蕾二歧灯芯柳珊瑚克生活性筛选及其低极性成分GC/MS分析

采用卤虫致死和细胞毒活性筛选模型,对蕾二歧灯芯柳珊瑚Dichotella gemmacea (valenciennes)乙醇提取物及各有机相进行了克生活性测定.结果表明,克生活性物质主要集中在石油醚相中.采用GC/MS技术对石油醚相进行了分析,鉴定了20个低极性化合物,主要为甾醇类、脂肪类化合物.推测甾醇类化合物是蕾二歧灯芯柳珊瑚的主要克生活性物质.     

Sinularia属短指软珊瑚化学成分及生理活性的研究概况

已进行化学成分研究的Sinularia属短指软珊瑚有42个种，主要化学成分有萜类、甾醇类、含氮化合物和一些长链脂肪酸、酯、醇类等。其中一些化学成分结构新颖，具有较好的生理活性。综述了国内外有关该属短指软珊瑚化学成分及生理活性的研究概况。     

中国南海短指软珊瑚中化学成分的研究

运用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析和HPLC等技术,采用活性追踪分离的方法,对南海短指软珊瑚Sinularia sp.的化学成分进行了研究.从乙醇提取物中分离获得单体化合物,运用NMR,MS等波谱技术鉴定了8个化合物的结构,分别为:3β-羟基-24-亚甲基胆甾-5-烯-7-酮(1),孕甾烯醇酮(2),cembrene A(3),epoxycembrane A(4),4,8,12-trimethyl-1-(1-methylethenyl)-3,7-cyclotetradecadien-10-one(5),(3E,7E,11E)-11,12-dihydroxy-1-isopropyl-4,8,12-trimethyicyclotetradeca-1,3,7-triene(6),邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(7)和十九烷-2-酮(8).化合物5和8为首次从珊瑚动物中分离得到,6为首次从短指软珊瑚属中分离得到.化合物3和4显示较强的卤虫致死活性.西松烷二萜类化合物是该短指软珊瑚中的重要活性成分.     

Sinularia tenellaLi中的西松烯二萜内酯的抗肿瘤活性

首次报道了柔弱短指软珊瑚Sinularia tenella Li中的3个主要的西松烯二萜内酯；dihydroflexibilide(1),flexibilide(2)sinulariolide（3）的分离和体外抗肿瘤活性。这3个化合物都显示出较强的抗肿瘤活性。     

中国珊瑚礁资源状况及其药用研究调查 Ⅲ.民间药用与药物研究状况

对中国珊瑚药用状况和研究现状进行了调查.结果表明,中国有造礁石珊瑚、柳珊瑚、软珊瑚等珊瑚物种 490 种,民间药用的仅有22种.目前,已经对100种南海软珊瑚和柳珊瑚进行了化学成分的研究.其中,软珊瑚以豆荚软珊瑚Lobophytum,肉芝软珊瑚Sarcophyton,短指软珊瑚Sinularia,柔荑软珊瑚Nephthea和异花软珊瑚Xenia等属研究较多,柳珊瑚以小月柳珊瑚Menella,竹节柳珊瑚Isis和灯芯柳珊瑚Junceella等属研究较多.主要化合物结构类型包括二萜、甾体、倍半萜,含氮化合物等,其中部分化合物显示较强的抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗氧化、防生物附着等多种生物活性,具有潜在的药物开发应用价值.     

圆形短指软珊瑚化学成分的研究

从中国海南岛三亚附近海域采集的圆形短指软珊瑚Sinularia gyrosa中分离得到4个化合物，经IR，^1H NMR和^13C NMR谱分析确定它闪的化学结构分别是孕甾烯醇酮（Ⅰ），24-亚甲基胆甾醇（Ⅱ），神经酰胺（Ⅱ），鲨肝醇（Ⅳ）。其中（Ⅰ）是首次从该种软珊瑚中分离得到。     

小刺豆荚软珊瑚化学成分研究

对采自南海南沙群岛永暑礁水域的小刺豆荚软珊瑚的化学成分进行了研究,分离出７个化合物,其中化合物１为新的神经酰胺,命名为小刺酰胺。化合物３为２２－表－孕马烷甾醇,首次从软珊瑚中分离到。     

