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航空救援是目前许多国家普遍采用的最有效的灾害应急救援手段。在我国汶川地震、玉树地震及芦山地震应急救援中,航空救援都发挥了不可或缺的作用。地震航空救援能力的强弱对于各国能否最大程度地减轻地震灾害具有极为重要的意义。但目前我国地震航空应急救援能力严重不足,与地震灾害频发的国情不相适应,也与社会经济发展水平不相适应。通过研究近年来我国大震巨灾航空救援震例,分析我国地震航空救援体系建设存在的主要问题,参考国外相关经验,结合我国国情和地震应急救援专业特点,提出了推进我国地震航空救援体系建设的思路和建议。 相似文献
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由于地震灾害的不确定性,使得应急救援设备运行速率及使用效率均受到影响,需要进行并行优化处理。对此,提出基于双向并行计算的地震灾害应急救援设备优化方法。以地震灾区灾情等级评估结果为基础,将地震等级及应急救援设备,设备及设备之间的关系进行标准化处理,转化为求解最优解问题;在考虑不确定性的情况下,通过通信时间与救援设备需求进行双向并行处理,优化地震灾害应急救援设备。实验结果表明,采用改进方法进行地震灾害应急救援设备并行优化,能够对地震灾害应急救援设备需求量进行准确预测,提高应急救援设备的运行速率,缩短通信时间,提高应急救援设备的使用效率,具有一定的优势。 相似文献
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我国是地震多发的国家之一,其中破坏性地震的发生频率也相对较高。伴随着我国经济的高速发展与城市化进程的加快,地震风险意识的提高以及国家对地震应急救援能力的更高要求都促进了对地震灾害评估方法的研究。其中地震人员伤亡评估方法更是灾情预测的重中之重,然而我国大部分历史地震都发生在西部,已有的地震人员伤亡评估方法也是基于西部历史地震资料统计分析得出的。人口密度更高和经济更为发达的东部地区,一旦遭遇破坏性地震,其灾害程度将远超西部,因此现有方法已不能很好地满足东部地区的地震预防和应急救援决策需求。需要结合东部地区的特点修正适用于东部地区的地震人员伤亡评估方法。本文初步分析了东西部影响地震人员伤亡的影响因素,对比主要区域差异,指出东西部地区建筑的抗震性能差异主要体现在城市自建房屋的比例和农村主要结构类型占比上。给出了东部地区地震人员伤亡评估的修正系数,并通过算例分析了其适用性。 相似文献
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基于2021年、2022年中国5.0级及以上地震目录,结合应急管理部、有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估报告和相关资料,对中国大陆地震灾害情况、主要地震灾害事件及其特点进行了总结和分析。此外,按省份总结了各省地震灾害事件及地震灾害特点。其中,云南省中强震多、强震少,震区房屋抗震能力较高,人员伤亡较小; 四川省中强震少、强震多,次生灾害较为发育,造成严重人员伤亡; 青海省虽然震级高、破坏性强、致灾范围广,但震区地广人稀,房屋抗震设防等级较高,人员伤亡少。最后,结合历史震害统计数据,分析对比近2年中国大陆地震灾害致灾特点。 相似文献
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《世界地震工程》2015,(4)
山地地震灾害具有次生灾害叠加与叠加效应明显,公路交通易瘫痪阻断应急救援,应急救援任务重难度大等特点。山地城镇宜编制重大地震灾害应急救援规划。编制的基本原则包括复合灾害原则,因地制宜原则,应急救援要素系统原则,控制总量与应急救援资源合理配置原则。为了给灾时应急创造基本生活条件、医疗条件和防灾条件,强化应急救援力度,提高应急救援效果,依据山地地震灾害的实证研究,提出了应急救援规划的要点,主要包括:合理选用基础资料,设定城镇复合灾害并提出应对措施,准确估算避难者人数,有针对性地规划应急救援要素,制定物力资源管理制度,规划建设抗震救灾信息网络,救援避难弱者与应急救援资源畅流的措施以及防灾教育、奖惩制度等。 相似文献
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地震是群灾之首。基层是发挥政府职能、加强危机管理、大力推进地震应急救援能力建设、防范化解地震灾害风险的重要基础。本文结合我国地震应急救援发展与基层地震应急救援管理工作,阐述了凉山州地震应急救援管理工作实践。四川凉山,立足“防大震、抢大险、救大灾”,开展地震灾害风险管理,提高地震应急救援能力,初步形成了以法制体制机制建设促进地震应急救援管理,以地震应急救援管理振兴防震减灾事业,全面推进民族团结进步的新格局。 相似文献
