陕西泾阳南塬黄土滑坡滑带土残余剪切强度特性

为探求陕西泾阳南塬高速远程黄土滑坡的复活机理,从大型黄土滑坡滑带采集原状黄土试样、古土壤试样(原状土),部分制备重塑试样(重塑土),进行不同体积含水率下的反复剪切试验,从而获得滑带土残余剪切强度指标与体积含水率、黏粒含量之间的关系.结果表明:原状土和重塑土的剪应力-位移曲线均为硬化型;在不同的垂直压力下,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度差值变化较大;当剪切强度达到峰值强度以后,随着剪切位移的继续增大,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度都有一定程度的损失,这种损失因垂直压力的不同而不同;对同类土,通过反复剪切试验获得的内聚力和内摩擦角随体积含水率的增加而降低;相关性分析表明,该区滑带土的黏粒含量较低,对残余剪切强度的内摩擦角影响很小,尤其是当天然体积含水率较低时,体积含水率的变化对残余剪切强度的影响远远大于黏粒含量的影响.     

浅谈我国某金红石矿采样设计

选矿试验采样设计是一项复杂而又重要的工作,确保试样的代表性是采样设计工作的关键。本文以我国某金红石矿为例,根据矿床地质特征和矿石的性质,综合考虑影响矿石代表性的各种因素,对其进行了采样设计,以确保能够采出满足试验要求、且具有带表性的试验样品。对类似项目具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

陕西彬县地区湿陷性黄土纵向分布特征及湿陷性计算

通过对陕西彬县地区黄土进行物性指标及湿陷性试验,探讨了该地区物理性质指标及湿陷性的纵向分布规律,根据分布特征结合数理统计的方法对湿陷性的关键因素进行研究,拟合其相应经验公式,进一步总结出该地区黄土的一些特征,对该地区黄土的研究及工程勘察设计提供参考依据。     

原状及重塑黄土双轴试验微观力学特征离散元模拟

黄土作为一种特殊的颗粒材料,微观上颗粒组成的结构决定了其力学特性。原状及重塑黄土因结构的差异而具有不同的力学特性。针对黄土结构性如何影响其力学特征这一基本问题,开展基于电镜扫描获取细观颗粒信息,同时考虑颗粒形状、颗粒破碎可能性进行建模的离散单元法进行原状黄土和饱和重塑土在恒定应变速率双轴试验下的宏观力学和细观力学性能研究。研究结果显示:试样微观结构的差异对变形破坏过程产生显著影响。当轴向应力较低时原状黄土及重塑黄土力链多分布于大型骨架颗粒附近,随着轴向应力增加,原状黄土力链形成网状图案但仍具备主要传导区域,重塑黄土无明显主要传导区,呈现均匀网状。原状土及重塑土骨架颗粒簇周围多形成张拉裂隙,剪切裂隙多数形成于骨架颗粒簇内部,又以颗粒簇相互挤压接触时最为明显。使用该建模方法,可以有效反映原状及重塑黄土由于内部结构组成差异导致相同应力条件下产生的不同内部应力状态。基于以上研究结论,给出了黄土结构性对宏观强度影响的微观解释。研究成果可为黄土地区地质灾害防治提供一定依据。使用该建模方法,可以有效反映原状及重塑黄土由于内部结构组成差异导致相同应力条件下产生的不同内部应力状态。基于以上研究结论,给出了黄土结构性对宏观强度影响的微观解释。      

