西宁市设施农业气象服务系统的设计与实现

为提升西宁市气象为农服务的效率及精细化服务水平,利用近两年获取的设施农业气象观测资料,结合现有的气象服务产品和信息网络实际,采用C#语言、基于iframework3.5平台环境、C/S设计模式,设计开发了西宁市设施农业气象服务系统,系统的应用实现了传统农业气象服务向现代化农业气象服务的转变,减轻了气象服务工作者的工作强度。     

河南省农业气象服务平台的设计与实现

为适应日益增长的农业气象产品服务需求,构建了河南省农业气象服务平台。河南省农业气象服务平台采用省、市、县三级产品共享机制,采用统一产品格式、统一管理接口等方式对农业气象服务产品统一管理和网络共享。平台基于Internet运行,选择Meteo GIS作为地图服务,使用Flex技术和JSP语言进行开发。为了灵活适应不同地区的服务产品格式和服务需求,平台设计了产品自动转换程序,将不同的产品类型转换为统一的格式;开发了各区域展示页面和产品类型可以定制的功能。通过分级用户管理,实现全省农业气象服务产品的展示、气象资料的地图查询分析、特色农业、预警信息及农事建议的发布、专家在线指导、数据管理及用户管理等功能。河南省农业气象服务平台已通过验收并投入业务运行。业务运行结果表明,采用省、市、县三级共享机制的农业气象服务平台,实现了全省农业气象服务产品的分级管理和分级共享,扩大了农业气象服务的覆盖面,提高了农业气象服务的工作效率。     

基层气象台站农业气象服务现状及发展对策

从寿光农业气象服务实际情况出发,全面分析了基层农业气象服务现状与存在的问题,并结合寿光设施农业发展对气象服务的需求,提出了基层台站发展农业气象服务的对策。     

自媒体时代基于手机App(应用)的农业气象服务探索

从农业气象服务的需求和自媒体时代的特点出发,介绍了气象类的手机App(应用)以及农业气象服务的现状,指出目前针对农业用户群的特殊需求的气象App稀少。以广东省气候中心开发的农气服务系统App为例,讨论了基于手机App的农业气象服务可能的模式,介绍了安卓版的农业气象服务App开发的服务器端配置、应用开发情况、数据获取技术,使读者初步了解农业气象手机App的开发方法和功能。     

黑龙江省农业气象服务效益调查分析

为了解掌握气象服务对农业行业发挥的作用、产生的社会经济效益,提高气象部门服务质量,改进服务方式,开展有针对性的为农业行业专门气象服务奠定坚实的基础。我们组织了农业气象服务效益调查分析,调查分析认为,2006年该省农业气象服务贡献率为0.0351,农业行业的气象服务效益值48.708亿元,农业行业对农业气象年景分析等气象服务比较敏感,也非常需求。这些结果对于社会各界认识气象服务的价值具有重要意义。     

陕西县级农业气象服务调查及思考

气象服务是气象工作的出发点和归宿。农业既是国计民生的基础产业,又是对气候变化、气象灾害最敏感的行业,是气象服务的重点。随着气候变暖加剧和极端气候事件频率的增加,农业气象服务已进一步引起各有关部门的高度关注。县级气象部门地处农业生产第一线,是服务最直接、效果最显著的农业气象服务尖兵。近期走访了陕西部分市县气象局,调查了农业气象服务开展情况。     

基于Web-GIS的市县级农业气象业务服务系统研究

加强市县级农业气象业务信息化与自动化建设,可有效提升直通式农业气象服务水平。本文面向基层气象为农服务需求,依托省级农业气象业务服务平台,构建基于Web-GIS市县级农业气象业务服务系统。系统首先应用ArcSDE技术,将省级农业气象业务服务平台输出的农业气象监测、灾害诊断和利弊影响分析等数据产品,转换为空间数据库;采用ArcGIS Server for Flex API开发技术,在浏览器端实现对农业气象数据产品的空间分析。通过拓展省级农业气象周年服务方案、农业气象指标库及农业气象灾害防御对策等知识库,构建农业气象知识库在线维护与服务平台。并基于Internet平台,为县级气象为农服务人员,提供基础数据统计分析及省、市、县三级农业气象业务服务产品共享等功能。系统基于B/S结构,便于推广应用,可为基层直通式农业气象服务提供重要技术支撑。     

贵州农业气象服务内容与工作流程概述

随着现代农业的发展,农业生产各个环节对于气象服务的需求日益迫切,促进农业生产规划布局更加科学合理,农业生产管理更加精准高效,农产品更加增值畅销,是农业气象服务的目的和意义所在。该文从农业生产产前的规划布局气候论证服务、产中的生产管理气象服务和产后的农产品销售气象服务等方面,梳理了农业气象服务的内容和工作流程,整理了各个环节的主要内容和关键要点,以期为省市县各级农业气象服务工作提供参考,亦为各级农业生产者针对性地获取气象服务信息并应用于农业生产实践提供参考。     

为农业现代化作出更大的贡献——纪念世界气象日

世界气象组织将“气象为农业服务”作为今年三月二十三日世界气象日纪念活动的内容。为了围绕这个主题,开展广泛而有意义的纪念活动,推广气象科学在农业方面的广泛应用,扩大气象为农业服务的影响,唤起人们对气象工作的重视,我们《广西气象》第二期,重点反映我区各级气象部门为农业生产服务的主要经验和成果。 从刊登的文章中我们可以看出,我区各级气象部门为农业生产服务做了大量的工作,取得了可喜的成绩,特别是党的十一届三中全会以来,我区广大气象工作者,更加明确了气象为大农业服务的思想,努力做好农。林牧副渔多种经营的气象服务工作,并取得了初步的经济效益。成绩的取得,首先是由于我区气象部门在各级党委和政府的领导下,始终不渝地把为农业服务作为气象工作     

农业气象服务效益评估方法研究

科学、准确的对我国农业气象服务效益进行评估和分析,对政府和企业正确决策,提高农业气象防灾减灾能力,具有重要的作用和意义。结合农业气象服务的特点,采用剂量-反应分析和德尔菲法相结合的研究方法,研究提出了农业气象服务效益评估模式。该评估模式以典型单位的气象服务贡献率的实际测定值为参考值,运用专家评估法,由农业专家估测出气象服务在该农业生产中的贡献率,以此为基础分析评估出农业气象服务效益值。应用这一评估模式,对河南省农业气象服务效益进行了实证分析评估。结果表明,种植业气象服务贡献率为6.90 %,而后依次是牧业4.20 %、林业3.93 %、农林牧渔服务业3.36 %和渔业2.90 %。同时,分析研究了2007年以来,河南省农业气象服务效益的动态变化,研究表明,气象服务效益值随着农业产值的增加而不断提高,从2007年128.27亿元攀升至2010年191.65亿元,年均增速达到14.32 %。河南省农业气象服务平均贡献率保持在5.60 %-5.90 %之间,这一比率远高于全国,由此也说明了农业气象服务对河南省农业生产的重要作用。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.