应用氮稳定同位素技术对雷州湾海域主要鱼类营养级的研究

1引言海洋食物网是维系海洋生态系统发展的基础,也是海洋生态学基础理论研究的主要内容之一。海洋食物网研究是通过对多种海洋鱼类食物关系的综合分析,了解其种间关系,阐明营养级的能流途径,可为海洋生态系统修复、改善海洋生态环境、保护海洋生物多样性和进一步合理开发利用海洋生物资源提供科学依据。     

海洋生态系统动力学理论在渔业上的应用

海洋生态系统动力学是为保护海洋生态环境和有效开发利用海洋资源,以研究海洋生态系统的结构、功能与动态行为、系统与环境的关系等为主要内容的系统科学.海洋生态系统动力学的研究发端于海洋渔业生态的研究.     

小球藻和三角褐指藻中脂肪酸和长链烷烃组成的比较研究

以小球藻(Chlorela sp.)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为研究对象,比较了其合成有机物中长链烷烃和脂肪酸的组成和丰度.结果表明,小球藻中的脂肪酸以14:0、16:1、16:0、20:5为主,其中16:0饱和脂肪酸的质量分数为43%,具绝对优势.三角褐指藻中的脂肪酸组成显示16:1、16:0、20:5占优势.其中16:1和16:0两种脂肪酸含量相当.长链烷烃在两种藻中均以低碳链分布,优势组分集中在C16～C21碳链之间.小球藻中C17具有明显丰度,而三角褐指藻中长链烷烃含量差别不大.两种微藻中的长链烷烃组成都没有奇偶优势碳链分布的特征,这与陆源植物中长链烷烃明显的奇偶优势分布特征相比,具有显著的差异.这些结果对判断不同微藻在食物链中的营养级别,以及对以长链烷烃和脂肪酸为生物标志物研究我国近岸海沉积物中有机物的来源均具有实际意义.     

长江口鱼类食物网与营养结构的研究

鱼类食物网是海洋生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的重要途径,营养结构则是表明能量流动过程中不同消费者的营养水平以及消费者之间的营养关系,二者对研究海洋生态系统中鱼类捕食与被捕食、种间竞争、种群调节以及数量变动等都具有重要意义。但国内、外关于长江口鱼类食物网及营养结构的研究尚未见详细报道。 为探讨三峡工程对河口生态系统的影响,中国科学院海洋研究所于1985年9月至1986年8月对长江口及邻近海域进行了周年综合性本底调查,并对长江口鱼类食物类型作了简单的描述(刘瑞玉、罗秉征等,1987),本文根据以上资料对长江口60种主要鱼类的食物组成、摄食生态类型、食物网与营养结构进行了分析,以期为研究长江口生态系统的功能、生物生产过程以及合理开发利用长江口渔业资源提供科学依据。     

海洋生态系统服务价值及评估研究进展

从服务产生的过程和学科两个角度对海洋生态系统服务概念进行了分析,以实际评估为出发点,讨论并优化了海洋生态系统服务的功能分类,并在此分类基础上,对各种功能进行分析,尤其是调节服务功能的评估方法及适用性,最后针对海洋生态系统服务价值评估未来的研究趋势进行展望.     

典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究进展与展望

近年来,海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究日益受到关注.本文梳理了国内外在红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床、盐沼湿地等四类典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估指标和评估方法方面的研究进展.结果 表明,典型海洋生态系统在进行生态修复成效评估时,基于修复目标和修复方法,评估指标选取虽各有侧重,但主要包括生物和生境状况两个方面.多数生态修复项目的 监测、评估都是在短期内进行的,缺乏长期、连续性监测,社会和经济相关指标的研究还相对较为缺乏.成效评估方法目前没有比较清晰、全面的分类.实际应用的评估方法较为单一,对海洋生态系统服务价值揭示不够全面.建议未来应立足生态系统过程,加强各典型海洋生态系统生态修复中长期成效评估,开展基于生态修复方式的成效评估,以及社会经济文化效益评估等方面的研究.本文通过对成效评估指标和方法的梳理,以期更好地为典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估的理论和实践研究提供参考.     

