最强脉冲方向分量的周期特性及其影响因素分析

以NGA-West2强震数据库中的243组脉冲型地震记录为数据基础,按照我国场地分类标准对其进行分类,探讨场地条件、断层类型及断层距等对最强脉冲方向分量脉冲周期(T_P)随震级(M_W)变化规律的影响。结果表明:(1)最强脉冲方向分量与垂直断层走向分量的T_P具有强线性相关性,场地条件对二者周期相关性的影响不大;(2)场地土层的剪切波速越大,T_P随M_W增大的速率越快;(3)Ⅲ类场地的T_P值大于Ⅰ,Ⅱ类场地;(4)最强脉冲方向分量T_P随M_W的增大速率要快于垂直或平行断层走向分量;(5)在Ⅰ,Ⅱ类场地条件下,非走滑断层的T_P随M_W的增大速率快于走滑断层,这一规律在Ⅲ类场地条件下正好相反;(6)3类场地非近断层区域的T_P随M_W的增大速率快于近断层区域。建议在使用脉冲周期与震级关系的统计模型时应考虑场地条件、断层类型、断层距及不同国家场地分类标准差异性的影响。     

基于小波方法分析汶川地震近断层地震动的速度脉冲特性

选取断层距小于200 km的64组强震记录数据,基于小波方法分析汶川地震近断层速度脉冲的地震动特性,并将此次地震中获取到的速度脉冲周期和幅值参数与Chi-Chi 地震和Northridge地震进行了比较,统计分析地震震级、距离对速度脉冲的周期和幅值参数的影响.研究表明:(1)汶川地震近断层速度脉冲具有周期长、幅值小的特点.速度脉冲周期主要分布在6~14 s之间,其中51MZQ台沿平行断层的分量脉冲周期最大为14.2 s,速度脉冲幅值与Chi-Chi 地震和Northridge地震相比明显偏小.(2) 速度脉冲记录出现在沿着地震断层破裂传播的方向上,且与地表断裂的距离都在30 km以内,这些长周期速度脉冲的形成可能主要由破裂传播的向前方向性效应引起.(3)速度脉冲的周期随矩震级呈对数线性增大,且随断层距增大有减小趋势.在矩震级小于M_w7.5时,观测到的地震动脉冲幅值为50~150 cm/s之间,与100 cm/s的典型断层滑动速率非常接近;而震级大于M_w7.5时,断层距10km范围内脉冲的幅值已经超过100 cm/s,个别记录的脉冲幅值甚至达到200 cm/s,远超过前人给出的饱和值,这可能与大的永久形变或该处土层介质条件有关.     

台湾双冬断层近场脉冲型地震动的数值模拟

根据我国台湾地区西部的地质地貌特征和1999年集集M_W7.6地震的震源参数,建立了三维速度结构模型和两类震源模型。基于地壳中断层的位错积累量和岩石破裂后应力应变的传播特性,采用三维有限差分法对双冬断层活动可能产生的近场脉冲型地震动进行了模拟研究。结果表明:走滑断层垂直于断层走向的水平分量和逆断层垂直分量的峰值速度较大;由方向性效应所产生的双向速度脉冲主要集中在垂直于断层滑动分量方向,而由滑冲效应所产生的单向速度脉冲则主要集中在平行于断层滑动分量的方向;受方向性效应和上盘效应的共同制约,近场脉冲型地震动呈不对称带状分布,速度脉冲多分布在距离走滑断层迹线15 km和逆断层迹线10 km的范围内;速度反应谱在断层面的覆盖范围内沿破裂方向逐渐增大,且速度脉冲可能会对大型建筑物产生严重的剪切破坏。受凹凸体特性的影响,地震波场显示南投、台中和苗栗处于强地震动危险区。      

