降雨入渗引起非饱和土边坡破坏的水-土-气三相渗流-变形耦合有限元分析

为了全面地了解降雨入渗引起的边坡失稳破坏机制,基于有限元-有限差分理论(FE-FD scheme)的水-土-气三相渗流-变形耦合有限元数值分析方法被提出。程序中采用了Zhang等~([1])提出的以Bishop有效应力和饱和度作为状态变量的非饱和土弹塑性本构模型,从而可以连续地描述在降雨入渗时土体由非饱和状态转化为饱和状态过程中力学特性的变化。同时用Green-Naghdi客观应力速率张量来考虑边坡失稳过程中的大变形问题。程序不仅可以模拟由于降雨入渗引起的水分迁移、孔隙水/气压力变化的过程,而且可以很好地反映出由于降雨入渗所引起的边坡变形、塑性剪切带形成等力学行为。选取室内边坡模型试验为研究对象,用所提出的水-土-气三相渗流-变形耦合有限元程序来进行数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,验证了所提出的有限元数值方法的有用性。     

基坑工程降水渗流场特性分析

基于Biot固结理论和Terzaghi有效应力原理,采用有限元法对深基坑工程降水渗流场进行应力场与渗流场耦合的数值模拟。结合南京九华山隧道基坑工程降水实例,分析了基坑降水水位线的形状、流速分布及地表沉降规律;比较了降水井不同布置、井深对基坑渗流场及周围地表沉降的影响,其结果有助于进一步了解地下水与土体相互作用机理,并为基坑工程降水井的设计提供可靠的指导。     

降雨条件下露天平台边坡的稳定性研究

节理、裂隙控制着地表岩体的力学强度和导水特性。采用遍布节理力学模型和饱和非饱和等效连续介质渗流模型反映节理的主导作用,基于节理连通率将岩体的渗流特性与力学特性耦合起来,分析了在FLAC3D中实现渗流与力学耦合机制、降雨边界条件处理以及连通率演化,并开发了适用于FLAC3D的多组遍布节理模型,模拟了海南矿业联合有限公司一顺层平台边坡降雨过程中渗流场和力学场的变化。计算结果表明,降雨开始后边坡地表迅速饱和并形成暂态饱和区,随着降雨的继续,边坡负压区进一步缩小,同时暂态饱和区也不断扩大;在降雨结束后,由于水压力迅速消散造成暂态饱和区开始减小,在降雨过程中渗流也会引起层面的破坏和其裂隙连通率的演化。因此,运用上述耦合分析模型计算降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的影响是可行的。     

地下水位升降与空气流耦合的砂柱实验及其模拟

地下水位的上升或下降会驱动包气带中的空气流动,并与水位升降运动发生相互作用.当潜水含水层被低渗透介质覆盖时,这种水位升降与空气流的耦合现象更加明显.利用细砂盖层作为低渗透介质与厚层粗砂组合成双层结构砂柱,进行了注水和排水实验研究.在排水实验中砂柱水位面下降,包气带会形成显著真空,吸取外界大气.在注水实验中砂柱水位面抬升,包气带气压增大,空气向外流动.包气带气压随时间的变化曲线呈单峰形式,且受到细砂盖层厚度的影响.考虑砂柱饱水带的Darcy流和包气带可压缩空气的线性渗流,提出了一个描述砂柱水-气运动的简化动力学模型,通过Runge-Kutta法进行实验过程的数值模拟,重现了观测到的包气带气压变化特征.模拟结果表明,包气带气压的极值随着低渗透盖层厚度的增加而呈非线性增大趋势.     

基坑降水过程中地下水渗流数值模拟

基坑降水在基坑开挖中占有举足轻重的作用.根据渗流力学和岩土力学知识,建立基坑降水过程中渗流计算的数学模型,通过渗流数值模拟,分析了基坑降水过程中基坑土体渗透压力、水头变化规律以及对基坑变形的影响.     

苏州粉土地层地连墙施工对地层扰动影响研究

采用三维有限差分软件FLAC3D对地下连续墙施工进行模拟,分析苏州地区粉土地层中地连墙施工对土体扰动及周边建筑物影响。利用UBCSAND硬化规律对外部扰动作用下土体强度逐步发挥的力学特性进行表征,模拟开挖过程中浅层土体变形,并对地连墙施工中成槽开挖、钢筋混凝土施工及混凝土硬化进行全过程模拟。计算结果表明,硬化模型较好地反映地连墙施工扰动下浅层土体力学特性;地连墙成槽阶段地层变形随深度的增加而减小,地表以下20 m范围内地层变形显著,而深部土体变形较小;钢筋混凝土浇筑施工对地层变形起到抑制作用;混凝土硬化阶段地层变形趋于稳定。在该基础上采用硬化模型对苏州某基坑地连墙施工进行数值仿真,模拟结果和现场实测吻合较好。     

