一种有效的地震动速度时程时域特性分析方法

在分析特殊型地震动如近场脉冲型地震动或远场类谐和地震动时,研究和设计人员更关注于地震动的时域特性.鉴于目前尚不具有一种成熟的用于分析地震动时域特性的方法,在研究中通常采用肉眼辨别地震动.但在肉眼辨别的过程中并没有定量的指标描述地震动的特性,因此这种方法容易引入人为的主观性误差.地震动的时域特性主要指地震动的振动周期和强度随时间的变化情况.如有一种定量描述这种变化的方法便能消除肉眼辨别中引入的主观性误差.为解决该问题,本文提出了一种简便、有效的分析地震动速度时程时域特性的速度零点法ZVPM(Zero Velocity Point Method).采用这种方法可以定量地分析地震动速度时程的振动周期和强弱程度随时间的变化情况,并可以通过定义的幅值参数、周期参数和相位参数获取等效的地震动速度时程.鉴于脉冲型地震动对结构具有特殊的破坏作用,本文采用速度零点法分析了24条典型的强脉冲型地震动,并基于速度零点法提出了一种简便的脉冲周期计算方法.为便于工程设计人员快速地获取本文所选脉冲型地震动的等效速度脉冲,文中给出了每一条地震动等效速度脉冲的数学表达式.     

一种改进的近断层脉冲型地震动模拟方法

本文基于小波包技术的随机地震动模拟方法,提出一种改进的参数化随机近断层脉冲型地震动模拟方法。然后,通过识别和提取近断层脉冲型地震动数据库中脉冲型地震动的特征参数,建立了基于震源、传播路径和场地特征等参数的脉冲模型参数预测方程。最后,通过模拟实际记录和误差分析检验了改进的模拟方法的有效性。结果表明:应用改进的模拟方法得到的地震动时程无论在波形、频率特性还是峰值上均与实际记录具有较好的一致性。改进的模拟方法在保留地震动时频非平稳性的基础上,能够有效地提高近断层脉冲型地震动的模拟效果,并且能够很好地体现脉冲型地震动的主要特征。     

1979年帝王谷地震速度脉冲型地震动的识别和初步讨论

以1979年MW6.5帝王谷地震为例,比较了小波变换法、峰点法(PPM)和零点法(ZVPM)识别近断层速度脉冲型强震记录的能力,三种方法识别出的脉冲峰值基本一致,脉冲周期略有差别.为分析速度脉冲的产生机制,包括产生时间、位置以及凹凸体的影响,借助频率-波数域格林函数法(FK法)合成近断层宽频带地震动,采用峰点法逐步识别...     

近断层脉冲型地震动的模拟方法

近断层地震动的向前方向性效应和永久地面位移效应导致其速度时程表现为长周期、大峰值的速度脉冲，其位移时程表现为阶跃型脉冲. 针对这些特点，同时考虑向前方向性效应和永久地面位移效应，提出了一种简单的、连续函数形式表达的等效速度脉冲模型. 在该模型中，包含描述速度脉冲周期、峰值和形状的5个待定参数，方便了实际脉冲型地震记录的拟合及模拟. 等效速度脉冲模型只包含单一的频率成分，不能反映脉冲型地震记录的高频成分. 根据对11次地震28条地震记录的分析， 速度脉冲的频率一般小于1Hz. 因此， 在模拟脉冲型地震记录的方法中，分别模拟低频脉冲成分和高频成分，并将两者叠加生成近断层脉冲型地震动的模拟时程.      

适用于全周期结构的速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数研究

鉴于传统的地震动强度表征参数（IM）不能有效地反映速度脉冲型地震动的破坏特征,需要研究能够在全周期段内表征速度脉冲型地震动强度的参数。本文首先从NGA-West2强震数据库中选取了236条速度脉冲记录,分析了42种地震动参数之间的相似性和相关性,初步给出了速度脉冲型地震动强度的表征参数;其次,利用单自由度体系动力时程分析方法,研究了不同延性μ条件下速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数与最大非线性位移u_m之间的相关性系数随周期T的变化特征,并通过线性回归和离差分析方法确定了初步给出的速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数的有效性及其应用范围;最后,将速度脉冲对加速度反应谱的放大系数A_f作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数,并验证其有效性。结果表明:① 当0＜T＜1 s时,S_a（T）作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数的有效性较好;② 当1＜T＜3 s时,S_a,avg,S_v,avg,PPV,I_f和PGV作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数的有效性较好;③ 当3＜T＜6 s时,S_a,avg,S_v,avg,PPV,I_f,PGV和S_a（T）不宜作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数;④ 当0＜T＜6 s时,A_f作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数的有效性较好,而且,当结构自振周期小于速度脉冲周期时,A_f作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数时u_m的离散性最小。      