多指软珊瑚Sinularia numerosa中的倍半萜类化学成分

利用硅胶柱层析和葡聚糖凝胶柱层析等技术对多指软珊瑚(Sinularia numerosa)的丙酮提取物进行分离纯化,得到7个倍半萜类化合物,根据现代波谱技术(NMR、MS等)以及与文献对比,它们分别被鉴定为10α-hydroxy-⊿9(15)-africanene(1),⊿9(15)-africanene(2),(9R)-africanane-9,15-diol(3),(9S)-africanane-9,15-diol(4),eudesm-4(15)-ene-1β,6α-diol(5),octahydro-4-hydroxy-3α-methyl-7-methylene-α-(1-methylethyl)-1H-indene-1-methanol(6)和guaianediol(7)。这些化合物均为首次从多指软珊瑚中分离得到。     

小刺豆荚软珊瑚化学成分研究

对采自南海南沙群岛永暑礁水域的小刺豆荚软珊瑚Lobophytummicrospiculatum的化学成分进行了研究,分离出7个化合物。其中化合物1为新的神经酰胺,命名为小刺酰胺。化合物3为22－表－孕马烷甾醇,首次从软珊瑚中分离到。     

两种短指软珊瑚提取物在化妆品开发中的应用潜力初探

以甲醇对2种短指软珊瑚进行提取,检测提取物对各波段紫外线的吸收效果以表征其防晒活性,以酪氨酸酶抑制实验检测其美白活性,并以DPPH法检测其抗氧化活性,首次探讨了软珊瑚来源物质在化妆品开发中的应用潜力。结果表明,在防晒活性方面,Sinularia compacta和Sinularia wanannensis提取物对紫外线具有较强的吸收特性,随浓度增加其光吸收波段也随之扩大,浓度在5. 0 mg/cm3以上时对280～400 nm波长范围的紫外线均有良好吸收,总体上S. compacta提取物的防晒活性略高于S. wanannensis提取物,两者对紫外线的吸收效果均优于阳性对照熊果苷和二苯甲酮,S. compacta提取物在10. 0 mg/cm3时对紫外线的吸收效果甚至与阳性对照芦丁相当,显示出较高的防紫外效能;在美白活性方面,S. compacta和S. wanannensis提取物均有一定的抑制酪氨酸酶活性作用,S. compacta和S. wanannensis提取物在此活性无显著性差异;在抗氧化活性方面,S. compacta和S. wanannensis提取物均显示出优异的清除自由基能力,且其活性随浓度的升高而升高,在1. 0～5. 0 mg/cm3浓度下S. compacta和S. wanannensis提取物的抗氧化活性与阳性对照Vc相当,在10. 0 mg/cm3时S. wanannensis提取物的抗氧化活性显著高于S. compacta提取物和Vc。研究结果为开发软珊瑚源天然新型化妆品物质奠定了重要基础。     

Effects of the water-soluble fraction of microbiologically or physically altered crude petroleum on the heterotrophic activity of marine bacteria

Crude petroleum was emulsified or degraded by marine microorganisms and physically altered by an artificial weathering process. Only the water-soluble fraction from emulsified crude petroleum inhibited glutamate uptake by marine microorganisms from South Carolina and Georgia coastal waters. Chloroform extraction recovered almost equal amounts of total hydrocarbon from each water-soluble fraction. Chromatographic data indicated that the composition of microbially emulsified petroleum was similar to that of microbially degraded petroleum. Emulsification of crude petroleum was only observed in summer water samples and did not consistently occur at a given location. Results of this study indicate that the process by which crude petroleum is altered will influence its toxicity to microbial heterotrophic activity.     

Allelopathic growth inhibition of Heterosigma akashiwo by the three Ulva spcieces (Ulva Pertusa, Ulva Linza, Enteromorpha intestinalis) under laboratory conditions

