青海牛苦头矿区锰质黑柱石成因及其地质意义

锰质黑柱石是矽卡岩型铅锌矿床中一种常见的脉石矿物,其与铅锌矿体关系密切。本文对东昆仑祁漫塔格地区牛苦头铅锌多金属矿床中黑柱石的产状、矿物共生组合、化学成分等进行了研究。牛苦头矿区锰质黑柱石主要产于3种矿物组合:黑柱石+石榴子石+磁铁矿组合;黑柱石+锰钙(铁)辉石+方铅矿+磁铁矿组合;黑柱石+方解石+石英+硫化物(黄铁矿+磁黄铁矿+其他硫化物)组合,并形成自内向外石榴子石-磁铁矿—黑柱石—锰钙辉石的矽卡岩分带。上述3种组合分别对应矿床的3个蚀变矿化阶段:进变质阶段(阶段I),石榴子石被交代分解,形成黑柱石;退变质阶段(阶段Ⅱ),锰钙(铁)辉石分解形成黑柱石;石英硫化物阶段(阶段Ⅲ),黑柱石进一步分解,形成磁铁矿、方解石和石英。电子探针结果,牛苦头矿床黑柱石的化学分子式为Ca_(0.94-0.98)(Fe_(1.22-1.92)Mn_(0.10-0.75)Mg_(0.01-0.03))■(Fe_(0.83-0.93)Al_(0.01-0.07))■[Si_(2.00-2.07)O_7]O(OH);LA-ICP-MS原位分析显示,牛苦头矿区黑柱石的稀土配分曲线与矿区进变质阶段形成的石榴子石、锰钙(铁)辉石近乎一致。综合研究认为,矿区黑柱石为进变质阶段的石榴子石和辉石蚀变分解的产物;矿床自内向外的矽卡岩分带反映了矽卡岩被逐渐交代的过程,并伴随了成矿流体从主矽卡岩阶段的"还原(Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+))"环境向退变质阶段偏氧化(先是Fe~(2+)-Mn~(2+)+Fe~(3+),后是Fe~(3+))环境的转变。     

黑龙江省三矿沟夕卡岩型铁铜矿床矿物学特征及成矿物理化学条件

黑龙江三矿沟铁铜矿床位于大兴安岭北段多宝山矿集区,矿体产于燕山期侵入岩与奥陶系多宝山组大理岩接触带的夕卡岩内。根据矿物共生组合及交代关系,确定热液成矿过程包括夕卡岩阶段、退夕卡岩阶段和石英硫化物阶段。铁矿化主要发生在退夕卡岩阶段,形成磁铁矿、镜铁矿等铁氧化物,呈浸染状、条带状、块状产于钙铁榴石夕卡岩中。铜矿化主要发生在石英硫化物阶段,形成黄铜矿、斑铜矿等硫化物,交代早期矿物。电子探针分析等研究表明,三矿沟铁铜矿床发育钙质夕卡岩矿物组合,其石榴子石主要为钙铝榴石和钙铁榴石,辉石为透辉石钙铁辉石系列,角闪石属于钙角闪石系列,绿泥石属于I型三八面体富铁绿泥石。石榴子石有3种类型：早期自形粗粒的钙铝榴石(Grt-Ia)和钙铁榴石(Grt-Ib),以及晚期呈脉状产出的钙铁榴石(Grt-Ⅱ)。夕卡岩阶段成矿流体具有高温、弱酸性、高氧逸度的特征;退夕卡岩阶段流体温度降低,pH升高,形成大量铁氧化物;石英硫化物阶段流体温度和氧逸度降低,金属硫化物沉淀。     