海南八门湾红树林柱状沉积物中有机生物标志物的分布和降解

对海南岛红树林柱样中有机生物标志物等生物地球化学参数进行了初步研究.结果显示红树林中有机碳(OC)与总氮(TN)比值范围为5.35-7.47,碳稳定同位素(δ13C)值范围为-25‰--22.9‰.脂肪酸与正构烷烃浓度分布范围分别为7.8-21.8μg·g-1(干重)和3.2-25μg·g-1(干重).在表层沉积物中,红树林植物、细菌与浮游生物的脂肪酸生物标志物各占总脂肪酸的25.4%、12.9%和7.5%,结合较低的OC/TN比值和较高的δ13C值,表征了当地微生物和外源浮游植物的有机质贡献.各类脂肪酸在柱样中表现出不同的降解特征:多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)优先被降解,而长链脂肪酸(LCFAs)则较为稳定,没有明显的降解.碳优势指数(CPI)和平均碳链长度(ACL)显示,埋藏深度越深,有机物的生物化学改造程度越大.     

利用可提取性磷脂表征沉积物中微生物的生物量

应用ＧＣ－ＭＳ技术,分析了深圳大亚湾大鹏澳及厦门岛南岸海域沿岸几个站位沉积物中可提一磷脂酯结合态脂肪酸的含量和组成成份;同时采用吖啶橙荧光染色计数法测定了这些的中细菌的丰度、重担一。结果表明,在这些沉积物中细菌的生物量与磷脂酯结合态脂肪酸的组份的含量有着正相关关系。说明在环境生态研究中,可提取性磷脂作为海洋和河口沉积物中微生物生物量的生物标志物的可行性。     

海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估研究进展

海洋生态系统的服务功能及其生态价值是地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分,也是社会与环境可持续发展的基本要素,海洋生态资源的研究在解决人类福利,海洋管理,可持续发展以及维护国家权益等方面非常重要,虽然人类在海洋生态系统价值与GDP的关系,海洋生态系统可持续发展的原则,海洋生态系统价值的区域性研究等方面已经积累了一些研究成果,但对海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估的研究与其他生态系统相比存在很大差距,认为创建海洋生态价值评估理论体系是首要问题,近海生态系统服务功能是未来重要发展方向之一,海洋生态价值的改变应该纳入全球绿色GDP的核算体系。     

环境因子对好氧不产氧光合细菌脂肪酸组成的影响

对赤杆菌属(Erythrobacter)、柠檬酸微菌属(Citromicrobium)和玫瑰杆菌(Roseobacter)分支的9株好氧不产氧光合细菌(AAPB)的脂肪酸组成进行分析,并以10株非AAPB菌为参照,从脂肪酸角度考察光照、温度、营养等重要环境因子对AAPB的影响.结果显示, AAPB的脂肪酸以C18:1 w7c为主,该成分在Roseobacter分支中含量最高,不同种脂肪酸对环境因子的响应不同,低温和寡营养条件主要作用于不饱和脂肪酸(UFA);二羟基脂肪酸在寡营养和光照双重作用下有较明显的升高.此外,结合非AAPB 的比较也为 AAPB 脂肪酸研究提供了新的视角,如温度实验显示,由于不饱和脂肪酸的比例较高, AAPB 可能在寒冷海域有更好的竞争优势,而从饥饿培养试验来看, AAPB 的异养能力似乎比非AAPB更弱.     

Transfer of lipids from plankton to blubber of harp and hooded seals off East Greenland

Sub-Arctic marine ecosystems are some of the most productive ecosystems in the world's oceans. The capacity of herbivorous zooplankton, such as Calanus, to biosynthesize and store large amounts of lipids during the short and intense spring bloom is a fundamental adaptation which facilitates the large production in these ecosystems. These energy-rich lipids are rapidly transferred through the food chain to Arctic seals. The fatty acids and stable isotopes from harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) and hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) off East Greenland as well as their potential prey, were analysed. The results were used to describe the lipid dynamics and energy transfer in parts of the East Greenland ecosystem. Even if the two seal species showed considerable overlap in diet and occurred at relatively similar trophic levels, the fatty acid profiles indicated that the bases of the food chains of harp and hooded seals were different. The fatty acids of harp seals originate from diatom-based food chain, whereas the fatty acids of hooded seals originate from dinoflagellate and the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii-based food chain. Stable isotope analyses showed that both species are true carnivores on the top of their food chains, with hooded seal being slightly higher on the food chain than harp seal.     