土钉墙模型试验研究

通过土钉墙模型试验 ,研究了土钉在黄土中的变形情况、土钉加固黄土类深基坑的作用机理及土钉的应力分布规律 ,最后对试验的不足进行了分析。     

基于CT扫描的黄土孔隙结构特征研究

孔隙特征作为反映黄土微观结构的重要特征之一, 直接影响黄土的水敏性、渗透性和强度等物理力学性质。为了研究水力耦合作用下黄土微观孔隙结构特征, 使用CT技术对天然原状、原状饱和与重塑黄土的初始结构以及不固结不排水剪切试验后的土体结构进行了扫描, 通过建立黄土三维结构模型, 分析了剪切试验前后孔隙结构的演变特征。结果表明: 饱和与重塑作用使天然原状黄土的大孔隙减少, 剪切作用使天然原状黄土和重塑黄土发生剪切破坏, 原状饱和黄土发生压缩破坏, 局部孔隙率增加。天然原状黄土与原状饱和黄土在剪切前后均表现为微孔和小孔数量较多, 其孔隙倾角主要分布在50°~90°之间, 解释了黄土亚稳态结构形成的主要原因。扰动作用使重塑黄土的孔隙尺寸分布均匀, 且重塑黄土与原状饱和黄土在水力作用下更易失稳屈服。揭示了黄土剪切变形破坏的微观结构主要表现为粒间胶结物的溶解、孔隙的坍塌与填充以及颗粒旋转、破碎和滑移。试验结果可为黄土剪切强度降低和湿陷机理研究提供依据。      

橡胶纤维-砂混合料力学特性的离散元三轴试验研究

橡胶砂作为一种轻质填料在岩土工程中具有良好的应用前景，为揭示橡胶纤维-砂混合料强度特性、偏应力-轴向应变曲线及微观结构的变化规律，开展了橡胶纤维-砂不同配比的三轴剪切试验，基于颗粒流理论和PFC3D程序，对橡胶纤维-砂混合料的三轴剪切试验进行了数值模拟，并与室内试验结果进行了比较。结果表明:随着橡胶含量的增加，试样的应力-应变关系由应变软化型向应变硬化型过渡，试样剪切过程中体变形式逐渐由体胀型变为体缩型；同一围压下橡胶纤维含量高的试样变形模量小，表明橡胶材料的掺入有助于增强试样的压缩性能。      

包体泊松比对含包体试样破裂模式的影响的数值试验

运用自行开发的岩石破裂过程分析系统RFPA^2D，在考虑岩石材料非均匀性的基础上，对含不同泊松比的包体试样的破裂模式进行了数值试验。研究认为：包体泊松比对含包体试样的破裂模式有重要影响。随着包体泊松比的增大，包体试样的最大承载力、主声 射能量及总声发射能量都呈上升趋势，包体试样的破裂特征也明显不同。     

融雪条件下新疆伊犁谷地黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度

为研究融雪作用下黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度,以新疆伊犁谷地某黄土-卵砾石接触面滑坡为例,通过自制模具,制作黄土-卵砾石接触面环剪试样,开展不同含水率黄土-卵砾石接触面环剪试验,并通过扫描电镜（SEM）,从微观结构角度探究水对黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度的影响。试验结果表明:黄土-卵砾石接触面抗剪强度随着含水率的增加而减小,剪切过程中存在应变软化现象,随着正应力及含水量的增加,应变软化现象越不明显;黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度随着法向应力的增大而增大,且存在较好的线性关系,符合摩尔库伦强度准则;黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度参数随着含水率的增加而降低,以含水率w=18%为界（塑限含水率19.1%附近）,当含水率为10%~18%时,残余内摩擦角φ_r变化较小（Δφ_r=5.4°）,当含水率为18%~26%时,残余内摩擦角φ_r变化较大（Δφ_r=9.0°）;微观结构方面,随着含水率的增加,黄土-卵砾石接触面形成软化"泥膜",部分填充了卵砾石凹凸部分,剪切面较为光滑,在剪切过程中,黏粒更加分散,附着在黄土颗粒表面,部分填充孔隙,起润滑作用,降低了残余强度。本文的研究成果可以为新疆伊犁谷地黄土-卵砾石接触面型滑坡形成机理研究及工程防治提供科学参考。      