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《世界地震工程》2016,(3)
由于地震灾害的防御难度较大、事前准备较为困难和事后救援要求较高,传统资源的配置方式难以高效发挥应急资源的有效价值。由于灾害的演化与救灾过程具有随机性,这种特点可利用随机网络加以描述,因此以地震灾害中应急救援事件为例进行分析,结合灾害的演化发展规律及应急救灾资源的作用,对救灾过程中有限资源的配置问题进行了优化方法研究,构建了基于随机网络模型的有限条件下应急救灾资源优化配置模型,通过假设各事件的转向概率、时间消耗以及应急资源投入对各事件的影响,实现了对应急救灾网络过程的量化分析。基于粒子群算法优化了资源的配置,实现了救灾期望时间最短的目标,并通过计算分析验证了方法的有效性。 相似文献
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地震防灾减灾能力是国家的重点需求,针对当前城市抗震应急存在的灵活性差问题,在过去研究的基础上,将GIS系统应用至城市抗震救灾应急响应中,建立的GIS系统利用地震灾害评估模块、数据库管理模块、地震应急响应和指挥决策模块构成城市抗震救灾应急响应框架,完成城市GIS系统的应用分析。地震灾害评估模块中计算震害总体损失、经济损失和生命损失,实现地震灾害评估信息数据的精确性采集;数据库管理模块中的抗灾救灾应急响应数据库主要利用矢量数据、数字正射影像数据和其他专题数据构成,完成一致性访问各种类型数据,提高城市抗震救灾应急响应灵活性;在响应与决策模块中利用核心服务器实现数据信息的上传下达,实现快速救援响应。研究中对这套GIS系统与当前方法做对比,进行抗震救灾过程灵活性、救援数据精准性的比较实验。实验对比结果表明,所提研究成果提供的救援数据精确性强,且运行过程中灵活系数等部分指标高于当前研究。 相似文献
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搜集了泸定6.8级地震人员死亡和失联资料,通过与近10年典型破坏性地震震例进行案例对比,定量分析了泸定地震人员死亡、失联数量随时间变化的特征。结合应急救援工作实际,梳理、归纳主要原因,同时系统分析了地质灾害对人员死亡率及失联率的影响。探讨山区地震灾害及救灾特点,提出山区复杂环境下地震灾害信息核查报送及人员搜救能力提升建议。 相似文献
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1937年菏泽7级地震是中国近代地震史上具有特殊历史价值的地震:(1)菏泽地震的原始资料有4类载体:文字记载、震区"地震调查表"、地震波记录以及现场老照片,说明这次地震既有历史地震学属性,也有近代地震学属性,体现了中国历史地震学向近代地震学进展转化的时代特色。(2)由于抗日战争全面爆发等多方面原因,菏泽地震后政府基本没有实施有效的救灾行动,灾区陷于困难境地,只有上海华洋义赈会于震后一个月到灾区进行了有限的救助活动。菏泽地震是战争时期发生的灾难性地震,由此提示,在战时发生地震等严重自然灾害的应对问题应引起事先重视。 相似文献
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China is the country with the challenge of severe earthquake disaster. In order to mitigate the disaster and save lives, emergency response and rescue work after an earthquake are deployed and led by the Chinese governments at all level, the effectiveness of which has been proved. In such work, how to quickly evaluate the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area is a crucial issue at the early period after the earthquake. It is the foundation to estimate the disaster losses and decide the scale of rescue teams and materials. However, at the early period only a few physical parameters of the earthquake can be acquired and some of them may even be inaccurate.