滇西保山地块金厂河Fe- Cu- Pb- Zn矽卡岩型多金属矿床黑柱石成因及地质意义

黑柱石是一种矽卡岩型铅锌及铁矿床中少见的矿物,与铅锌矿体、磁铁矿体关系密切。为查明黑柱石成矿过程中与铅锌铁铜多金属成矿作用的关系,本文对金厂河Fe- Cu- Pb- Zn多金属矿床中的黑柱石产状、矿物共生组合、化学成分、分带性等开展了研究。根据电子探针数据计算可得,金厂河矿区黑柱石的化学式为:Ca0. 95- 1. 08(Fe0. 87- 1. 97Mn0. 08- 0. 36Mg0. 01- 0. 06)2+(1. 89- 2. 03)(Fe0. 82- 1. 04Al0. 01- 0. 03)3+(0. 88- 1. 15)\[Si1. 94- 2. 08O7\]O(OH)。结合矿物组合类型、产状、分带特征等,推测矿床内矽卡岩由内带逐渐向外带交代的趋势。金厂河矿区主要有3种矿物共生组合：黑柱石+磁铁矿组合,黑柱石+磁铁矿+黄铁矿+黄铜矿组合,黑柱石+方铅矿+闪锌矿+黄铜矿组合,分别对应三个不同的蚀变阶段：晚期矽卡岩阶段（代表组合I）,以石榴子石的分解为主,形成大量的黑柱石;退蚀变阶段（代表组合II）,以阳起石、黄铜矿、黄铁矿发育为主;石英- 硫化物阶段（代表组合III）,以发育大量的方铅矿、闪锌矿为主,同时这一阶段内黑柱石分解,形成阳起石、方解石、磁铁矿等。此外,黑柱石的稀土元素配分模式与石榴子石的类似,一定程度上保留了石榴子石的稀土元素特征。研究认为：黑柱石是早期石榴子石退化分解的产物,矿床自内向外逐渐交代,形成了铅锌铜矿体中以锰质黑柱石为主,而磁铁矿体、铜矿体中以含锰黑柱石为主的分带特性。锰质黑柱石有利于铅锌矿的形成,而对于磁铁矿有贫化的影响,同时也可为矿区揭露中酸性岩体和深部找矿提供重要科学意义。     

云南都龙锡锌多金属矿床成矿阶段与成矿流体

云南马关都龙锡锌多金属矿床位于滇东南老君山锡锌钨多金属成矿区南部,是我国三大锡石硫化物矿床之一,其地质及成矿作用复杂,矿物种类繁多。本文根据矿床中矿物共生组合特征,从早到晚划分出以下4个阶段:(a)夕卡岩阶段,早期为无水夕卡岩阶段,形成矿物以石榴石和透辉石为主,晚期为含水夕卡岩阶段,形成矿物以阳起石、绿帘石、绿泥石和符山石等为主;(b)氧化物阶段,磁铁矿、锡石和白钨矿等氧化物在此阶段大量沉淀;(c)硫化物阶段,早期形成磁黄铁矿→黄铁矿→黄铜矿、辉钼矿,晚期形成闪锌矿(黄铜矿)和少量方铅矿组合;(d)碳酸盐阶段(方铅矿及少量闪锌矿),其成矿元素与夕卡岩蚀变类型的垂直分带特征与典型夕卡岩型矿床较类似,矿化类型和围岩蚀变的分带与隐伏岩体距离有关,该矿床属于与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的岩浆热液夕卡岩型多金属矿床。流体包裹体研究结果表明,从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,成矿流体从中高温较高盐度逐渐演化为中低温低盐度流体,压力的降低和大气降水的混入造成的流体沸腾可能是Sn和Zn等成矿元素大量沉淀的主要机制。该研究成果为认识都龙矿床成矿作用提供了实际地质和地球化学依据。     

个旧夕卡岩锡矿类型与硼氟交代的关系

个旧矿区具有经济意义的夕卡岩型锡矿床,通常都可见到广泛发育的各种夕卡岩期后的热液蚀变,即或以硼氟交代为主,或以多金属硫化物中低温热液交代为主.根据成矿作用过程中成矿流体的成份、氧逸度和硫逸度的变化所形成的矿物及其共生组合,笔者将个旧夕卡岩型锡矿划分为:富硫低氧为特征的“还原”夕卡岩锡矿即锡石硫化物型夕卡岩矿床;和富氧低硫为特征的“氧化”夕卡岩锡矿即硼氟交代型(或锡石-磁铁矿型)夕卡岩锡矿床.同时,结合成矿空间位置和围岩的性质,又分为内夕卡岩,或外夕卡岩矿床.研究其锡矿物稳定度及夕卡岩的蚀变分带,主要受挥发分化学位μB_xO_3、μF_2O_(-1)、μCO_2、μH_2O、μH_2S等控制.本文通过多体系矿物组合拓扑关系相图来研究锡矿物的稳定度、夕卡岩锡矿的分类以及蚀变分带性.     

