新型土钉墙技术、类型及工程应用实例

新型土钉墙是在传统土钉墙的基础上和工程实践中发展起来的,其具体表现形式为止水型土钉墙、加强型土钉墙及打入钢管注浆型土钉墙.实践证明,这种新型的土钉墙可满足不同工程的需要,显示出了它强大的生命力,必将得到全面推广应用.     

土钉墙的作用原理及应用

简要介绍了利用土钉墙技术加固边坡的作用原理、土钉墙的应用现状和存在的问题.列举了土钉墙在应用中具有的优点(1)工程造价低;(2)能有效抑制应力释放和膨胀变形;(3)场地适应能力强;(4)施工机具轻便,噪音小.     

直立土钉墙技术在苏州基坑围护中的成功应用

苏州星海大厦基坑面积大,开挖深度达10.8 m,采用直立式土钉墙支护设计获得了成功.施工中坚持信息法,科学安排挖土顺序, 使地应力均匀释放.合理地降低了地下水位,在软弱地层中采取了二次注浆技术,提高了土钉锚固力.     

管式土钉支护技术在软土地基基坑支护中的应用

土钉支护技术自1970年代产生以来，至今不过二十几年的历史．它是用于土体开挖和边坡稳定的一种新的挡土技术．由于其经济、可靠、施工便捷等明显的优势．在边坡工程、基坑工程中得到广泛的应用：但《建筑基坑支护技术规程》(JGJ120-99）33．1有明确规定：土钉支护不适宜在软土场地进行施工。究竟软土层中进行土钉支护效果如何．下面以一个工程实例进行简述。     

土质边坡支护工程中几种特殊情况的处理

因工程建设需要,常使某些复杂地层形成边坡.松散人工填土、砂卵石层、流砂层、淤泥层等和水害,是土质边坡支护的重点,处理不当,将导致边坡坍塌,酿成灾害性后果.土钉、锚杆是土质边坡支护工程中的有效方法,支护过程中先施工注浆土钉、后施工注浆锚杆;借用千斤顶压入钢管土钉、二次注浆等工艺措施,达到快速稳定边坡之目的.治理水害,应先查清水源,再根据具体情况分别采取堵、排、挡、滤、抽等方法,以达到永久性边坡治水的目的.支护工程中,应把握好设计、监测等环节,遇到特殊情况及时处理,避免灾难性事故发生.     

基坑土钉墙支护施工与监测——陕西省人民医院门急诊医技大楼

本文介绍了土钉墙在陕西省人民医院门急诊医技大楼基坑支护中的应用，简述了工程设计方法，总结了施工经验，并对基坑支护体系变形观测结果进行了分析     

高陡土坡喷锚(土钉墙)支护施工技术

通过长沙电力学院西区永久性锚拉挡墙施工实例,介绍喷锚(土钉墙)的施工方法,质量控制关键点等施工技术.     

桩板挡墙与土钉墙在道路边坡设计中的应用

悬臂式桩板挡墙与土钉墙都是新式的支挡结构，它们都可采用从上而下的施工顺序，可解决在市政道路工程中常遇到的边坡与房屋等建筑相距近且高差大、道路边坡支护施工场地狭窄、大面积开挖困难等问题。本文以一个道路改建工程支挡设计、施工为实例，简述悬臂式桩板挡墙与土钉墙支挡结构在市政道路工程边坡支护的综合应用。     

深基坑双层土体空间效应分析

随着城市的不断发展,基坑开始由传统的二维模式向三维空间转变。该文借助于坑壁土体的三维破坏模式,推导出双层土体的破坏模型,在此模型基础上基于土体塑性上限理论及极限平衡分析理论,提出了考虑空间效应的土压力计算公式以及相应的空间效应影响系数。该计算公式可用于基坑土钉墙、护坡桩、地下连续墙等支护系统的设计。     

济南燕翅山西南坡体稳定性分析与防治

在论证人工开挖坡体特征及地质环境条件的基础上,以力学传递系数法为主,选择6条计算剖面进行坡体稳定性分析确定,指出燕翅山西南坡体不稳定是由人为因素造成的,圈定了不稳定区域,提出采用抗滑桩、联接梁、顶应力锚索、土钉挂网砼喷护、监测相结合的治理方法。     