土体-大气相互作用下土质边坡稳定性研究

土体-大气相互作用是指在多种气象要素共同驱动下,地表浅层土体与大气之间进行物质交换与能量传递的复杂过程.受全球气候变化影响,近年来极端气候事件频发.土体的工程性质在日益严峻的气候环境下发生剧烈变化,产生了大量滑坡灾害,给岩土和地质工程领域带来许多新挑战.系统总结了降雨、气温、空气湿度、风以及太阳辐射5个主要气象要素影响边坡稳定性的机制,分析了土体龟裂、地表植被和土体-大气相互作用之间的关联效应.通过介绍各因素在改变边坡稳定性过程中发挥的作用,构建了一个包括气象要素、土体龟裂以及地表植被的土体-大气相互作用分析体系.该体系为今后土体-大气相互作用下土质边坡稳定性研究确定了关键研究问题,所揭示的作用机理可为今后同类研究提供参考.针对该课题的研究现状,笔者提出了今后的研究方向和重点,包括土体-植被-大气相互作用的理论模型、气候作用下冻土坡体失稳机理、极端气候工程地质作用的生态调控措施三个方面.      

热力耦合边界面模型在COMSOL中的开发应用

基于边界面理论的热力耦合模型可以模拟边界面形状和尺寸随温度的变化,能够反映不同超固结比情况下升-降温引起的土体体积变化和温度对剪切特性的影响等土体重要的热力学特性。为了在热-流-固耦合分析中采用热力耦合边界面模型,基于有限元软件COMSOL,通过修改内置材料方程、耦合渗流和固体力学控制方程以及添加计算边界面内塑性应变偏微分方程的方法对一热力耦合边界面本构模型进行了二次开发。利用所开发模型,对一维固结问题、常温等向压缩问题、排水条件下等向升-降温问题和不同温度下不排水三轴压缩问题进行了模拟,验证了模型的可靠性和有效性。     

地下水渗流与地面沉降耦合模拟

为了准确模拟由地下水开采导致渗流场和应力场发生变化而引起的地面沉降问题,根据Terzaghi有效应力原理,建立了地下水三维渗流与一维垂向固结的地下水渗流与地面沉降耦合数值模拟模型和以比奥固结理论为基础,并结合土体非线性流变理论,将土体本构关系推广到粘弹塑性,同时考虑土体力学参数及水力参数的动态变化关系的地下水渗流与地面沉降三维全耦合数值模拟模型.通过对比分析,结果表明:基于Terzaghi有效应力原理建立的地下水三维渗流与一维垂向固结地下水渗流与地面沉降耦合数值模拟模型模拟所得地面沉降与地下水位呈现出同步变化的趋势,并且当地下水位逐步回升至初始水位时,地面沉降也逐步回升到初始的零沉降状态.而以比奥固结为基础建立的地下水渗流与地面沉降三维全耦合数值模拟模型模拟所得的地面沉降变化趋势滞后于地下水位的变化趋势,并且当地下水位逐步回升至初始水位时,地面沉降虽也逐步得到回升,但回不到初始的零沉降状态,存在一个永久的残余沉降量.在土体参数变化方面,土体的孔隙度、渗透系数及泊松比均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,而弹性模量则呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,与地面沉降的变化相对应.      

非饱和土降雨诱发塌陷成因探讨

有些土体塌陷由降雨诱发，特别是久旱无雨后突降暴雨，有时会导致岩溶塌陷成群出现。同样，在干旱季节农田灌溉也会导致塌陷大量出现，可见塌陷的产生与土壤的干湿状态密切相关。自然土层接近地表部位为非饱和的包气带，以下才是饱水带，大气降雨及农田灌溉水入渗地下要有一个由非饱和带向饱水带运动的过程。由于土体为固气液和收缩膜四相体系，在地表水入渗地下的过程中，入渗的水峰会对土体结构中的气体产生驱动作用，对固体骨架也会产生动力作用。本文采用非饱和土力学的基本原理，对于非饱和土中吸力和水压传递机理以及降雨诱发塌陷进行了分析，并按提出的成因机制对暴雨诱发塌陷实例进行了分析。     

Thermodynamic transport mechanism of water freezing-thawing in the vadose zone in the alpine meadow of the Tibet Plateau