东蒙地区夕卡岩石榴石稀土元素地球化学及其成因

东蒙地区为我国北方重要的夕卡岩型锡银铜铅锌多金属成矿区，不仅矿床发育，而且成矿种类较多，典型矿床有黄岗梁Fe（Sn）、白音诺Pb-Zn-Ag等金属和浩布高Fe（Sn）－PbZnAg（Cu）矿床。研究表明，它们都是中生代岩浆岩与本区二叠系地层相互作用的产物。本文通过对黄岗梁、白音诺和浩布高3个矿床中不同阶段的石榴石夕卡岩矿物学研究，划分出早晚两期夕卡岩石榴石矿物。早期以浅色、他形细粒、均质的钙铁榴石为主，多形成环带的核心；晚期以深色、半自形中粗粒、弱非均质的钙铝榴石为主，多构成环带的边部。同时采用ICP－MS方法对3其中石榴石比较发育的黄岗梁和浩布高2个矿床中石榴石单矿物进行了稀土元素含量的测定。结果表明，矿区早期的石榴石具有岩浆成因的特征，晚期石榴石具有热液交代成因特征，即东蒙地区既有早期岩浆阶段的岩浆型夕卡岩，又有晚期热液交代型夕卡岩的多成因认识。     

桓仁夕卡岩型多金属矿床地质特征与流体包裹体研究

桓仁夕卡岩型多金属矿床位于辽东裂谷北部边缘与太子河凹陷复合部位, 产于燕山晚期侵入闪长 杂岩与寒武纪沉积灰岩接触带间的夕卡岩内。夕卡岩矿物可以分为进变质阶段蚀变矿物组合和退变质阶段 蚀变矿物组合, 成矿元素由深部向浅部具有Fe→Cu（Mo）→Zn→Pb 的转换规律, 具有明显的分带分段性。为 了探讨成矿流体的物理化学性质及其演化史, 选择了石榴子石和方解石中的气液两相流体包裹体进行研究。 数据测试表明, 石榴子中流体包裹体的均一温度范围为376.1~450.0 ℃, 平均411.6 ℃; 方解石中流体包裹 体的均一温度范围为122.6~170.0 ℃和178.3~270.2 ℃, 平均值分别为149.5 ℃和204.5 ℃, 冰点温度范围 为？4.2 ~ ？17.6 ℃, 与前人研究成果相吻合, 与国内外其他夕卡岩矿床相比, 数据具有实际和理论研究意义。 本矿床Fe-Cu（Mo）、Cu-Zn、Zn-Pb 矿体的形成温度分别集中于约410 ℃、400~300 ℃、约150 ℃和约200 ℃。 以往Pb、S 和D-O 地球化学数据和本次研究REE 特征显示, 岩浆流体起源于上地幔, 在上升过程中携带了 大量成矿物质, 在进变质阶段和退变质阶段, 成矿流体交代形成特定的夕卡岩矿物组合, 退变质阶段的后期 阶段, 有了大气降水的参与, 单一来源的岩浆流体转化为了混合流体。     

云南个旧塘子凹锡多金属矿床夕卡岩地质地球化学特征

从地质产状、矿物组合和岩石化学成分等方面探讨了个旧塘子凹接触带不同类型夕卡岩的特征。该夕卡岩带从内侧到外侧常具有辉石夕卡岩带和石榴子石夕卡岩带交替出现的现象，其岩石化学成分也相应地发生韵律变化，表现为在辉石夕卡岩带中SiO2和MgO含量较高，而在石榴子石夕卡岩带中CaO、TFe和Al2O3含量较高。认为夕卡岩带中的韵律变化一方面与被交代围岩中存在灰质白云岩和大理岩的互层带有关，另一方面与岩浆期后热液的渗滤交代作用有关。围岩中的灰质白云岩层被交代后形成辉石带，大理岩层被交代后形成石榴子石带。     

