局的形成历史一直是地学界争论的重要话题之一。多数学者认为,现代金沙江水系是古长江袭夺古红河上游发展过来的。红河海底扇5.5 Ma泥沙供给中断被认为与这一袭夺事件有关。然而,长期以来人们一直没有找到与这一时代相匹配的地貌证据。最近在金沙江金江街段找到了多达8级的河流阶地序列,ESR测年结果显示这些阶地的形成年代为1.07 Ma、0.70 Ma、0.65 Ma、0.51 Ma、0.47 Ma、0.44 Ma、0.30 Ma和0.18 Ma,结合GPS高程测量数据,推算最近1.0 Ma以来的河谷平均下切速率为147 mm/ka。以填充河谷地形为主要手段的古地形恢复结果（基于DEM数据）显示,古长江袭夺古红河上游形成现代金沙江水系发生在这一区域内海拔2000 m左右的古地形面解体之后,依照河谷平均下切速率外推,古地形面解体时代为5.5 Ma,即现代金沙江水系形成于5.5 Ma之后。我们的研究结果与红河海底扇的资料形成一个相互呼应的证据链,为重建现代金沙江水系格局形成历史提供重要依据。     

金沙江奔子栏-达日河段大型泥石流堆积扇的成因机制

金沙江上游奔子栏-达日河段属横断山区的干热河谷地带,河谷沿岸大型古泥石流堆积扇广泛发育,其成因却一直没有得到很好的研究.对该区瓦卡大型古泥石流堆积物进行了沉积结构、粒度、地球化学和孢粉等分析,揭示了泥石流的沉积环境及其形成过程.通过粗颗粒石英的光释光单片再生法(SAR)测年研究,获得金沙江上游奔子栏-达日河段古泥石流大规模暴发的年代为12 600～4 500 a BP.丰富的风化碎屑物源、陡峻的地形及雨季降水集中是该区古泥石流形成的主要原因.全新世早期青藏高原东南缘受西南季风加强的影响,气候趋于暖湿,季节性暴雨增加.金沙江上游干热河谷区大型泥石流堆积扇的发育年代暗示其是全新世早期西南季风加强作用下的地貌响应.从地质灾害防治的角度,由于现代气候因素导致泥石流灾害的频度和规模较小,预防该区地质灾害的重点应是防止人工砍伐树木和不合理的人工切坡导致对地表环境的破坏加剧.     

1961-2004年青藏高原夏季降水的时空分布

The summer day-by-day precipitation data of 97 meteorological stations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2004 were selected to analyze the temporal-spatial distribution through accumulated variance,correlation analysis,regression analysis,empirical orthogonal function,power spectrum function and spatial analysis tools of GIS.The result showed that summer precipitation occupied a relatively high proportion in the area with less annual precipitation on the Plateau and the correlation between summer precipitation and annual precipitation was strong.The altitude of these stations and summer precipitation tendency presented stronger positive correlation below 2000 m,with correlation value up to 0.604（α=0.01）.The subtracting tendency values between 1961-1983 and 1984-2004 at five altitude ranges（2000-2500 m,2500-3000 m,3500-4000 m,4000-4500 m and above 4500 m）were above zero and accounted for 71.4%of the total.Using empirical orthogonal function, summer precipitation could be roughly divided into three precipitation pattern fields：the Southeast Plateau Pattern Field,the Northeast Plateau Pattern field and the Three Rivers＇ Headstream Regions Pattern Field.The former two ones had a reverse value from the north to the south and opposite line was along 35°N.The potential cycles of the three pattern fields were 5.33a,21.33a and 2.17a respectively,tested by the confidence probability of 90%.The station altitudes and summer precipitation potential cycles presented strong negative correlation in the stations above 4500 m,with correlation value of-0.626（α=0.01）.In Three Rivers Headstream Regions summer precipitation cycle decreased as the altitude rose in the stations above 3500 m and increased as the altitude rose in those below 3500 m.The empirical orthogonal function analysis in June precipitation,July precipitation and August precipitation showed that the June precipitation pattern field was similar to the July＇s,in which southern Plateau was positive and northern Plateau negative.But positive     

金沙江石鼓-宜宾段河谷-水系演化研究综述与讨论

有关金沙江形成演化研究的历史已有百年之久,近十年来更是地学界研究热点之一,产出成果颇为丰硕。该文在对一个多世纪以来有关金沙江研究成果分析基础上,勾绘出金沙江石鼓-宜宾段上新世以来的河谷形成演化过程,基本观点为:全新世之前该区存在数条并列南流水系;上新世末-早更新世初,湖泊广泛发育;早更新世中后期,金沙江经丽江-鹤庆,于金江街附近汇入昔格达古湖;早更新世末期,昔格达古湖被切穿泄空,金沙江下游袭夺连通;中更新晚期,石鼓以南的东西向隆起使金沙江南流受阻,被动袭夺至水洛河,并于三江口与下游川江连通,至此形成真正具有现代意义的金沙江。     

Cluster analysis on summer precipitation field over Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2004

The summer day-by-day precipitation data of 97 meteorological stations on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2004 were selected to analyze the temporal-spatial dis-tribution through accumulated variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis, empirical orthogonal function, power spectrum function and spatial analysis tools of GIS. The result showed that summer precipitation occupied a relatively high proportion in the area with less annual precipitation on the Plateau and the correlation between summer precipitation and annual precipitation was strong. The altitude of these stations and summer precipitation ten-dency presented stronger positive correlation below 2000 m, with correlation value up to 0.604 (α=0.01). The subtracting tendency values between 1961–1983 and 1984–2004 at five altitude ranges (2000–2500 m, 2500–3000 m, 3500–4000 m, 4000–4500 m and above 4500 m) were above zero and accounted for 71.4% of the total. Using empirical orthogonal function, summer precipitation could be roughly divided into three precipitation pattern fields: the Southeast Plateau Pattern Field, the Northeast Plateau Pattern field and the Three Rivers' Headstream Regions Pattern Field. The former two ones had a reverse value from the north to the south and opposite line was along 35°N. The potential cycles of the three pattern fields were 5.33a, 21.33a and 2.17a respectively, tested by the confidence probability of 90%. The station altitudes and summer precipitation potential cycles presented strong negative corre-lation in the stations above 4500 m, with correlation value of –0.626 (α=0.01). In Three Rivers Headstream Regions summer precipitation cycle decreased as the altitude rose in the sta-tions above 3500 m and increased as the altitude rose in those below 3500 m. The empirical orthogonal function analysis in June precipitation, July precipitation and August precipitation showed that the June precipitation pattern field was similar to the July’s, in which southern Plateau was positive and northern Plateau negative. But positive value area in July precipita-tion pattern field was obviously less than June’s. The August pattern field was totally opposite to June’s and July’s. The positive area in August pattern field jumped from the southern Pla-teau to the northern Plateau.