High altitude, cold and dry climate, strong solar radiation, and high evapotranspiration intensity have created an extremely fragile ecological and geological environment on the Tibet Plateau. Since the heat in the vadose zone is primarily generated by the external solar radiation energy, and evapotranspiration is contingent on the consumption of vadose heat, the intensity of evapotranspiration is associated with the intensity of solar radiation and the heat budget in the vadose zone. However, the spatial and temporal variation of heat budget and thermodynamic transfer process of the vadose zone in the frigid region are not clear, which hinders the revelation of the dynamic mechanism of evapotranspiration in the vadose zone in the frigid region. With the moisture content of the vadose zone in the alpine regions being the research object, the paper conducts in-situ geothermal observation tests, takes meteorological characteristics into consideration, and adopts the method of geothermal gradient and numerical computation to analyse the temporal and spatial variation rule of heat budget and thermodynamic transmission process of the vadose zone in the high and cold regions. The results show there is a positive correlation between air temperature, ground temperature, and water content of the vadose zone in both thawing and freezing periods. According to the change law of geothermal gradient, the thermodynamic transfer process of the vadose zone has four stages: slow exothermic heating, fast endothermic melting, slow endothermic cooling, and fast exothermic freezing. From the surface down, the moisture freezing rate of the vadose zone is slightly higher than the melting rate. This is of great significance for understanding the evapotranspiration dynamic process of the vadose zone and protecting and rebuilding the ecological and geological environment in the high and cold regions.     

浅层包气带水汽昼夜运移规律及其数值模拟研究

西北干旱、半干旱地区,浅层包气带水分通量主要由水汽组成,而水汽在运移过程中产生的能量转换和质量迁移是地表质能平衡计算不可缺少的重要源汇项。在野外进行一个沙坑实验,发现土壤水在中午(12:00—15:00)达到最大值(10cm深度,5.9~6.1cm3/cm3;30cm深度,11.9~13.1cm3/cm3),而在凌晨(02:00—05:00)出现最小值(10cm深度,4.4~4.5cm3/cm3;30cm深度,10.4~10.8cm3/cm3)。为进一步验证该实验条件下的土壤水运移及分布规律,考虑了土壤水、汽、热耦合运移的HYDRUS-1D模型被用来对实验过程进行模拟,模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。为描述土壤水分昼夜运移模式,笔者将土壤水耦合运移的时间信息和空间信息进行同步分析;并根据土壤水运移的不同驱动力,分别对温度梯度、基质势梯度作用下的液态水及汽态水通量进行了分析。     

Spatial and temporal variation of natural recharge in the semi-arid valley of Aguascalientes,Mexico

The investigation involves a temporal and spatial analysis to characterize recharge in the Aguascalientes valley in central Mexico. The results are based on a two-part methodological strategy using a geospatial and numerical analysis. Results from the geospatial analysis are based on the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method, which involves developing a zoning map that qualifies the conditions for groundwater recharge in the valley. In addition, one-dimensional numerical modeling based on the van Genuchten equation was applied for various soil column configurations to estimate the transit time of recharge through the vadose zone. The analysis was performed over a 20-year period from 1995 to 2015. The results of the geospatial analysis indicate that the optimal area for groundwater recharge is the lower zone of the valley, particularly the portion influenced by surface discontinuities. The shortest estimated period of recharge for water to pass through the vadose zone is approximately 4.25 years.     

西北干旱内陆盆地区裸土蒸发强度

鉴于包气带蒸发的水分是从地表散失,故查明裸土蒸发规律对研究包气带水分蒸发、潜水蒸发问题具有重要意义。为了查明西北干旱内陆盆地区裸土蒸发强度规律,通过开展裸土含水率观测、包气带负压观测等野外原位试验,结合气象资料,对包气带剖面流场特征进行分析,采用有限差分法对裸土蒸发强度进行计算。结果表明：依据包气带水分在垂向上迁移的不同状态,将裸土区包气带剖面划分为水分向上传输带和水分向下迁移带2个带;西北内陆干旱盆地裸土包气带极限蒸发深度为1.2 m;受外界蒸发能力和包气带向上输水能力交替控制作用,盆地内裸土蒸发出现在4月下半月至9月下半月,其中4月下半月至5月裸土蒸发强度最大,平均蒸发强度达0.56 mm/d;裸土蒸发强度平均仅占水面蒸发强度的3.5%,最大达6.7%。     

包气带增厚区土壤水力参数及其对入渗补给的影响

为探讨包气带深部增厚区土壤水力参数变化对入渗补给过程的影响,采用压力膜仪对河北正定深部包气带(8.0~21.0 m)10个原状土样进行水分特征曲线测试,利用RETC软件中Mualem-van Genuchten导水率模型对其拟合,获取含水率与非饱和导水率的关系曲线,并根据达西法对其进行分析讨论.结果表明:场地包气带深埋区的非饱和导水率为25~240 mm/a.当某一埋深历史水位下降速度越快,该埋深处相同含水率情况下土壤非饱和导水率越大,说明对应土层的入渗补给强度越大;因包气带厚度增大使原来位于饱水带的层状非均质土层转变为包气带,潜水位波动下降过程中深部包气带土层因排水压密作用,使得土壤水力特性发生变化,进而影响垂向入渗补给过程.      