垂直和平行于断层方向的脉冲参数特性分析

如何实现速度脉冲参数化并对其参数进行特性分析是一个值得深究的问题。从NGA-West2强震动数据库选取126组近断层脉冲型地震动记录,采用速度脉冲模型,基于最小二乘法拟合得到水平分量的速度脉冲模型特征参数,研究震级、断层距、场地类别对脉冲参数的影响,并对比垂直和平行断层分量脉冲参数的特性差异。结果表明:垂直断层分量的脉冲峰值随震级和断层距的变化速率均快于平行断层分量的相应值,场地条件对脉冲峰值随震级和断层距的变化规律具有较大影响;半脉冲周期与主脉冲周期存在强线性相关性,两者随震级的变化规律存在差异;当震级相同时,基岩场地上的脉冲峰值时刻小于土层场地;对于集集地震来说,较小的形状参数主要分布于靠近破裂断层处,随着断层距的增大,不同分量之间的脉冲形状参数的差异也随之变大。     

近断层地震动最强速度脉冲方向分量特性研究

为了研究速度脉冲型地震动的最强速度脉冲方向分量与垂直或平行断层方向分量之间的特性差异,本文采用多分量速度脉冲识别方法从NGA-West2强震动数据库的236组近断层地震动速度脉冲记录中提取出最强速度脉冲方向分量,对其脉冲参数随震级M_W和断层距R变化的统计关系式进行了回归分析,并对比了最强速度脉冲方向分量与垂直或平行断层方向分量之间的特性差异。研究结果表明:当R＜30 km时,最强速度脉冲方向分量的脉冲幅值预测值较垂直或平行断层方向分量的预测值大,而当R＞30 km时,两种分量的脉冲幅值预测值相差不大,可以忽略;当M_W≤7.5时,最强速度脉冲方向分量的脉冲周期预测值比垂直或平行断层方向分量的预测值大,而当M_W＞7.5时,两种分量的脉冲周期预测值差异不大,可以忽略。      

NGA-West2地震动预测模型对速度脉冲型地震动各分量的适用性

鉴于传统的地震动预测模型未考虑速度脉冲的影响,可能会低估近断层区域的地震风险,而新一代NGA-West2地震动预测模型对速度脉冲型地震动的适用性有待研究。首先,收集了2013年以来的近断层地震动记录,在充分考虑脉冲方向的不确定性条件下,基于小波方法定量地识别出速度脉冲记录,形成了最新的速度脉冲记录数据库;然后,利用小波提取出速度脉冲记录中的长周期脉冲信号,基于偏差参数分析方法,定量地研究NGA-West2地震动预测模型分别对速度脉冲原始记录和提取长周期脉冲后的残余记录的适用性。研究结果显示,NGA-West2中的四个地震动预测模型均会低估近断层速度脉冲记录,特别是在脉冲周期附近的周期段内速度脉冲观测值远远大于这四个预测模型的预测值,但残余记录观测值与NGA-West2中四个地震动预测模型的预测值较吻合。值得注意的是,CB2014地震动预测模型能更好地预测残余记录。     

近断层速度脉冲型地震动特征周期的估计与调整

基于美国NGA数据库,在断层投影距小于25 km范围内挑选了1387条地震加速度记录,分别按照断层距和场地条件进行分组,对近断层速度脉冲型地震动的频谱特性、特征周期,及其与断层距、震级的相关性予以分析。结果显示:① 出现速度脉冲型地震动的比例与断层投影距之间存在明显的线性相关关系,但其与震级的变化不相关;② 地震动速度脉冲周期与震级之间存在强相关;③ 对于近断层速度脉冲型地震动,采用动态变化的加速度和速度反应谱峰值周期进行特征周期的计算,更加符合真实情况;④ 地震动速度脉冲有放大地震动特征周期的作用,水平向放大的比例与竖向相当,且放大作用与场地条件相关,在较硬场地上放大较多。本文基于上述近断层地震动的统计分析结果,对现行抗震设计规范中定义的特征周期提出了适合于工程应用的调整系数,并建立了速度脉冲周期与震级之间的关系模型,分析结果显示二者的拟合效果较好。      