湘南芙蓉锡多金属矿床夕卡岩矿石的矿物化学特征

夕卡岩型锡矿是芙蓉锡矿最主要的矿化类型.以矿区内19号矿体夕卡岩型矿石为研究对象,利用电子探针定量分析方法,开展矿石的矿物化学研究.结果表明,原生夕卡岩的组成矿物主要为钙铝榴石一钙铁榴石、次透辉石-低铁辉石、铁钙闪石、马来亚石和少量的符山石、硅灰石、锡石,形成于相对较氧化的条件下,与早期侵入的角闪石黑云母花岗岩具有密切的成因联系.锡主要呈Sn4+而倾向于进入硅酸盐矿物晶格中.原生夕卡岩在黑云母花岗岩浆演化过程中分异出富F、Cl和成矿物质Sn的热液流体的作用下发生金云母化、透闪石化、绿泥石化等热液蚀变作用,形成金云母+萤石+磁铁矿+锡石矿体(Ⅰ类矿体)和透闪石±透辉石+绿泥石+锡石+硫化物矿体(Ⅱ类矿体).Ⅰ类矿体的形成主要受到黑云母花岗岩结晶分异的岩浆热液流体控制,而Ⅱ类矿体则受到来自围岩的流体的影响.     

智利卡门铁矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及矿床成因意义

卡门铁矿床位于智利著名的中生代铁-铜-金成矿带内,本文根据矿石组构和矿物共生特征将卡门铁矿床成矿期次划分为硅化阶段、磁铁矿阶段、黄铜矿阶段和晚期热液脉阶段4个阶段。卡门铁矿床磁铁矿有两种类型:含硫化物块状磁铁矿、与阳起石共生磁铁矿,以含硫化物块状磁铁矿为主。电子探针研究表明,该矿床与阳起石共生磁铁矿的Fe O_T含量略高于含硫化物块状磁铁矿;整体上来看,磁铁矿的Fe O_T与Si O_2、Al_2O_3、Mg O呈负相关关系。激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)微量元素成分分析表明,卡门磁铁矿轻稀土元素亏损,重稀土元素富集且分馏程度相对较大;Co、Ni元素含量高,与夕卡岩型磁铁矿较为接近,但Ni/Co比值变化较大,与夕卡岩型有明显差异,说明卡门磁铁矿与典型夕卡岩成因的磁铁矿存在一定差别,同时较高的Ni/Co比值反映了其成因与深源物质有关。卡门铁矿床磁铁矿Ti O_2-Al_2O_3-(Mg O+Mn O)三角图表明该矿床具有热液交代特征,与夕卡岩相关;(Ca+Al+Mn)-(Ti+V)成因判别图也显示该矿床有夕卡岩型铁矿特征,但同时也与IOCG型矿床有一定的相似性,这进一步证明卡门铁矿床可能并非典型的夕卡岩矿床,其成矿可能与铁氧化物铜金(IOCG)型成矿过程岩浆热液活动密切相关,这与卡门铁矿床处于智利IOCG成矿带的地质事实一致。     

新疆磁海铁矿床中辉石的研究与单斜辉石分类定名的多元三角图解法

一、磁海矿区单斜辉石的研究在我国新疆磁海铁矿区的辉长岩、辉绿岩、闪长岩、辉石花岗岩、石榴石辉石岩及辉石岩等不同类型的岩石中,辉石广为发育。辉石主要属单斜辉石中的透辉石—钙铁辉石系列及普通辉石系列。     

Mineralogy,fluid inclusions,and isotopes of the Cihai iron deposit,eastern Tianshan,NW China: Implication for hydrothermal evolution and genesis of subvolcanic rocks-hosted skarn-type deposits