黄土-三趾马红土滑坡滑带土剪切力学特性影响因素

中国西北地区黄土广泛沉积于三趾马红土之上形成"双层异质"接触层面,控制和影响黄土滑坡的形成。为研究黄土-三趾马红土界面剪切力学特性,研制可视化界面直剪仪,开展界面试样剪切试验,探讨齿面角度、含水率、干密度对其剪切破坏模式、强度与变形特性影响规律。结果表明:试样均沿界面产生剪切破坏,试样剪切破坏模式可分为齿间滑动、齿间滑动-齿面剪断、齿面剪断3种;界面试样剪切应力-位移曲线呈应变软化型,峰值强度后应变"跳跃"及"塑态"特征反映出界面的脆性与塑性剪断破坏特征,剪切刚度、剪切破坏位移演化规律均受界面接触条件影响;界面剪切过程存在明显剪胀效应,剪胀位移演化规律反映了剪切过程的齿面挤密、齿间滑动、齿面剪断与界面摩擦阶段;界面试样强度随界面接触条件均呈非线性变化,齿面角度越大,峰值强度与残余强度越高,试样剪切破坏模式越趋于脆性齿面剪断;含水率越高,界面峰值强度越低,试样剪切破坏模式越趋于塑性齿面剪断;界面试样干密度越大,峰值强度越大,残余强度越低,试样剪切破坏模式越趋于脆性的齿间滑动-齿面剪断。研究成果可为进一步研究黄土-三趾马红土界面强度准则,揭示黄土-三趾马红土复合型滑坡启动机制提供参考。     

基于动三轴试验和土层地震反应对地震液化的判别

以汉口某场地典型钻孔剖面为研究对象,结合动三轴试验成果,采用等效线性化方法考虑土层的非线性特征,利用一维波动方法进行场地土层地震反应分析,探讨场地内埋深10~36 m范围内的各土层在不同地震作用下的液化可能性。结果表明,汉口地区埋深超过20 m的砂土层在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度地震作用下有液化的可能性;土层液化的可能性随着埋深的增大而减小;输入地震动的频谱特性及平稳段持续时间等因素可影响液化判别结果。该方法可为深层液化判别提供参考。     

稀疏格网样点的国家尺度土壤属性制图方法与应用

 国家尺度土壤属性数据是地球生物化学循环及水循环等领域研究的重要数据,目前,该尺度土壤属性数据的获取方法主要有两类:土壤属性-空间数据连接法和空间插值。为了确定哪一类方法更适合稀疏样点的国家尺度土壤属性制图,本文以中国吉林省的土壤有机质含量制图为例,采用8~32km格网样点和1∶100万土壤图,对这两类方法进行对比分析。独立样本验证结果表明,土壤属性-空间数据连接法的平均误差(ME)大于距离反比加权(IDW)插值,而平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)都小于IDW插值。IDW插值获得的土壤属性图虽然能大致反映土壤属性空间分布的基本规律,但出现了类似"牛眼睛"的空间结构,且存在无样点区估计值不准确等问题;土壤属性-空间数据连接法尽管忽略了同种土壤类型内部的差异,保留了不同土壤类型边界处的属性值突变,但获得的土壤属性图更能反映土壤属性分布的基本规律,也具有比较详细的土壤属性空间结构。因此,在基于稀疏样点的国家尺度土壤属性制图中,土壤属性-空间数据连接法的制图效果要优于IDW空间插值法。     

邹平火山岩盆地隐伏岩(矿)体区土壤汞气测量效果探讨

通过对已往邹平火山岩地区实施的土壤汞气测量试验性成果的初步研究,24处汞气测量异常中经钻探验证见矿异常8处;有进一步工作意义的异常若干处。土壤中汞气测量异常与钻孔中铜元素原生晕异常相吻合、与铜矿及金属硫化物关系密切。由此可见,土壤汞气测量在第四系覆盖区寻找隐伏的多金属硫化物矿床是完全可行的。     

Mapping detailed soil property using small scale soil type maps and sparse typical samples

Soil type maps at the scale of I Z 1 000 000 are used extensively to provide soil spatial distribution information for soil erosion assessment and watershed management models in China. However, the soil property maps produced through conventional direct linking method usually suffer low accuracy as well as the lack of spatial details within a soil type polygon. This paper presents an effective method to produce detailed soil property map based on representative samples which were extracted from each polygon on the 1 ： 1 000 000 soil type map. The representative sample of each polygon is defined as the location that can represent the largest area within the polygon. The representativeness of a candidate sample is determined by calculating the soil-forming environment condition similarities between the sample and other locations. Once the representative sample of each polygon has been chosen, the property values of the existing typical samples are assigned to the corresponding representative samples with the same soil type. Finally, based on these representative samples, the detailed soil property map could be produced by using existing digital soil mapping methods. The case study in XuanCheng City, Anhui Province of China, demonstrated the proposed method could produce soil property map at a higher level of spatial details and accuracy： 1） The soil organic matter （SOM） map produced based on the representative samples can not only depict the detailed spatial distribution of SOM within a soil type polygon but also largely reduce the abrupt change of soil property at the boundaries of two adjacent polygons. 2） The Root Mean Squared Error （RMSE） of the SOM map based on the representative samples is 1.61, and it is 1.37 for the SOM map produced by using conventional direct linking method. Therefore, the proposed method is an effective approach to produce spatial detailed soil property map with higher accuracy for environment simulation models.     