降雨与开挖作用下黄土滑坡失稳过程分析: 以关中地区长武县杨厂村老庙滑坡为例

降雨入渗和人工开挖是诱发黄土滑坡的重要因素, 为了研究在这2种诱因作用下关中地区黄土滑坡失稳过程及其对稳定性的影响, 以陕西省长武县杨厂村老庙滑坡为研究对象, 通过现场调查、地质测绘和钻孔勘探, 查明了该滑坡变形特征, 定性分析了滑坡变形演变过程; 基于滑坡变形前15 d内日降雨量实测值, 采用有限元软件, 对坡脚开挖后连续降雨作用下滑坡形成过程进行了仿真模拟; 基于强度折减法对该滑坡稳定性变化规律进行了研究。结果表明: ①关中地区特殊的地层结构是滑坡变形的内因, 降雨是最主要的诱发因素; ②滑坡失稳演化过程表现为: 坡体处于蠕滑状态, 坡脚开挖后, 坡体前缘失稳, 牵引中后缘坡体向下错动而产生张拉裂缝, 在降雨作用下, 雨水沿裂缝渗入坡体深部, 滑坡中部岩土体浸水后抗剪强度降低, 从而导致黄土层与红黏土层接触面饱水形成贯通滑带, 诱发深层滑坡; ③滑坡开挖后较初始状态, 稳定性系数降幅为0.102, 此后受连续降雨影响, 稳定性系数在前10 d以平均0.010/d的速率缓慢下降, 第10~13 d以0.034/d的速率快速下降至最低, 第13 d以后开始回升。研究结果可以为该类滑坡防治提供有效依据。      

黄土深基坑边坡稳定的实例分析

应用泰勒（Ｔｏｙｌｏｒ）理论，对黄土地基边坡稳定实例分析，并对边坡土样做快速直剪试验，一定程度揭示了均质粘性上边坡稳定的内涵。     

京广铁路K1219路基土质边坡深层滑移失稳机制与整治对策

为研究土质边坡深层滑移失稳机制, 以京广铁路下行线K1219+000处路基边坡失稳为例, 通过现场调查测绘、工程地质钻探、原位试验和室内试验、深部位移监测和数值模拟等手段, 详细研究了该土质边坡变形破坏特征、地质力学过程和失稳模式。结果表明: 路基边坡表面裂缝宽度及深度呈坡顶至坡脚逐渐变浅变窄, 变形具有一定的旋转性, 牵引式特征明显, 属于深层滑移拉裂式失稳; 土质边坡经历了因坡脚开挖、抽水引起的应力场和渗流场重新分布阶段、雨水入渗软化导致下滑力不断增大而滑面逐渐迁移扩大加深阶段以及支挡结构抗力失效阶段3个地质力学过程, 其失稳模式包括浅层滑移、浅层滑面向深层迁移、动荷载触发深层滑移失稳3个阶段。在此基础上, 综合确定了滑面位置, 并通过反演方法确定了滑面力学参数。研究采用了刚架式双排抗滑桩的整治方案, 通过理论计算和数值分析, 边坡变形与抗滑桩变形基本一致, 且与监测结果整体吻合, 这表明土质边坡深层失稳理论分析准确且计算的力学参数科学, 整治对策稳妥、可靠。      

模拟堆载作用的黄土边坡土体变形机理试验

通过固结不排水剪试验,研究了堆载作用下不同深度、含水量和围压的原状黄土的变形和破坏特征,并从黄土的微观结构角度分析了产生这一现象的原因,结合黄土边坡特殊的工程地质条件,分析了堆载作用下黄土边坡土体的变形破坏过程。试验结果表明,不同深度、含水量和围压的原状黄土的应力应变曲线和抗剪强度具有不同的特征;特殊的工程地质条件,使黄土坡体的某些部位形成了堆载作用下不利于黄土材料强度保持的含水量和围压的组合,导致了这些部位黄土的变形破坏,进而诱发坡体的变形破坏。     

反复入渗对重塑黄土渗透特性的影响

甘肃黑方台黄土经历长期的灌溉入渗破坏了其原生结构，改变了不同深度黄土的颗粒级配，影响了土体的力学性质。为研究反复灌溉入渗对坡体的影响，通过室内土柱渗透试验研究了反复入渗对甘肃黑方台黄土渗透特性的影响，并研究了渗透作用下黄土中细颗粒运移的规律与模式。研究表明:①水力梯度对渗透速率影响较小而干密度对渗透速率影响较大；随着入渗次数的增加，重塑黄土的渗透性能变弱；②黄土在渗流力的作用下，存在细颗粒沿渗流方向运移的现象，且细颗粒在土柱中上部聚集最多；③影响细颗粒运移的因素有:水力梯度、干密度和渗透次数；其中细颗粒的运移量与水力梯度、渗透次数呈正相关，与干密度呈负相关，且水力梯度是影响细颗粒运移的主要因素；④在渗透过程中，细颗粒运移堆积，最终填充土体内孔隙，导致黄土的渗透性下降。      