Most skarn deposits are closely related to granitoids that intruded into carbonate rocks. The Cihai (>100 Mt at 45% Fe) is a deposit with mineral assemblages and hydrothermal features similar to many other typical skarn deposits of the world. However, the iron orebodies of Cihai are mainly hosted within the diabase and not in contact with carbonate rocks. In addition, some magnetite grains exhibit unusual relatively high TiO₂ content. These features are not consistent with the typical skarn iron deposit. Different hydrothermal and/or magmatic processes are being actively investigated for its origin. Because of a lack of systematic studies of geology, mineral compositions, fluid inclusions, and isotopes, the genetic type, ore genesis, and hydrothermal evolution of this deposit are still poorly understood and remain controversial.The skarn mineral assemblages are the alteration products of diabase. Three main paragenetic stages of skarn formation and ore deposition have been recognized based on petrographic observations, which show a prograde skarn stage (garnet-clinopyroxene-disseminated magnetite), a retrograde skarn stage (main iron ore stage, massive magnetite-amphibole-epidote ± ilvaite), and a quartz-sulfide stage (quartz-calcite-pyrite-pyrrhotite-cobaltite).Overall, the compositions of garnet, clinpyroxene, and amphibole are consistent with those of typical skarn Fe deposits worldwide. In the disseminated ores, some magnetite grains exhibit relatively high TiO₂ content (>1 wt.%), which may be inherited from the diabase protoliths. Some distinct chemical zoning in magnetite grains were observed in this study, wherein cores are enriched in Ti, and magnetite rims show a pronounced depletion in Ti. The textural and compositional data of magnetite confirm that the Cihai Fe deposit is of hydrothermal origin, rather than associated with iron rich melts as previously suggested.Fluid inclusions study reveal that, the prograde skarn (garnet and pyroxene) formed from high temperature (520–600 °C), moderate- to high-salinity (8.1–23.1 wt.% NaCl equiv, and >46 wt.% NaCl equiv) fluids. Massive iron ore and retrograde skarn assemblages (amphibole-epidote ± ilvaite) formed under hydrostatic condition after the fracturing of early skarn. Fluids in this stage had lower temperature (220°–456 °C) and salinity (8.4–16.3 wt.% NaCl equiv). Fluid inclusions in quartz-sulfide stage quartz and calcite also record similar conditions, with temperature range from 128° to 367 °C and salinity range from 0.2 to 22.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data of garnet and quartz suggest that mixing and dilution of early magmatic fluids with external fluids (e.g., meteoric waters) caused a decrease in fluid temperature and salinity in the later stages of the skarn formation and massive iron precipitation. The δ¹⁸O values of magnetite from iron ores vary between 4.1 and 8.5‰, which are similar to values reported in other skarn Fe deposits. Such values are distinct from those of other iron ore deposits such as Kiruna-type and magmatic Fe-Ti-V deposits worldwide. Taken together, these geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data confirm that Cihai is a diabase-hosted skarn deposit related to the granitoids at depth.     

Re–Os isotopic ages of pyrite and chemical composition of magnetite from the Cihai magmatic–hydrothermal Fe deposit, NW China

The Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the Beishan terrane of the Tarim Block, NW China, host numerous Fe deposits. The Cihai Fe deposit (>90 Mt at 45.6 % Fe) in the Beishan terrane is diabase-hosted and consists of the Cihai, Cinan, and Cixi ore clusters. Ore minerals are dominantly magnetite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite, with minor chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite. Gangue minerals include pyroxene, garnet, hornblende and minor plagioclase, biotite, chlorite, epidotite, quartz, and calcite. Pyrite from the Cihai and Cixi ore clusters has similar Re–Os isotope compositions, with ～14 to 62 ppb Re and ≤10?ppt common Os. Pyrrhotite has ～5 to 39 ppb Re and ～0.6 ppb common Os. Pyrite has a mean Re–Os model age of 262.3?±?5.6 Ma (n?=?13), in agreement with the isochron regression of ¹⁸⁷Os vs. ¹⁸⁷Re. The Re–Os age (～262 Ma) for the Cihai Fe deposit is within uncertainty in agreement with a previously reported Rb–Sr age (268?±?25 Ma) of the hosting diabase, indicating a genetic relationship between magmatism and mineralization. Magnetite from the Cihai deposit has Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Ga, and Sn more elevated than that of typical skarn deposits, but both V and Ti contents lower than that of magmatic Fe–Ti–V deposits. Magnetite from these two ore clusters at Cihai has slightly different trace element concentrations. Magnetite from the Cihai ore cluster has relatively constant trace element compositions. Some magnetite grains from the Cixi ore cluster have higher V, Ti, and Cr than those from the Cihai ore cluster. The compositional variations of magnetite between the ore clusters are possibly due to different formation temperatures. Combined with regional tectonic evolution of the Beishan terrane, the Re–Os age of pyrite and the composition of magnetite indicate that the Cihai Fe deposit may have derived from magmatic–hydrothermal fluids related to mafic magmatism, probably in an extensional rift environment.     