基于卷积神经网络的速度大脉冲识别方法研究

含速度大脉冲的强地震动具有复杂的特性,人工提取速度大脉冲特征的方法较繁琐,故利用卷积神经网络（CNN）在图像特征自动提取方面的优势,提出基于卷积神经网络图像识别的速度大脉冲识别方法。基于美国太平洋地震工程研究中心NGA-West1数据库提供的强地震动记录,筛选出6 000条非脉冲记录和91条含有速度大脉冲的强地震动记录。采用在原始记录中加入高斯噪声和过采样的方法,使2类记录样本数量达到均衡。利用本文建立的卷积神经网络模型对2类记录速度时程图进行特征自动提取和分类识别,结果显示测试集准确率为99%,表明本文卷积神经网络模型能够自动提取速度大脉冲特征,进而复现已有结果。将本文方法与传统方法进行了对比,结果表明,对含有多个速度脉冲的强地震动记录的识别,本文方法优于传统方法,具有较高的可靠性、鲁棒性、灵活性。     

Study on equivalent velocity pulse of nearfault ground motions

Introduction By analyzing earthquake motions, we could find that earthquake motions near the causativefault have two characteristics. One is the remarkable directivity effect. The amplitude of thefault-normal component is larger than that of the fault-parallel one; the other is obvious pulse mo-tions. Bertero, et al (1977) studied the earthquake records of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.They first pointed out that some ground motions recorded near the causative fault is characterizedb…     

近断层地震动等效速度脉冲研究

近断层地震动对地表结构物造成严重的破坏，它具有明显的方向性和脉冲型特征. 在速度时程中含有大幅值、长周期的脉冲波，对结构响应影响很大. 为简化计算和分析的需要，在既有的等效速度脉冲模型的基础上，建议了较为合理等效速度脉冲模型. 在充分收集脉冲型近断层地震记录的基础上，对等效速度脉冲模型的脉冲周期、脉冲强度及卓越脉冲数等参数进行了研究，并与以往研究者的结果进行比较，以利于近断层区结构的抗震设计.      

An efficient algorithm for identifying pulse‐like ground motions based on significant velocity half‐cycles

Ground motions with strong velocity pulses are of particular interest to structural earthquake engineers because they have the potential to impose extreme seismic demands on structures. Accurate classification of records is essential in several earthquake engineering fields where pulse‐like ground motions should be distinguished from nonpulse‐like records, such as probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and seismic risk assessment of structures. This study proposes an effective method to identify pulse‐like ground motions having single, multiple, or irregular pulses. To effectively characterize the intrinsic pulse‐like features, the concept of an energy‐based significant velocity half‐cycle, which is visually identifiable, is first presented. Ground motions are classified into 6 categories according to the number of significant half‐cycles in the velocity time series. The pulse energy ratio is used as an indicator for quantitative identification, and then the energy threshold values for each type of ground motions are determined. Comprehensive comparisons of the proposed approach with 4 benchmark identification methods are conducted, and the results indicate that the methodology presented in this study can more accurately and efficiently distinguish pulse‐like and nonpulse‐like ground motions. Also presented are some insights into the reasons why many pulse‐like ground motions are not detected successfully by each of the benchmark methods.     