垂直和平行于断层方向的脉冲参数特性分析

如何实现速度脉冲参数化并对其参数进行特性分析是一个值得深究的问题。从NGA-West2强震动数据库选取126组近断层脉冲型地震动记录,采用速度脉冲模型,基于最小二乘法拟合得到水平分量的速度脉冲模型特征参数,研究震级、断层距、场地类别对脉冲参数的影响,并对比垂直和平行断层分量脉冲参数的特性差异。结果表明:垂直断层分量的脉冲峰值随震级和断层距的变化速率均快于平行断层分量的相应值,场地条件对脉冲峰值随震级和断层距的变化规律具有较大影响;半脉冲周期与主脉冲周期存在强线性相关性,两者随震级的变化规律存在差异;当震级相同时,基岩场地上的脉冲峰值时刻小于土层场地;对于集集地震来说,较小的形状参数主要分布于靠近破裂断层处,随着断层距的增大,不同分量之间的脉冲形状参数的差异也随之变大。     

基于多尺度分析方法的近断层地震动特性分析

近断层长周期地震动是一类较特殊的破坏性地震动.为了深入探讨近断层地震动的低频分量组成及其脉冲特性,基于小波理论中的多尺度分析方法提出了一种地震动分量分解方法,据此可将一条地震动分解成频率各不相同的多条分量.首先从频域、时域以及动态响应三个方面阐述了该分解方法的有效性和精确性.进而采用这种方法对近期12次大地震中的53条典型近断层地震动进行了分解,共获得266条地震动分量.分析了近断层地震动中的长周期分量随场地、断层距等影响因素的变化特征;再以卓越分量作为最大脉冲的简化模型,探讨了速度幅值和脉冲周期随震级、断层距的变化关系.结果表明：近断层长周期地震动主要由周期为0.2~2 s的分量组成;近断层土层场地地震动中的长周期分量比岩石场地多;在0~15 km的近断层区域,随断层距的增加,地震动中长周期分量的比重明显减小;卓越分量的速度幅值PGV_p约为原始地震动速度幅值PGV的0.6倍,且两者之间具有明显的线性关系;PGV_p随断层距的增大而减小,随震级的增大而增大;卓越分量周期T_p随震级的增大呈对数线性增大趋势.     

近断层速度脉冲地震动的三维有限差分模拟

根据台湾西部地质地貌特征和1999年集集M_W7.6地震的研究成果,建立三维速度结构模型和震源模型,并采用三维有限差分法对双冬断层可能产生的近断层脉冲型地震动进行数值模拟。结果表明,方向性效应引起的双向速度脉冲集中在垂直于断层滑动分量的方向上,而滑冲效应引起的单向速度脉冲则集中在平行于断层滑动分量的方向上。受方向性效应和上盘效应的共同调制,近断层脉冲型地震动反映出不对称带状分布的特征,速度脉冲主要分布在距离断层面约10 km的范围内。凹凸体的特性影响着地震动的时空分布,由地震波场显示南投和台中处于强地震动危险区。近场脉冲型地震动的研究对分析速度脉冲形成机理以及地震危险性有一定的参考意义。     

适用于全周期结构的速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数研究

鉴于传统的地震动强度表征参数（IM）不能有效地反映速度脉冲型地震动的破坏特征,需要研究能够在全周期段内表征速度脉冲型地震动强度的参数。本文首先从NGA-West2强震数据库中选取了236条速度脉冲记录,分析了42种地震动参数之间的相似性和相关性,初步给出了速度脉冲型地震动强度的表征参数;其次,利用单自由度体系动力时程分析方法,研究了不同延性μ条件下速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数与最大非线性位移u_m之间的相关性系数随周期T的变化特征,并通过线性回归和离差分析方法确定了初步给出的速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数的有效性及其应用范围;最后,将速度脉冲对加速度反应谱的放大系数A_f作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数,并验证其有效性。结果表明:① 当0＜T＜1 s时,S_a（T）作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数的有效性较好;② 当1＜T＜3 s时,S_a,avg,S_v,avg,PPV,I_f和PGV作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数的有效性较好;③ 当3＜T＜6 s时,S_a,avg,S_v,avg,PPV,I_f,PGV和S_a（T）不宜作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数;④ 当0＜T＜6 s时,A_f作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数的有效性较好,而且,当结构自振周期小于速度脉冲周期时,A_f作为速度脉冲型地震动强度表征参数时u_m的离散性最小。      

