近40 a来玛曲草原的气候生态特征

利用趋势分析法、Mann-kendall非参数趋势检验法和小波分析法对玛曲县气象站近40 a的积温、日照时数进行统计分析,结果表明:积温年际变化呈增加趋势,≥0℃积温倾向率为59.5℃/10a,极值出现在16 a振荡周期的跃变点处;≥10℃积温倾向率为33.7℃/10 a,极小值出现在10 a振荡周期的跃变点处;积温初日日期有提前的趋势,积温终日日期有推迟的趋势;≥10℃积温强振荡中心对应的周期比≥0℃多2 a,次强振荡中心对应的周期少5~6 a,低频和高频振荡同时趋向增大;日照时数年际变化呈增加趋势,倾向率为40.2 h/10 a,极小值发生在16 a振荡周期跃变点左右。Spearman秩相关分析,光、热、水的正匹配特征明显,其中牧草生长季5~9月水热同步变化,6~7月光水同步变化。牧草生长状况应当从光、热、水三者的匹配关系考虑,降水正常、气温偏高、日照丰富是最有利于牧草生长的草原气候生态环境。     

若尔盖湿地天然牧草生育期变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于若尔盖地区天然牧草1983～2013年生育期观测资料和近50年地面气象观测资料,通过趋势分析、相关分析、M-K突变检验和积分回归等数学方法分析了研究区气候变化特征及其对天然牧草高原早熟禾生育期的影响,以揭示若尔盖湿地天然牧草生育期对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明:(1)研究区年降水量有微弱下降趋势,牧草生长关键期5～9月有效降水日数下降趋势最为显著;年均气温、最高气温、最低气温升高趋势显著;牧草生长季4～9月逐月积温有显著增加的趋势;草地干燥指数以0.0256/10a的速率上升,1990s中期后暖干化加剧。(2)2000s牧草返青期、分蘖期、抽穗期较1980s提前,开花期较1990s延后了4天、黄枯期较1980s提前了12天,较1990s延迟了9天、生长期较1980s减少了20天,较1990s增加了8天。(3)3月≥0℃积温、4月和6月≥3℃积温的显著增加,导致了牧草返青期、分蘖期、抽穗期提前;除返青期外有效降水日数越多,生育期越提前,反之亦然;(4)牧草生长期对平均温度、气温日较差、有效降水日数等气象因子敏感;在牧草生长关键期7月不出现干旱或干旱程度较轻的情况下,气候变暖将导致生长期延长。      

甘肃省谷子气候生态适应性分析及适生种植区划

在分析谷子气候生态适应性的基础上,建立不同气候区谷子气候产量模型。确定影响产量形成关键时段的关键气象因素是≥10℃积温、8～9月平均气温、7月降水以及海拔高度和投入产出比等适生种植区划综合指标体系,据此划分5个谷子气候生态种植区。并提出提高气候生态资源的开发利用途径。     

卫辉市气候变化对冬小麦播期的影响

使用卫辉市48 a的气温、降水观测资料,结合冬小麦适宜播种的气候指标,分析了9月下旬及10月上、中旬气温的变化趋势,15、18℃终日的变化趋势,冬前≥0℃积温的变化趋势,冬季负积温的变化趋势以及播期降水量的变化趋势,结果表明:9月下旬及10月上、中旬的旬气温平均每10 a分别升高0.31,0.24,0.40℃;15、1...     

1961—2010年新丰县气候资源的变化特征

根据1961—2010年新丰气象站观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、滑动平均等方法,研究了近50年来新丰县气候资源的变化特征。结果表明,新丰气温呈变暖趋势,特别是21世纪以来升温明显,气温的变化不具有突变特征,冬季对气候变暖贡献最大;稳定≥10℃的活动积温呈增加趋势。降水为减少趋势且具有突变特征,突变点为1991年,降水减少明显;日照也呈减少趋势且在1989年存在突变。进一步分析,发现气候变暖导致春季和秋季干旱事件发生的频率增加;降水虽然呈减少趋势,但夏季的降水呈增加趋势,说明降水强度发生了变化,灾害造成的经济损失在增大。     

近45年吐鲁番地区气候变化趋势

分析了1954-1998年吐鲁番地区各县（市）气温、降水、无霜期、大风日数、酷热日数、寒冷日数、各界限积温、日平均气温≥0℃生长期、气温日较差等气候要素的变化趋势。     

小麦生产气候型和年景诊断

本文根据小麦冬前>0℃积温、降水与灌浆期的5月下旬、6月上旬气温、5月降水量、干热风和连续高温等气候变量,使用模糊数学二级综合决策方法。做小麦年景诊断,历史资料拟合率为71.4％。 一、小麦生产气候型 通过平行观测知道:小麦周期生产中起主要作用的气候因子是气温和降水。而气温和降水影响小麦的关     

气候因子与云南粮食生产的关系

该文分析了云南近50年气候生产力变化特征以及气候变化对农业生产的影响.重点对气温、降水与小麦、水稻产量形成的关系进行了研究, 结果表明12月至翌年2月的降水是小麦增减产的关键因子, ≥10 ℃的积温比降水更有利于水稻生产.同时针对制约农业增产的重要气象灾害发生时期进行诊断, 发现小春作物的主要气象灾害是1~2月的冬旱和2~4月的倒春寒, 大春作物的主要气象灾害是5月干旱和7~8月的低温冷害.     

巴楚县冬小麦生育期气温变化及其对小麦产量的影响

利用新疆巴楚气象站1984—2013年逐日气象资料,运用线性回归、趋势系数、异常度、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了巴楚县多时间尺度气温的变化特征对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:近30 a巴楚县冬季、春季平均气温均呈上升趋势,其中春季平均气温上升趋势显著,并于1998年发生了增暖性突变;寒冷日和酷冷日数均呈减少趋势,其中寒冷日数在1996年发生了减少性突变;稳定通过0℃界限温度的初日表现为提前、终日表现为推迟,持续日数则相应表现为增加趋势;日最高气温≥30℃日数呈增加趋势;冬小麦生长季内前期气温偏低,后期气温偏高是影响小麦产量的主要气候因子,其中抽穗、开花期的平均气温与小麦产量显著相关。     

1963—2022年呼伦贝尔市积温变化特征分析

文章以呼伦贝尔市16个国家级气象观测站1963—2022年日平均气温观测数据为基础,计算每年≥0℃和≥10℃的活动积温、起止日期、持续日数,并通过统计分析、线性回归、M-K检验、小波分析等方法,对其时空分布及保证率、倾向率、突变及周期进行分析。结果表明：呼伦贝尔市≥0℃、≥10℃活动积温均呈现随纬度和海拔高度增加而增加的分布状态,1963—2022年积温显著增多,生长季变长,林区≥0℃活动积温在1992年前后发生突变,农区、林区≥10℃活动积温在1992年前后发生突变,牧区≥10℃活动积温在1995年前后发生突变,各区域活动积温均呈现一定的周期性变化。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on