Ecological niches of Arctic deep-sea copepods: Vertical partitioning,dietary preferences and different trophic levels minimize inter-specific competition

The biodiversity of pelagic deep-sea ecosystems has received growing scientific interest in the last decade, especially in the framework of international marine biodiversity initiatives, such as Census of Marine Life (CoML). While a growing number of deep-sea zooplankton species has been identified and genetically characterized, little information is available on the mechanisms minimizing inter-specific competition and thus allowing closely related species to co-occur in the deep-sea pelagic realm. Focussing on the two dominant calanoid copepod families Euchaetidae and Aetideidae in Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean, the present study strives to characterize ecological niches of co-occurring species, with regard to vertical distribution, dietary composition as derived from lipid biomarkers, and trophic level on the basis of stable isotope signatures. Closely related species were usually restricted to different depth layers, resulting in a multi-layered vertical distribution pattern. Thus, vertical partitioning was an important mechanism to avoid inter-specific competition. Species occurring in the same depth strata usually belonged to different genera. They differed in fatty acid composition and trophic level, indicating different food preferences. Herbivorous Calanus represent major prey items for many omnivorous and carnivorous species throughout the water column. The seasonal and ontogenetic vertical migration of Calanus acts as a short-cut in food supply for pelagic deep-sea ecosystems in the Arctic.     

Fatty acid transfer in the food web of a coastal Mediterranean lagoon: Evidence for high arachidonic acid retention in fish

The transfer of fatty acids (FAs) in the food web of a Mediterranean lagoon was studied using FA compositional patterns across several trophic levels. The structure of the food web was inferred from C and N stable isotopes values and an isotope mixing model was used in order to estimate the relative contribution of the different potential food sources to the biomass of consumers. Bidimensional plots of FA composition of food web components against their δ¹⁵N values indicated a general trend of increasing proportions of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) with increasing trophic levels while the proportions of saturated fatty acids (SAFAs) and 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decreased. Using the relative contributions of food sources to consumers and their FA compositions, a model was built in order to estimate the PUFA composition of consumer mixed diets which was compared to consumer PUFA profiles. The latter allowed the identification of the PUFAs which were mostly enriched/retained in consumer lipids. There was a surprisingly high retention of arachidonic acid (ARA), a trend which challenges the idea of low ARA needs in marine fish and suggests the important physiological role of this essential FA for fish in estuarine environments.     

The benthic association between a bivalve and a shell boring polychaete and their potential food sources

The trophic relationships in the association of the Yeso scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis and its dominant endobiontic polychaete Polydora brevipalpa, which burrows into the scallop??s shell, and their potential food sources were studied using the method of fatty acid biochemical markers. It is shown that the differences in the diet of the scallop and the polychaete allow them to coexist in a close association. The trophic role of the association in the benthic community was revealed. The association selectively utilizes the food sources of the environment. It almost does not consume organic matter of bottom sediments, which allows it to coexist with other species in the community of higher order. There is minimal food competition between the association and detritivorous species; however, association can limit the development of species mostly foraging on diatom algae.     

Trophic position of deep-sea fish—Assessment through fatty acid and stable isotope analyses

To investigate the trophic ecology of two of the dominant families of deep-sea fish (Macrouridae and Moridae) fatty acid and stable isotope analyses were applied to liver and muscle samples of five abundant species from the NE Atlantic. In conjunction with stomach content data these methods made it possible to identify differences in feeding strategies between the five study species as well as variation in feeding in relation to increasing depth and body size. Biomarkers identified strong similarities between Coryphaenoides armatus and Antimora rostrata though differences were found associating C. armatus more with the benthic food web whereas A. rostrata showed stronger links to the pelagic food web. While Lepidion eques was classified as a species linking benthic and benthopelagic food webs, both fatty acid and stable isotope data suggested that Coryphaenoides guentheri fed on an exclusively benthic diet. Coryphaenoides rupestris on the other hand were largely dependent on a copepod-based food web. Ontogenetic changes in feeding were found for both A. rostrata and C. armatus with the indication of a switch from active predation to scavenging occurring with increasing body size. Biomarkers also reflected the seasonal influx from the photic zone though changes were species-specific and probably reflected the variation in prey availability and abundance in response to these inputs. Our findings have thus demonstrated that the combined use of these biomarkers can elucidate trophic specialisations in situations where conventional methods alone previously provided insufficient data.     

Association of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis and epibiotic barnacle Balanus rostratus: inter‐specific interactions and trophic relationships determined by fatty acid analysis

Marine mollusks provide shelter to epibiotic organisms which settle on the outer surface of their hard shells. Epibionts can exert beneficial or detrimental effects on the host mollusk. In this study, the ecology of the association of the commercially valuable marine mobile scallop Patinopecten (=Mizuhopecten) yessoensis with its epibiotic barnacle Balanus rostratus was investigated. Fatty acid analysis was performed to determine the trophic relationships between these species. The distribution of fatty acid markers in this scallop species suggests an important contribution of diatoms, flagellates and animal material in its diet. The fatty acid analysis indicated a predominance of diatoms in the diet of the adult barnacles and some detrital input into the diets of young individuals. It was found that adult barnacles may compete with the scallops for food sources such as diatoms and zooplankton. It was revealed that with a negligible biomass of epibionts, the interactions between the barnacle and scallop may be regarded as commensalisms. An increase in the weight of epibiotic barnacles resulted in decreases in the weights and shell heights of the scallops, testifying to the adverse influence of a high biomass of epibionts on their host.     