An evaluation model of seismic intensity in meizoseismal area is investigated and presented by statistic method in this study. After an earthquake there are four authoritative parameters officially released by China Earthquake Administration generally within ten minutes:earthquake magnitude (MS), focal depth, latitude and longitude position, and the occurrence time. They are good candidate input parameters of the evaluation model. We collect the information of 215 historical earthquake occurring in China from 1966 to 2013, including:The four parameters and the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area. Through statistical analysis we find the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area has high correlation with the earthquake magnitude (MS) and the focal depth and then select them as the formal input parameters. After further investigation a generalized linear model is built to fit the relationship between the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area, earthquake magnitude (MS) and the focal depth.
The effectiveness of the model is validated by the Sig value and F value from theoretic perspective. The validation also includes the application of the model in real earthquakes occurring from 2014 to 2017. After the earthquakes, the seismic intensities in meizoseismal area have been quickly estimated and used in the command of national earthquake disaster emergency relief. The applications in real earthquakes get good results.
Finally, the robustness of the model is analyzed. We respectively verify the influences of the earthquake magnitude (MS) and the focal depth and find the seismic intensity in meizoseismal area is more sensitive to the earthquake magnitude. Under the condition of the same focal depth, when the change of the earthquake magnitude is up to 0.5, the change of the seismic intensity will reach to 1. However, in order to cause same change of the seismic intensity, the difference of the focal depth will be 10 kilometers. Basically, these changes derived from the model meet the situation of historical earthquakes. 相似文献
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ANALYSIS ON DISASTER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MS5.4 CANGWU,GUANGXI EARTHQUAKE,JULY, 31th, 2016 下载免费PDF全文
On July 31th, 2016, a moderately strong earthquake of MS5.4 hit the Cangwu County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The focal depth of this earthquake is about 10 kilometers. This earthquake occurred in the junction area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hunan Province and Guangdong Province. Nanning, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other cities felt this earthquake.
The Cangwu County disaster area is unique in terms of geographical position, tectonic geology, landform, economic development situation, population distribution and climate condition, etc. Based on the investigation to the earthquake hit area, and the analysis of its special natural environment, social economical conditions and humanities, seven general disaster characteristics of the Cangwu MS5.4 earthquake are summarized from the point of view of earthquake disaster emergency rescue and reconstruction. namely, the low population density in the disaster area, the single building structure type and the low-level economic development, the short duration of ground motion, the small number and low magnitude of aftershocks, no large landslide, debris flow and other secondary geological disasters caused by this earthquake, the area is prone to typhoon and other climate disasters which are likely to aggravate earthquake disaster, and the earthquake occurred in an area of weak seismicity in South China.
This paper introduces the basic situation of the MS5.4 Cangwu earthquake and analyzes the seven disaster characteristics of this earthquake. In order to better respond to moderate-strong earthquake in weak seismicity regions of South China, this paper summarizes some experience and revelations about the earthquake in the MS5.4 Cangwu earthquake emergency response process, and puts forward some corresponding countermeasures of earthquake disaster reduction in weak seismicity regions in southern China.
In the future work, we should pay more attention to pre-disaster prevention, and strengthen earthquake-monitoring capability. In order to reduce the casualties caused by collapse of houses, we should improve the seismic fortification standards of houses, carry out relevant researches on earthquake damage prevention measures of karst areas. And in order to carry out comprehensive disaster reduction, we should strengthen cooperation with the meteorological department, and carry out more comprehensive earthquake emergency drills. 相似文献
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