NGA-West2地震动预测模型对速度脉冲型地震动各分量的适用性

鉴于传统的地震动预测模型未考虑速度脉冲的影响,可能会低估近断层区域的地震风险,而新一代NGA-West2地震动预测模型对速度脉冲型地震动的适用性有待研究。首先,收集了2013年以来的近断层地震动记录,在充分考虑脉冲方向的不确定性条件下,基于小波方法定量地识别出速度脉冲记录,形成了最新的速度脉冲记录数据库;然后,利用小波提取出速度脉冲记录中的长周期脉冲信号,基于偏差参数分析方法,定量地研究NGA-West2地震动预测模型分别对速度脉冲原始记录和提取长周期脉冲后的残余记录的适用性。研究结果显示,NGA-West2中的四个地震动预测模型均会低估近断层速度脉冲记录,特别是在脉冲周期附近的周期段内速度脉冲观测值远远大于这四个预测模型的预测值,但残余记录观测值与NGA-West2中四个地震动预测模型的预测值较吻合。值得注意的是,CB2014地震动预测模型能更好地预测残余记录。     

汶川地震近断层地震动的速度脉冲特性

选取断层距小于200 km的64组强震记录数据,基于小波方法分析汶川地震近断层速度脉冲的地震动特性,同时将汶川地震的速度脉冲与集集地震和Northridge地震进行对比,利用NGA数据库24次地震事件中的3 615条记录,选取出典型的脉冲型记录作为统计分析的基础数据,研究地震震级、距离对速度脉冲的周期和幅值参数的影响.     

夏垫断裂MW≥7.5地震动的预测

针对夏垫断裂开展了M_W≥7.5地震动预测研究。首先基于全破裂模式设定震源（使其尽可能涵盖夏垫断裂的未知信息）模拟得到夏垫断裂发生M_W≥7.5地震时研究区域内的地面地震动场,进而依据分位数筛选出各场点的地震动空间分布,讨论了包含不确定震源下的加速度峰值和速度峰值的分布特征,结果显示当夏垫断裂发生M_W7.9地震时,通州城区、北京中心城区均会发生强烈的运动。之后对比讨论了仿真震源下M_W7.5地震所引起的地面运动场的空间变化,结果显示对于同等震级而言,两种震源的模拟结果可以相互印证。      

Pulse-like ground motion observed during the 6 February 2023 MW7.8 Pazarcık Earthquake (Kahramanmaraş, SE Türkiye)

In this study, we analyzed 100 three-component strong ground motion records observed within 200 km of the causative fault of the 6 February 2023 M_W7.8 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) Earthquake in SE Türkiye. The wavelet method was utilized to identify and analyze the characteristics of pulse-like ground motions in the near-fault region, while considering the uncertainty of the pulse orientation during the analysis. Our investigation focused on the effects of the focal mechanism and rupture process on the spatial distribution, pulse orientation, and maximum pulse direction of the observed pulse-like ground motion. We also analyzed the amplitude and period of the observed ground pulses and the effect of long-period amplification on the ground motion response spectra. Our results indicated the following: (1) A total of 21 typical ground velocity pulses were observed during this earthquake, exhibiting complex characteristics due to the influence of the strike-slip mechanism and rupture directivity. Most ground pulses (17 out of 21) were recorded within 20 km of the fault, in a wide range of orientations, including normal and parallel to the fault direction. The waveforms exhibited unidirectional features, indicating the effects of left-lateral fault slip. Distinct pulses observed more than 20 km from the fault were mainly oriented normal to the fault. The waveforms were bidirectional with double- or multi-round trips as a result of rupture directivity. (2) The amplitudes of the observed pulses ranged from 30.5 to 220.0 cm/s, with the largest peak velocity of 220.0 cm/s observed at Station 3138. The pulse periods ranged from 2.3 to 14.5 s, with the longest pulse period of 14.5 s observed at Station 3116. The amplitude and period of the pulses observed during this earthquake were comparable to those of similar-magnitude global earthquakes. The amplitude of the pulses decreased significantly with increasing fault distance, whereas the pulse period was not significantly affected by the fault distance. (3) Compared with non-pulse records, the velocity pulse records had a pronounced amplification effect on the acceleration response spectra near the pulse period, with factors ranging from 2.1 to 5.8. The larger velocity pulses also significantly amplified the velocity response spectra, particularly over the long periods. This significant amplification effect of the pulses on the response spectra leads to empirical models underestimating the long-period earthquake ground motion.     