Newly Discovered Native Gold and Bismuth in the Cihai Iron-Cobalt Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

The Cihai iron-cobalt deposit is located in the southern part of the eastern Tianshan ironpolymetallic metallogenic belt. Anomalous native gold and bismuth have been newly identified in Cinan mining section of the Cihai deposit. Ore formation in the deposit can be divided into three stages based on geological and petrographical observations:(I) skarn, with the main mineral assemblage being garnet-pyroxene-magnetite;(II) retrograde alteration, forming the main iron ores and including massive magnetite, native gold, native bismuth, and cobalt-bearing minerals, with the main mineral assemblage being ilvaite-magnetite-native gold-native bismuth; and(III) quartz-calcitesulfide assemblage that contains quartz, calcite, pyrrhotite, cobaltite, and safflorite. Native gold mainly coexists with native bismuth, and they are paragenetically related. The temperature of initial skarn formation was higher than 340℃, and then subsequently decreased to ~312℃ and ~266℃. The temperature of the hydrothermal fluid during the iron ore depositional event was higher than the melting point of native bismuth(271℃), and native bismuth melt scavenged gold in the hydrothermal fluid, forming a Bi-Au melt. As the temperature decreased, the Bi-Au melt was decomposed into native gold and native bismuth. The native gold and native bismuth identified during this study can provide a scientific basis for prospecting and exploration for both gold- and bismuth-bearing deposits in the Cihai mining area. The gold mineralization in Cihai is a part of the Early Permian Cu-Ni-Au-Fe polymetallic ore-forming event, and its discovery has implications for the resource potential of other iron skarn deposits in the eastern Tianshan.     

燃煤固体产物的矿物组成研究

利用X射线衍射、穆斯堡尔谱与扫描电子显微镜等方法研究中国典型燃煤煤种的燃烧产物的矿物学特征，揭示出不同化学成分以及不同类型产物中矿物组成的差异性。根据化学成分，可将燃煤固体产物分为硅铝质、铁质和钙质三组，硅铝质产物结晶相主要为莫来石和石英，而结渣中基本为莫来石；铁质产物中主要矿物包括α-Fe2O3、γ-Fe2O3与Fe3O4，其含量随锅炉燃烧湿度的变化而变化；钙质产物中矿物种类复杂，飞灰石检出石灰、石膏和石英，沾污中检出石膏、赤铁矿和石类，而结渣中还发现钙的硅酸盐矿物。上述矿物分布特征是由不同成分的硅酸盐熔体在不同热力学条件下的结晶行为所决定的。     

风化型和含煤建沉积型高岭土的物质组成对比研究

我国高岭土资源丰富,矿床类型多,其中风化和含煤建造沉积型是两类比较重要的高岭土矿床,对这两类高岭土矿床化学组成,矿物组成及高岭石矿物学特征的异同点进行研究和探讨,其结果表明,风化高岭土的化学成分一般属硅高铝低型,钾含量偏高,钛含量低,铁含量则随成矿线岩和风化条件的不同波动范围大,矿物组成主要为结晶度较差的高岭石、水云线和石英,以及极少量的管状埃洛石,含煤建造沉积型高岭土一般属铝高硅低型,钾含量低,钛含量明显偏高,矿物组成简单,高岭石含量〉９５％,结晶度较好。     

重庆大巴山超大型陶粒页岩矿产资源的发现与研究

页岩陶粒是一种以具有自膨胀性能的页岩或板岩为唯一原料加工制备的保温隔热矿物功能材料和轻质多孔基础材料.在介绍重庆大巴山超大型陶粒页岩矿产资源地质特征基础上,采用多种现代检测技术和与国内同类原料对比方法,研究了代表性陶粒页岩和生产试验样品的矿物材料学特征,结果表明:重庆大巴山城口—巫溪是优质陶粒页岩矿产资源的集中分布区,...     