Protected nearshore shallow and deep subtidal rocky reef communities differ in their trophic diversity but not their nutritional condition

Large physical changes that alter reef macrobenthos and fish assemblages occur with increasing depth, so the biological processes that regulate communities at different depths are expected to diverge. We used analyses of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and fatty acids to establish whether shallow (11–25 m) and deep (45–75 m) warm-temperate reef communities within a South African marine protected area differ in their trophic organisation and nutritional condition. We found evidence of enhanced nutritional condition in plankton from the deeper reef as compared with the shallow reef based on the essential fatty acid content, but this effect was generally not observed in the macrobenthos or the fish communities. Community-based indices derived from the stable isotope data indicated that the shallow-reef community had significantly greater niche diversification (greater diversity of carbon sources at the base of the food web) and more niche space occupied than the deep-reef community. One obvious difference in available carbon sources between reef communities was the absence of benthic primary production on the deep reef, where light is limiting. Our results highlight that the decreased trophic diversity, and to an extent functional redundancy, associated with the simplification of food webs at depth may translate into greater vulnerability of deep reefs to disturbance.     

细菌源3-羟基脂肪酸作为环境变化代用指标的研究进展

细菌源3-羟基脂肪酸(C₁₀–C₁₈)作为环境变化指示指标具有良好的应用前景,但相关研究还很不系统,在海洋环境中的应用刚刚起步。3-羟基脂肪酸主要用于环境中pH和温度的重建,通过其支链比(异构和反异构3-羟基脂肪酸之和/正构3-羟基脂肪酸之和)与pH的显著正相关关系反演环境中的pH,通过其C₁₅和C₁₇同系物的反异构/正构比(RAN₁₅和RAN₁₇)与大气年均温的显著负相关关系反演环境中的温度,相比基于GDGT或其他生物标志物的环境代用指标具有明显的优势。然而,陆地生态系统中基于3-羟基脂肪酸的环境指标不适用于海洋环境,最新研究提出了基于3-羟基脂肪酸的新的海洋温度指标(RAN₁₃),而3-羟基脂肪酸作为海洋环境中pH替代指标的成功应用尚未见报道。3-羟基脂肪酸与特定细菌群落的空间耦合或菌株培养实验显示含有3-羟基脂肪酸的细菌可能主要是变形菌、蓝细菌等。分析表明,3-羟基脂肪酸作为全球环境演变有效的替代指标需要更多的数据和证据支持,未来可从海洋适用性、新指标体系和微生物来源几个方面展开继续研究。     

神狐海域Site4B表层沉积物中脂肪酸组成及其碳同位素分布特征

通过对神狐海域表层5个沉积物样品进行脂肪酸组成及其碳同位素分布特征测试和研究,结果表明总脂肪酸含量分布为5.14~8.99 μg/g,碳数分布范围从C₁₂到C₃₂,类型包括正构饱和脂肪酸、支链脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和类异戊二烯酸等计48种;样品中饱和的短链脂肪酸主要来自细菌与浮游生物,而长链饱和脂肪酸来自陆源高等植物,其比例表明研究海域中海洋细菌与浮游生物输入量远远大于陆源高等植物的输入。支链脂肪酸10me16:0与单不饱和脂肪酸18:1ω9、16:1ω9主要来自硫酸盐还原菌,而单不饱和脂肪酸16:1ω7很大可能来源于硫氧化菌,比较相对含量得出神狐海域表层沉积物为还原环境。样品中检测出8种类异戊二烯酸,主要是植烷酸和17,21-ββ二升藿烷酸,及少量的姥鲛酸,推测为叶绿素a和细菌微生物的共同贡献。     

Quantitative model of trophic interactions in Beibu Gulf ecosystem in the northern South China Sea

1IntroductionThe Beibu Gulf is a natural semiclosed conti-nental sea of the South China Sea,which is situatedat17°00′~21°45′N,105°40′~110°10′E,and sur-rounded by China and Vietnam(see Fig.1).It hasa subtropic monsoon climate with an average winter