Earth Science Education in Botswana

In Botswana, the Earth Science Education programme is based at the University of Botswana in the Department of Geology, which is one of seven departments in the Faculty of Science. Initially the new department had three academic staff members; this number has later increased to eight and, most recently, to ten academic posts. Since the programme's inception in 1980, 84 graduates completed the undergraduate geological studies. The Geology B.Sc. programme gives a choice between a single major in Geology and three combined majors: Geology/Environmental Sciences, Geology/Chemistry and Geology/Physics. Postgraduate programmes are currently under preparation. All Geology graduates are employed by the Botswana Government institutions and private companies. An active research programme, related to both local and international projects is conducted. This involves co-operation with national institutions and international organisations.     

Earth Science Education in Sudan

This paper describes Earth Science Education in Sudan, with particular emphasis on the University of Khartoum. The first geological department in Sudan was founded in 1958 in the University of Khartoum. In the 1980s, six more geological departments have been added in the newer universities. The types of courses offered include Diploma, B.Sc. (General), B.Sc. (Honours), M.Sc. and Ph.D. The Geology programmes are strongly supported by field work training and mapping. Final-year students follow specialised training in one of the following topics: hydrogeology, geophysics, economic geology, sedimentology and engineering geology. A graduation report, written in the final year, represents 30–40% of the total marks. The final assessment and grading are decided with the help of internal and external examiners.Entry into the Geology programmes is based on merit and performance. The number of students who graduate with Honours and become geologists is between 20% to 40% of the initial intake at the beginning of the second year. Employment opportunities are limited and are found mainly in the Government's geological offices, the universities and research centres, and private companies. The Department of Geology at the University of Khartoum has long-standing internal and external links with outside partners. This has been manifested in the training of staff members, the donation of teaching materials and laboratory facilities. The chief problems currently facing Earth Science Education in Sudan are underfunding, poor equipment, laboratory facilities and logistics. Other problems include a shortage of staff, absence of research, lack of supervision and emigration of staff members.Urgent measures are needed to assess and evaluate the status of Earth Science Education in terms of objectives, needs and difficulties encountered. Earth Science Education is expected to contribute significantly to the exploitation of mineral resources and socio-economic development in the Sudan.     

Earth Science Education in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is a mineral-rich country with a long history of Earth Science Education. The establishment of a University Geology Department in 1960 allowed the country to produce its own earth science graduates. These graduates are readily absorbed by the mining industry and few are without work. Demand for places at the University is high and entry standards reflect this. Students enter the University after GCE A levels in three science subjects and most go on to graduate. Degree programmes include B.Sc. General in Geology (plus another science), B.Sc. Honours in Geology and M.Sc. in Exploration Geology and in Geophysics. The undergraduate curriculum is broad-based and increasingly vocationally orientated. A well-equipped building caters for relatively large student numbers and also houses analytical facilities used for research and teaching. Computers are used in teaching from the first year onwards. Staff are on average poorly qualified compared to other universities, but there is an impressive research element. The Department has good links with many overseas universities and external funding agencies play a strong supporting role. That said, financial constraints remain the greatest barrier to future development, although increasing links with the mining industry may cushion this.     

Curricular changes in the Geology Department, University of Zimbabwe: towards a more vocational degree

Zimbabwe is a mineral-rich country with a long history of Earth Science Education. The establishment of a University Geology Department in 1960 allowed the country to produce its own earth science graduates. These graduates are readily absorbed by the mining industry and few are without work. Demand for places at the University is high and entry standards reflect this. Students enter the University after GCE A levels in three science subjects and most go on to graduate. Degree programmes include B.Sc. General in Geology (plus another science), B.Sc. Honours in Geology and M.Sc. in Exploration Geology and in Geophysics. The undergraduate curriculum is broad-based and increasingly vocationally orientated. A well-equipped building caters for relatively large student numbers and also houses analytical facilities used for research and teaching. Computers are used in teaching from the first year onwards. Staff are on average poorly qualified compared to other universities, but there is an impressive research element. The Department has good links with many overseas universities and external funding agencies play a strong supporting role. That said, financial constraints remain the greatest barrier to future development, although increasing links with the mining industry may cushion this.     

Earth Science Education in Zambia

Mining in Zambia has been practised for centuries, and in the last 70 years Zambia has risen to become one of the world's leading Cu producers as a result of the exploitation of the Zambian Copperbelt orebodies. In contrast to this long history of mining, Zambia has a relatively short history of Earth Science Education. For the past 24 years, the earth sciences have been taught within the School of Mines in University of Zambia. The School started operation on 1st June, 1973, with the purpose of training professional geologists, extractive metallurgical/mineral processing engineers and mining engineers to service the needs of the mining industry in Zambia.The School consists of three departments — Geology, Metallurgy and Mineral Processing, and Mining Engineering — which deliver a five-year undergraduate programme. Students are admitted to the School after completing a one-year programme in the School of Natural Sciences of the University of Zambia. Students with an average of C+ or better in Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics are admitted into the School of Mines.The School of Mines has a total of 36 teaching positions — 12 for each Department. To successfully complete their course, students must pass 40 courses over a period of five years. During this time, industrial training is mandatory in the vacation periods after the third and fourth years of study. This training is mainly within the mining industry who in most cases sponsor the students for their studies in the School.The School admits 50 students on average per year, of whom five students take up Geology as a career. So far only two female students have studied in the School of Mines, both of them in Geology. The student to staff ratio in the Geology Department is 3 to 1. The low enrolment in Geology is thought to be because of a lack of knowledge of geology as a possible career by prospective students and a perceived lack of progression, once employed in industry. This has lead to a ‘Geoscience in Schools’ project with the main aim of making secondary school students aware of geology as a career.The Geology Department enjoys close co-operation with geology departments in a number of universities around the world, with industry, government ministries and regional bodies. It is hoped that the current increase in employment prospects for Geology graduates in Zambia will attract more students to geology as a career.     