Influences of soil moisture and salt content on loess shear strength in the Xining Basin,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Moisture and salt content of soil are the two predominant factors influencing its shear strength. This study aims to investigate the effects of these two factors on shear strength behavior of loess in the Xining Basin of Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where such geological hazards as soil erosion, landslides collapse and debris flows are widespread due to the highly erodible loess. Salinized loess soil collected from the test site was desalinized through salt-leaching in the laboratory. The desalinized and oven-dried loess samples were also artificially moisturized and salinized in order to examine how soil salinity affects its shear strength at different moisture levels. Soil samples prepared in different ways(moisturizing, salt-leaching, and salinized) were measured to determine soil cohesion and internal friction angle. The results show that salt-leaching up to 18 rounds almost completely removed the salt content and considerably changed the physical components of loess, but the soil type remained unchanged. As salt content increases from 0.00% to 12.00%, both the cohesion and internal friction angle exhibit an initial decrease and then increase with salt content. As moisture content is 12.00%, the salt content threshold value for both cohesion and internal friction angle is identified as 3.00%. As the moisture content rises to 16.0% and 20.00%, the salt content threshold value for cohesion is still 6.00%, but 3.00% for internal friction angle. At these thresholds soil shear strength is the lowest, below which it is inversely related to soil salinity. Beyond the thresholds, however, the relationship is positive. Dissimilar to salinity, soil moisture content exerts an adverse effect on shear strength of loess. The findings of this study can provide a valuable guidance on stabilizing the engineering properties of salinized loess to prevent slope failures during heavy rainfall events.     

Influence of excavation schemes on slope stability: A DEM

Slope failure due to improper excavation is one of common engineering disasters in China. To explore the failure mechanism of soil slope induced by toe excavation, especially to investigate the influence of excavation unloading path and rate on slope stability, a numerical slope model was built via particle flow code PFC2 D. The development of crack and strain during excavation were obtained and used to evaluate the deformation characteristics.Furthermore, excavation types representing different unloading paths and rates were compared in terms of crack number and strain level. Results indicate that crack number and strain level induced by horizontal column excavation are much greater than those of vertical column excavation and oblique excavation.The crack number and strain level increase with excavation unloading rate. Besides, the feasibility of taking the average strain of slope surface and the average value of maximum strain along monitoring lines to represent the global deformation characteristics were discussed. This study can provide a theoretical guidance for slope monitoring and preliminary optimal selection of excavation scheme in the design and construction of slope engineering.     

Inversion analysis of the shear strength parameters for a high loess slope in the limit state

It is difficult to obtain reliable shear strength parameters for the stability analysis and evaluation of high loess slopes.Hence,this paper determines slope elements and physical parameter of 79 slopes with heights of[40,120]m based on the measured loess slopes in the Ganquan and Tonghuang subregions of northern Shaanxi Province,China.In the limit state of the loess slope(stability factor Fs is 1.0),a fitting equation for the slope height and width is established.Then,the model is developed by stability analysis software-SLOPE/W,and the comprehensive shear strength parameters corresponding to different slope heights of the high slope in the study area are obtained by inversion using the Morgenstern-Price method.The results show that when the height of the slope increases,the cohesion c increases in the soil,and the internal friction angle j decreases.This change is consistent with the characteristics reflected in the composition and physical properties of the slopes,and the comprehensive strength parametric curves are very similar between the Ganquan subregion and the Tonghuang subregion.A landslide that occurred in Miaodian-zaitou of Jingyang County,Shaanxi Province,is selected to verify this inversion method,and the results show that the calculated shear strength parameters of the inversion are consistent with the measured value of the actual slope.     

Large deformation and failure mechanism analyses of Tangba high slope with a high-intensity and complex excavation process

The Tangba high slope is mainly composed of coarse soils and supplies core wall materials for the construction of the Changheba dam. Since the filling intensity of the Changheba dam is high, the Tangba high slope suffers from a high-intensity excavation process, and reinforcement measures are usually not implemented immediately. Moreover, the distribution of useful materials is uneven and insufficient, and the mixing of different soil materials is necessary; thus, multiple simultaneous excavations and secondary excavation are inevitable. In the construction period from 2012 to 2016, large deformations occurred in this area, and one of the largest monitored horizontal deformations whose direction points to the opposite side of the valley even reached more than 8000 mm. According to field investigation, site monitoring and theoretical analysis, the large deformation in the Tangba high slope can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, the excavation construction breaks the original stress equilibrium state; in the second phase, the precipitation infiltration accelerates the deformation. Thus, the excavation construction and precipitation infiltration are the two major factors promoting the deformation, and the high-intensity and complex excavation process is the fundamental cause. Notably, rate of slope deformation significantly accelerated in rainy seasons due to precipitation infiltration; the rate also accelerated in early 2016 due to the high-intensity, complex excavation process. Comprehensively considering the above factors, timely and effective reinforcement measures are essential.     

Elastic-plastic analysis for pile-anchor supporting system of deep foundation pit

By using numerical analysis methods to simulate the deep excavation, a lot of analyses are established on the basis of two-dimensional plane strain, ignoring the fact that foundation pit possesses three dimensions. For soil constitutive relation, people always take linear and nonlinear model, without considering the plastic behavior of soil. Using plastic-elastic hardening model to simulate constitutive relation of soil characteristics, the authors carried out mechanical analysis for pit excavation and support. The results show that the analysis for the stress state of pile anchor system is an effective way which provides theoretical basis for calculation of soil displacement.