Experimental study on dispersive soil in western Jilin

In order to research engineering geological properties of the soil in Zhenlai of western Jilin, especially the dispersivity of soil, the authors carried out the basic physicochemical test and dispersivity identification test. The results show that the dispersivity of the soil increases with the increase of depth within 0-30 cm ( surface soil) ; it decreases as the depth increases within in 30-100 cm. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of the dispersivity indexes and physicochemical propertity indexes show that the DP is positively linear correlated with total soluble salt content, sodium ion content, ESP, pH and organic matter content. Meanwhile, it is negatively linear correlated with clay content, and the linear relationship is better. Through the study of the dispersion mechanism of soil samples, it can be concluded that sodium montmorillonite, higher percentage of exchangeable sodium and high pH are the main reasons for the dispersion of soils in western Jilin.     

Comparative study on rain splash erosion of representative soils in China

As the first event of soil erosion, rain splash erosion supplies materials for subsequent transportation and entrainment. The Loess Plateau, the southern hilly region and the Northeast China are subject to serious soil and water loss; however, the characteristics of rain splash erosion in those regions are still unclear. The objectives of the study are to analyze the characteristics of splash erosion on loess soil, red soil, purple soil and black soil, and to discuss the relationship between splash erosion and soil properties. Soil samples spatially distributed in the abovementioned regions were collected and underwent simulated rainfalls at a high intensity of 1.2mm/min, lasting for 5, 10, 15, and 20min, respectively. Rain splash and soil crust development were analyzed. It shows that black soil sample from Heilongjiang Province corresponds to the minimum splash erosion amount because it has high aggregate content, aggregate stability and organic matter content. Loess soil sample from Inner Mongolia corresponds to the maximum splash erosion amount because it has high content of sand particles. Loess soil sample from Shanxi Province has relatively lower splash erosion amount because it has high silt particle content and low aggregate stability easily to be disrupted under rainfalls with high intensity. Although aggregate contents of red soil and purple soil samples from Hubei and Guangdong provinces are high, the stability is weak and prone to be disrupted, so the splash erosion amount is medium. Splash rate which fluctuates over time is observed because soil crust development follows a cycling processes of formation and disruption. In addition, there are two locations of soil crust development, one appears at the surface, and the other occurs at the subsurface.     

Experimental research on variation of porosity in destruction process of cement stabilized soil

Based on the process of reinforcing soft soil using cement in laboratory, the porosity of test samples under different pressures conditions were determined through mercury intrusion porosimetry. The experiment was introduced and the law of porosity variation was summarized. The results show that when stress is between 0 and 0.15--0.2 qu, porosity decreases along with the pressure, then porosity has increased in the wake of the pressure until the sample damaged. It can provide an experimental basis for exploring the failure mechanism of cement stabilized soil from the microscopic view and the study to establish the microcosmic constitutive model of cement stabilized soil.     

地震波在强夯地基测试中的应用研究

利用已知钻探、原位测试、土工试验的资料,构建地震波速度与地基土物理指标的关系,并以此作为已知输入,在同一地震排列中分别拾取瑞雷波、纵波速度。以地震波速度划分为速度层,根据已知输入确定地基土的密实度、均匀性、承载力等物理力学指标。     

山东省黄河北松散地层现场热响应试验数据分析及应用

现场热响应试验是获取岩土体热物性参数的主要方法之一,可为地源热泵工程中地埋管换热器类型及长度的选择、浅层地热能评价和开发利用提供基础数据。该文系统介绍了现场热响应试验的目的、技术方法、数据处理方法,并以位于山东省茌平地区的现场热响应试验为例,介绍了试验现场的实验过程、试验数据分析及应用。确定了在钻孔间距4～5m时单位延米换热量最佳,并以2号孔为例,采用非稳态数值模型计算了冬季延米换热量为-29.4W/m、夏季延米换热量为41.3W/m。