Role of degree of saturation in denitrification of unsaturated sand specimens

Nitrate contamination of groundwater arises from anthropogenic activities, such as, fertilizer and animal manure applications and infiltration of wastewater/leachates. During migration of wastewater and leachates, the vadose zone (zone residing above the groundwater table), is considered to facilitate microbial denitrification. Particle voids in vadose zone are deficient in dissolved oxygen as the voids are partially filled by water and the remainder by air. Discontinuities in liquid phase would also restrict oxygen diffusion and therefore facilitate denitrification in the vadose/unsaturated soil zone. The degree of saturation of soil specimen (S _r) quantifies the relative volume of voids filled with air and water. Unsaturated specimens have S _r values ranging between 0 and 100 %. Earlier studies from naturally occurring nitrate losses in groundwater aquifers in Mulbagal town, Kolar District, Karnataka, showed that the sub-surface soils composed of residually derived sandy soil; hence, natural sand was chosen in the laboratory denitrification experiments. With a view to understand the role of vadose zone in denitrification process, experiments are performed with unsaturated sand specimens (S _r = 73–90 %) whose pore water was spiked with nitrate and ethanol solutions. Experimental results revealed 73 % S _r specimen facilitates nitrate reduction to 45 mg/L in relatively short durations of 5.5–7.5 h using the available natural organic matter (0.41 % on mass basis of sand); consequently, ethanol addition did not impact rate of denitrification. However, at higher S _r values of 81 and 90 %, extraneous ethanol addition (C/N = 0.5–3) was needed to accelerate the denitrification rates.     

Advances in Moisture Migration in Vadose Zone of Dryland and Recharge Effects on Groundwater Dynamics

The vadose zone is the zone in between the land surface and above the groundwater table at vertical profile with partial water saturation and under the unsaturation condition, which constitutes the connections among atmospheric water, surface water and groundwater. Soil moisture migration in the vadose zone is a rather complicate process, which controls the rates of groundwater depletion and recharge, and has close hydraulic connections with highly frequent water transfers on the interfaces among the irrigation farmland, sand dunes, wetlands, lakes, and other landscape types. Recent development on soil moisture migration simulations and the application of tracer techniques, geophysical techniques and other geological methods in the vadose zone research, the factors affecting soil moisture migration and groundwater recharge,and soil moisture migration effects on moisture exchange between different landscapes were reviewed in this paper. Several suggestions on the future research were presented here: ① An intense field observation and research database should be initiated and constructed to determine the soil hydraulic parameters, and quantify the influence of moisture migration in vadose zone on the groundwater recharge; ② The proposed observations and researches should learn from the “Critical Zone Observatory”, and focus on the coupling of the soil moisture migration, solute transport and groundwater recharge.     

包气带岩性结构对地下水生态功能影响特征

西北内陆流域下游区天然植被对地下水生态功能具有强烈依赖性,而包气带岩性结构对地下水生态功能具有明显影响,但是在目前的研究中,缺乏定量分析评判。以甘肃石羊河流域下游天然绿洲区为研究区,基于包气带岩性结构野外调查、室内土柱试验和Hydrus1-D数值模拟,研究包气带岩性结构与地下水耦合作用的生态效应,分析不同岩性结构包气带...     

地下水环境容量研究——以郑州市平原岗区为例

同地表水体一样,地下水系统本身也具有一定的纳污能力,即地下水环境容量。目前,国内外真正意义上的地下水环境容量研究开展得非常少,主要是进行了与地下水环境容量相关的地下水溶质迁移理论和试验研究。以郑州市平原岗区为例,分析了污染物在土壤包气带中随下渗水体向下迁移的机理过程,借助数值模型计算了不同岩性和厚度包气带的水环境容量,成果可为地下水污染防治提供科学依据。     

孔隙网络模型在土壤水文学中的应用研究进展

非饱和土壤的水力性质是采用模型定量模拟水分和溶质在非饱和带中运动的最重要的物理参数,可以用网络模型来预测。孔隙网络模型的主要优点在于可以对发生在土壤孔隙尺度上的物理、化学过程进行直观的表达和模拟。目前,国内外研究者已在样品图像获取、图像分析、模型建立以及求解等方面取得了一定的进展。在对其进行综合评述的基础上,指出了已有网络模型在建立过程中存在的不足之处,并进一步明确了今后的研究方向。