Design spectra including effect of rupture directivity in near-fault region

In order to propose a seismic design spectrum that includes the effect of rupture directivity in the near-fault region, this study investigates the application of equivalent pulses to the parameter attenuation relationships developed for near-fault, forward-directivity motions. Near-fault ground motions are represented by equivalent pulses with different waveforms defined by a small number of parameters （peak acceleration, A, and velocity V; and pulse period, Tv）. Dimensionless ratios between these parameters （e.g., ATv/V, VTv/D） and response spectral shapes and amplitudes are examined for different pulses to gain insight on their dependence on basic pulse waveforms. Ratios of ATv/V, VTv/D, and the ratio of pulse period to the period for peak spectral velocity （Tv-p） are utilized to quantify the difference between rock and soil sites for near-fault forward-directivity ground motions. The ATv/Vratio of recorded near-fault motions is substantially larger for rock sites than that for soil sites, while Tvp/Tv ratios are smaller at rock sites than at soil sites. Furthermore, using simple pulses and available predictive relationships for the pulse parameters, a preliminary model for the design acceleration response spectra for the near-fault region that includes the dependence on magnitude, rupture distance, and local site conditions are developed.     

Simulation method of near-fault pulse-type ground motion

Introduction With the development of the economy of China, it is possible to build large-span bridges, pipelines, dams and other lifeline structures in the seismically active regions or through the active faults. In addition, some isolated and energy diss…     

Non‐structure‐specific intensity measure parameters and characteristic period of near‐fault ground motions

This paper focuses on the effects of long‐period pulse of near‐fault ground motions on the structural damage potential. Two sets of near‐fault ground motion records from Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake and Northridge earthquake with and without distinct pulse are selected as the input, and the correlation analysis between 30 non‐structure‐specific intensity measure parameters and maximum inelastic displacements and energy responses (input energy and hysteretic energy) of bilinear single degree of freedom systems are conducted. Based on the frequency characteristic of near‐fault ground motions with remarkable long‐period components, two intensity indices are proposed, namely, the improved effective peak acceleration (IEPA) and improved effective peak velocity (IEPV). In addition a new characteristic period of these ground motions is defined based on IEPA and IEPV. Numerical results illustrate that the intensity measure parameters related to ground acceleration present the best correlation with the seismic responses for rigid systems; the velocity‐related and displacement‐related parameters are better for medium‐frequency systems and flexible systems, respectively. The correlation curves of near‐fault ground motions with velocity pulse differ from those of ground motions without pulse. Moreover, the improved parameters IEPA and IEPV of near‐fault impulsive ground motions enhance the performance of intensity measure of corresponding conventional parameters, i.e. EPA and EPV. The new characteristic period based on IEPA and IEPV can better reflect the frequency content of near‐fault ground motions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Explicit determination of the pulse inherent in pulse‐like ground motions

A new method is presented for the determination of the parameters of the pulse contained in pulse‐like records. The Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou (M&P) wavelet is used for the mathematical representation of the pulse, but the proposed methodology could be modified to cover other types of wavelets as well. First, the period of the pulse is determined from the peak of the S_d × S_v product spectrum, a new concept that is introduced herein and is defined as the product of the velocity and the displacement response spectra. The remaining parameters of the M&P wavelet are derived from the targeted response spectrum of the ground motion applying a new relationship that is established between the cumulative absolute displacement (CAD) of a wavelet and its peak spectral amplitude. The method follows a well‐defined procedure that can be easily implemented in a computer code for the automatic determination of the pulse parameters of a given ground motion. As an application, the pulses contained in 91 NGA records that have been classified as pulse‐like by Baker are determined. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of near-fault ground motion containing velocity pulses

There are many reports about the research on near-fault velocity pulses, which focus on the generation of velocity pulse and simplify the velocity pulse so as to be used in the seismic design of structure, However few researches have put emphasis on the characteristics of near-fault ground motions containing velocity pulses, especially the characteristics relevant with the design response spectrum prescribed by the code. Through collection of a large number of near-fault records containing velocity pulses, the response spectra and the characteristic periods of records containing no pulses are compared with those of records containing pulses. Response spectra of near-fault records are compared with standard spectra given by code; furthermore, the response spectra and the characteristic periods of each earthquake are compared with that given by code. The result shows that at long periods （longer than 1.5 s）, the response spectrum of pulse-containing records is bigger than the response spectrum of no-pulse-containing records; when the characteristic period of near-fault records is calculated, the method that does not fix frequency is more reasonable because the T1 and T2 have a lagging tendency; regardless of the site Ⅰ and site Ⅱ, the characteristic period of pulse-containing records is over twice bigger than the characteristic period given by the code,