Allelopathic effects of several concentrations of fresh tissue,dry powder and dry tissue of three bloom-forming green macroalgae Ulva pertusa,Ulva linza and Enteromopha intestinalis on the red tide microalga Heterosigma akashiwo were evaluated in microcosms systems.The effects of macroalgae culture medium filtrate were investigated on H.akashiwo using initial or semi-continuous filtrate addition.Preliminary studies on the algicidal effects of one aqueous and four organic solvent extracts from the macroalgae on the microalga were carried out to confirm the existence of allelochemicals in the tissue of these macroalgae.The dry powder of U.pertusa was extracted with methanol,and the methanol extracts were partitioned to petroleum ether phase,ethyl acetate phase,butanol phase and distilled phase by liquid-liquid fractionation.The bioassays of the activity of every fraction were carried out on H.akashiwo.The resultant microcosms assay showed that the growth of H.akashiwo was strongly inhibited by using fresh tissues,dry powder or dry tissue of these three macroalgae,while aqueous and methanol extracts of both macroalgae had strong inhibitory effects on the growth of H.akashiwo,and the EC 50 values for methanol extract of U.pertusa,U.linza or E.intestinalis were 0.016,0.028×10-12 or 0.033×10-12,respectively.While the other three organic solvent extracts（acetone,ether and chloroform） had no apparent effect on its growth,this suggests that the allelochemicals from these three macroalgae had relatively high polarities.The activity of petroleum ether phase,ethyl acetate phase,butanol phase and distilled phase of U.pertusa methanol extract was carried out on H.akashiwo indicating that petroleum ether phase and ethyl acetate phase had stronger algicidal effect on H.akashiwo.The inhibition effect of the ethyl acetate phase was not as strong as that of petroleum ether phase,and effective concentration of petroleum ether phase was 17 mg/L for H.akashiwo.However,no significant algicidal effects were observed on the butanol phase and distilled water phase.These three macroalgae＇s culture medium filtrate exhibited no apparent growth inhibitory effect on the microalga under initial filtrate addition whereas the growth of H.akashiwo was significantly inhibited under semi-continuous filtrate addition,which suggests that continuous release of small quantities of rapidly degradable allelochemicals from the fresh tissue of both macroalgae was effective in inhibiting the growth of H.akashiwo.     

剧毒卡尔藻与东海原甲藻间的化感作用研究

为研究剧毒卡尔藻(Karlodinium veneficum)与东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)之间的化感作用,在f/2营养盐条件下,分别采用了混合培养及滤液培养的方法。结果表明:剧毒卡尔藻指数生长后期的无藻细胞滤液明显抑制了东海原甲藻的生长,而东海原甲藻滤液对剧毒卡尔藻的生长几乎无影响,化感作用作为重要的影响因素使剧毒卡尔藻获得竞争优势。将剧毒卡尔藻指数生长末期的无藻细胞滤液置于固相萃取(SPE) C18小柱,经吸附、不同比例的甲醇溶液洗脱,考察不同洗脱部分对东海原甲藻生长的影响,发现80%的甲醇洗脱部分明显抑制了东海原甲藻的生长。本研究为了解剧毒卡尔藻的竞争机制提供了重要的科学依据,今后将重点分析剧毒卡尔藻释放的有效抑制东海原甲藻生长的化感物质。     

Detection of the water-soluble fraction of crude oil by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

The ability of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, to detect petroleum hydrocarbons was measured with behavioural techniques. When presented with a water-soluble fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil, blue crabs abruptly changed antennular orientation, began rhythmic beating of the maxillipedal flagellae, and increased antennular flicking rate. The threshold concentration at which 50% of the crabs detected the water-soluble fraction was 2 × 10^?6 mg/litre. The blue crab apparently can readily detect petroleum hydrocarbons at concentrations found in chronically polluted areas as well as oil spill situations.     

Origins of heavy oils in the Erlian Basin, ne China

The Erlian Basin is located in the Central Asia-Mongolian fold belt between the Siberian and Sino-Korean Cratons. It is a Mesozoic continental rift basin composed of 52 individual fault-depressions. The main phase of rifting took place during the Early Cretaceous when a series of fluvial-lacustrine sediments were deposited. Each depression forms an independent sedimentary system and behaves as an independent petroleum system. Hydrocarbon source rocks are found in the upper Arshan and lower Tengger Formations. These are mainly type II source rocks and are mainly located in oil generation window at the present day. A series of oilfields and commercial oil flows have been found in the basin, highlighting its good petroleum potential. Many of these oils are heavy.Six oil samples from the Anan and ten from the Jirgalangtu Depressions have been subjected to routine geochemical analytical techniques in order to evaluate the origins. The methods used include gas chromatography of the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions, gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction and stable carbon isotope analyses. The trace metal elements of the biodegraded oils from the Jirgalangtu Depression were also analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy.Two types of heavy oils : primary and biodegraded were identified on the basis of these data. The former includes both immature and mature heavy oils. A filtering-and-spill process was proposed to explain the origin of primary mature heavy oils (or tar-mat) in the Anan Depression. The biodegraded oils from the Jirgalangtu Depression were ranked and classified in terms of the degree of biodegradation, using a series of geochemical parameters based on the gas chromatographic concentrations and biomarker fingerprints of gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction. The relationship between oil saturation and porosity indicates that the heavy oils in the Jirgalangtu Depression were biodegraded after they accumulated.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) burden of mussels (Mytilus sp.) in different marine environments in relation with sediment PAH contamination, and bioavailability