Pumpellyites and coexisting minerals in different low-grade metamorphic facies of Liguria, Italy

Pumpellyite from four-phase assemblages (pumpellyite + epidote + prehnite + chlorite; pumpellyite + epidote + actinolite + chlorite; pumpellyite + epidote + Na-amphibole + chlorite, together with common excess phases), considered to be low variance in a CaO-(MgO + FeO)-Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃ (+Na₂O + SiO₂+ H₂O) system, have been examined in areas which underwent metamorphism in the prehnite-pumpellyite, pumpellyite-actinolite and low-temperature blueschist facies respectively. The analysed mineral assemblages are compared for nearly constant (basaltic) chemical composition at varying metamorphic grade and for varying chemical composition (basic, intermediate, acidic) at constant metamorphic conditions (low-temperature blueschist facies). In the studied mineral assemblages, coexisting phases approached near chemical equilibrium. At constant (basaltic) bulk rock composition the MgO content of pumpellyite increases, and the X_Fe3+ of both pumpellyite and epidote decreases with increasing metamorphic grade, the Fe³⁺ being preferentially concentrated in epidote. Both pumpellyite and epidote compositions vary with the bulk rock composition at isofacial conditions; pumpellyite becomes progressively enriched in Fe and depleted in Mg from basic to intermediate and acidic bulk rock compositions. The compositional comparison of pumpellyites from high-variance (1–3 phases) assemblages in various bulk rock compositions (basic, intermediate, acidic rocks, greywackes, gabbros) shows that the compositional fields of both pumpellyite and epidote are wide and variable, broadly overlapping the compositional effects observed at varying metamorphic grade in low-variance assemblages. The intrinsic stability of both Fe- and Al-rich pumpellyites extends across the complete range of the considered metamorphic conditions. Element partitioning between coexisting phases is the main control on the mineral composition at different P-T conditions.     

中国卡林型金矿床金矿物的一般特征

卡林型金矿的金矿物主要为Ａｕ－Ａｇ系列的自然金和含银自然金，金的成色高。在构造活动强烈的秦岭地区，金矿物形态复杂多样，以显微金为主，明金可见，而在其他构造活动微弱地区金矿物多呈圆形－椭圆形，以次显微金为主，金矿物成色与成矿地质条件密切相关。     

Hydrothermal Alteration of Limestone and Mineral Exploration of Zn-Pb Skarn Deposits in the Sako-nishi Area of the Kamioka Mine, Central Japan

Abstract: Crystalline limestone of the Sako-nishi area in the Kamioka Zn-Pb mine, central Japan, is depleted in ¹⁸O and ¹³C toward the center of mineralization due to interaction with hydrothermal fluids with a dominant meteoric water component. The relationship between isotopic composition and mineral assemblage, texture, the chemical composition of the minerals, and the bulk chemical composition in the limestone was examined. A decrease in the δ¹⁸OSMOW value correlated with: (1) increase of fine-grained calcite which is enriched in Mn and exhibits a bright cathodoluminescence, (2) progressive hy-drothermal alteration of clinopyroxene in the original limestone into tremolite within the weakly-altered zone, and into chlorite and actinolite within the strongly-altered zone, (3) dominance of hydrothermal chlorite in altered limestone having δ¹⁸O values of less than 10%. This chlorite was enriched in Fe compared to mafic minerals in the unaltered limestone. The enrichment of Fe and Mn was more conspicuous in calcite and chlorite in skarn deposits. The occurrence and chemical composition of hydrothermal minerals in the limestone, skarn, and ore indicate that the ¹⁸O–depleted zones were formed in the later stage from fluids, which were responsible for mineralization and skarnization, and for Fe and Mn enrichment. The Al, Mn, and Fe contents, and the ratios of Mg/(Mg+Mn+Fe), Al/Mg, and Mn/Sr in the hydrochloric acid leachate of limestone varied with decreasing δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values, reflecting increases in high-Mn calcite and high-Fe chlorite. These indexes were useful for the identification of hydrothermally altered limestone. Furthermore, the potential score weighted by each index was more effective and accurate means of detecting promising mineralization zones. An anomalous potential score due to the presence of hydrothermal minerals in the outcropping limestone occurred along the Atotsu–1GO fault. This structure indicates that the skarn deposits of the Sako-nishi area belong to Mozumi-type Zn–Pb skarn deposits, in which fissures and faults served as major passages for the hydrothermal fluid. High-Mn carbonate and high-Fe chlorite widely occur in base-metal vein deposits and Zn-Pb type skarn deposits. Leaching of altered rock with hydrochloric acid in addition to stable isotope composition and cathodoluminescence imaging is effective for geochemical exploration for hydrothermal deposits because it makes possible the detection of the elemental composition of hydrothermal minerals such as chlorite and carbonate and because of the rapidity and convenience of analysis.