A stochastic model and synthesis for near‐fault impulsive ground motions

The orientations of ground motions are paramount when the pulse‐like motions and their unfavorable seismic responses are considered. This paper addresses the stochastic modeling and synthesizing of near‐fault impulsive ground motions with forward directivity effect taking the orientation of the strongest pulses into account. First, a statistical parametric analysis of velocity time histories in the orientation of the strongest pulse with a specified magnitude and various fault distances is performed. A new stochastic model is established consisting of a velocity pulse model with random parameters and a stochastic approach to synthesize high‐frequency velocity time history. The high‐frequency velocity history is achieved by integrating a stochastic high‐frequency accelerogram, which is generated via the modified K‐T spectrum of residual acceleration histories and then modulated by the specific envelope function. Next, the associated parameters of pulse model, envelope function, and power spectral density are estimated by the least‐square fitting. Some chosen parameters in the stochastic model of near‐fault motions based on correlation analysis are regarded as random variables, which are validated to follow the normal or lognormal distribution. Moreover, the number theoretical method is suggested to select efficiently representative points, for generating artificial near‐fault impulsive ground motions with the feature of the strongest pulse, which can be used to the seismic response and reliability analysis of critical structures conveniently. Finally, the simulated ground motions demonstrate that the synthetic ground motions generated by the proposed stochastic model can represent the impulsive characteristic of near‐fault ground motions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

the faulting characteristics of 2008 wenchuan ms8.0 earthquake and its relation with strong ground motion

The 2008 M_S8 Wenchuan earthquake occurs on a high angle listric thrust fault. It is the first time that the near and far field strong ground motion was observed for such special type thrust earthquake. This paper jointly interprets the distribution of peak acceleration of ground motion data with seismogenic structure and slip propagating process to investigate how high angle listric thrust fault controls the pattern of strong ground motion. We found that the distribution of peak acceleration of strong ground motion during the Wenchuan earthquake has four distinctive features: 1)The peak acceleration of ground motion inside the Longmenshan fault zone is large, that is, nearly twice as strong as that outside the fault zone; 2)This earthquake produces significant vertical ground motion, prevailing against horizontal components in the near field; 3)The far field records show that the peak acceleration is generally higher and attenuates slower versus station-fault distance in the hanging wall. It is doubtful that the attenuation of horizontal components also has the hanging wall effect since no evidence yet proving that the unexpected high value at long distance need be omitted; 4)As to the attenuation in directions parallel to the source fault(Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault), the far field records also exhibit azimuthal heterogeneity that the peak acceleration of horizontal components decreases slower in the north-northeastern direction in which the co-seismic slip propagates than that in the backward way. However, the attenuation of vertical component displays very weak heterogeneity of this kind. Synthetically considered with shallow dislocation, high dip angle, and prevailing vertical deformation during co-seismic process of the Wenchuan earthquake, our near and far field ground motion records reflect the truth that the magnitude of ground motion is principally determined by slip type of earthquake and actual distance between the slipping source patches and stations. As a further interpretation, the uniqueness of high angle listric thrust results in that the ground motion effects of the Wenchuan earthquake are similar to that due to a common thrust earthquake in some components while differ in the others.     

盆地对三分量地震动持时的影响初探

利用关东盆地及其周边KiK-net台网井上台站记录的2004—2017年15次中强地震（矩震级为5.1～6.9级）构建三分量记录显著持时Ds_5-95数据库。针对该数据库,基于残差分析方法和3种水平向地震动持时参数预测方程,计算并给出事件间残差和事件内残差及其随不同类别参数的变化。在此基础上,初步探讨了水平向地震动持时预测方程应用于预测竖向地震动持时的可行性及盆地对三分量地震动持时的影响。研究结果表明,对于震源距和场地V_S30相当的情况,盆地内台站持时普遍大于盆地外台站持时,盆地内、外台站竖向地震动持时均大于水平向地震动持时;3种预测方程均可实现对盆地外台站水平向地震动Ds_5-95的合理估计,但在一定程度上低估了盆地内台站的水平向地震动Ds_5-95;3种预测方程均无法直接应用于竖向地震动持时预测。