Sediments and mussels (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis) were sampled in different European coastal environments (Germany, France, Spain) and analysed for their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Bioaccumulation factors of individual compounds from the sediment were calculated and discussed according to the compound solubility. The mussels showed different accumulation patterns according to the pollution source they were exposed to (dissolved fraction of PAHs, particulate fraction, petroleum present in the water column). The exposure source also depends on the geographical location of the mussels. In the Mediterranean Sea, the bivalves were mainly exposed to the dissolved fraction of PAHs, while in the Baltic Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean, the PAHs associated to the particles were significant sources.     

隐甲藻藻渣醇水提取物的抗氧化活性研究

本研究采用总抗氧化能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、亚铁离子螯合能力及总还原力等抗氧化指标评价隐甲藻（Crypthecodinium cohnii）藻渣醇水提取物不同极性萃取物的抗氧化能力,采用分光光度法测定样品中总酚和总黄酮含量。结果表明隐甲藻渣不同极性萃取物均具有一定的抗氧化能力,其中乙酸乙酯相和石油醚相总抗氧化能力和亚铁离子螯合能力较高,水相和正丁醇相的DPPH自由基清除能力和总还原能力较高,且在一定质量浓度范围内存在量效关系。相关性分析结果显示,不同极性萃取物的总多酚含量与DPPH自由基清除能力和总还原能力显著正相关,而总黄酮仅与总抗氧化能力和金属离子螯合能力呈正相关关系,提示除酚类和黄酮类化合物外,可能还含有其他抗氧化成分。本研究表明隐甲藻藻渣具有较好地抗氧化活性,有待合理开发利用,其可能存在的其他抗氧化活性成分也有待于进一步明确。     

旋链角毛藻对中肋骨条藻化感作用的影响因素

在已知旋链角毛藻对中肋骨条藻具有化感作用的前提下,进行了温度、生长时期、光照、细菌等因素对旋链角毛藻化感作用的影响、化感物质的萃取及粗提物对中肋骨条藻的化感效应检验等实验,研究了旋链角毛藻化感物质的性质、降解特点,并初步测定了化感物质的结构。结果表明:旋链角毛藻化感作用与生长时期有关,指数期滤液化感作用强于衰亡期;旋链角毛藻的化感物质在50℃以下保持稳定,光和细菌均引起旋链角毛藻化感物质的降解,且细菌降解强于光降解;旋链角毛藻的乙酸乙酯萃取物具有明显的化感活性,该萃取物在255～260 nm处有特征吸收峰。综合以上结果,推测旋链角毛藻化感物质可能为分解温度在50℃以上的易被光和细菌降解的苯衍生物,从极性上看较易溶于乙酸乙酯。     

The influence of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbon residues on natural phytoplankton biomass

The effect of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment on phytoplankton biomass measured as chlorophyll a was studied near the oil tanker route in the southern Bay of Bengal. In the transect from 5° N, 77° E to 5° N, 87° E the concentrations of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons were negatively correlated with phytoplankton biomass, whereas in the 0° N, 87° E to 1° N, 79° E transect they were positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass. The mean petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the two transects were 12·12 ± 4·67 μg litre⁻¹ and 11·23 ± 4·5 μg litre⁻¹, respectively.It is surmised that the effect of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons on phytoplankton biomass varies depending on the nature rather than the quantity of petroleum hydrocarbons present. Culture studies with unialgal Nitzschia sp. in seawater collected from selected stations in the study area as well as in artificial seawater spiked with the water-soluble petroleum hydrocarbon fraction of light Arabian Crude support this.