李四光教授生平简介

本文简要介绍了李四光教授从青少年直到逝世为止的毕生活动中的重要事迹。其中包括早年留学日本时参加中国同盟会和辛亥革命时期的活动;入英国伯明翰大学后,专攻地质科学,走上了“科学救国”的道路;新中国成立前后,专心致志地从事地质科学研究和地质教育工作,在长期的科学活动和社会活动中,为繁荣祖国科学事业,发展和提高中国地质科学水平,为社会主义经济建设寻找和开发矿产资源,做出了不可磨灭的卓越贡献。在国内外科学界、知识界享有崇高的声誉,为后人留下了大量宝贵的科学文化财富,中国人民引以为荣。     

中国新沂马陵山白垩纪恐龙足迹——从虎到肉食龙及由传说至古生物学（英文）

江苏省新沂市马陵山地区的4个神秘的印记,传统上被解释为“李存孝打虎处”的“虎爪印”和“人足迹”,重新将其解释为大盛群田家楼组恐龙足迹。这些足迹中只有一个最深的“虎爪印”保存了可识别的趾印,表明它是一个有着后内侧拇趾印的兽脚类恐龙左足迹,是一道单步约50cm的直线行迹的一部分;另一种解释是该足迹为小型蜥脚类恐龙的右后足迹,形成行迹的右侧部分,其左侧部分没有保存。马陵山足迹点提供了恐龙足迹如何影响中国民间传说的另一个案例。     

缅怀导师刘国昌先生

刘国昌先生是我国工程地质事业的奠基人之一、区域稳定工程地质学的创始人、我国工程地质教育事业的一代宗师、矿产资源开发的先行者、国家重大工程建设的践行者。1936年毕业于北京大学地质系,毕业后响应“找矿救国”的号召,从事野外矿产勘察10余年。1951年应俞德渊先生邀请,到东北地质学院任教,创办了水文地质工程地质系,任系主任、教授,从此开启了中国工程地质教育事业,培养了新中国第一批工程地质专业研究生,开办了首批工程地质进修班,奠定了我国工程地质事业的基础。1981年,调西安地质学院工作,建设了水文地质工程地质系。1984年,在刘国昌先生的主持下,西安地质学院获批我国首批水文地质工程地质博士点,1985年开始培养博士生,为该校水文地质工程地质专业和学科的发展奠定了基础。     

中国地质科学院2013年度十大科技进展揭晓

中国地质科学院所属的地质研究所、矿产资源研究所、地质力学研究所、水文地质环境地质研究所、岩溶地质研究所、地球物理地球化学勘查研究所及院机关在对其2013年度承担的总计1022个科技项目进行所级选拔择优的基础上, 于2014年1月9—10日在北京召开了中国地质科学院2013年度科技成果汇报交流暨十大科技进展评选会, 对推荐出的21项优秀科技成果进行汇报交流。来自国土资源部、教育部、中国科学院、中国地震局、中国石油化工集团公司等部门的42位院士专家组成的评选委员会, 经过认真、严谨的评审和投票, 评选出了中国地质科学院2013年度十大科技进展并逐一进行了点评。获奖成果涉及学科领域包括基础地质、矿产资源、水文地质工程地质与环境地质和技术方法, 代表了中国地质科学院的最新、最高研究水平。     

Earth Science Education in Tanzania

In Tanzania, the earth sciences are only taught at the University of Dar es Salaam, in the Department of Geology. The Department was founded in 1974, acquired its first Tanzanian staff in 1975 and produced its first graduates in 1977. Now the Department is completely run by Tanzanian staff and about 25 Geology students graduate annually.The Department offers B.Sc., M.Sc. (taught and by research) and Ph.D. degrees. Students enter the University after 13 years of schooling, thus, upon completion of A levels. Currently, about 30 students a year are admitted to the Geology course, of whom about five will fail to complete. Normally, only 5 to 10% of the undergraduates are women. Currently, most students obtain employment with exploration and mining companies.The Department has dedicated laboratories for teaching and research and has several items of analytical equipment. There are 15 academic staff, most with Ph.D.s, many of whom were trained in the 1980s and 1990s in Germany and Finland through collaborative training programmes. Current research projects are funded by Sweden, the Netherlands and the Tanzanian Government.     

Earth Science Education in Kenya

The University of Nairobi is currently the only University in Kenya which offers degree level courses in the earth sciences. The Department was founded in 1961, became part of an autonomous University in 1970, awarded its first degrees in 1972 and awarded its first Geology degrees in 1978. The Department currently offers a four-year B.Sc. course - delivered as part of a course unit system - and an M.Sc. programme in Geology. Students are admitted to the University after eight years of primary and four years of secondary schooling. Graduates find employment either in government departments or in the private sector. The Department currently has 15 academic staff who are involved in a variety of research projects. Currently, there are collaborative links with Universities in Germany, Sweden and South Africa.     

华北克拉通早前寒武纪条带状铁建造形成时代——SHRIMP锆石U Pb定年

华北克拉通是我国早前寒武纪条带状铁建造(BIF)最重要的分布区。近年来大量锆石定年研究表明,华北克拉通BIF形成于始太古代到古元古代早期,但主要为新太古代晚期(2.50～2.55Ga)。最重要的BIF分布于华北克拉通东部的鞍本、冀东和鲁西地区,沉积环境相对稳定是大规模BIF形成的重要条件。华北克拉通新太古代晚期BIF形成的构造环境还不十分清楚,但可能为岛弧构造环境。BIF明显的时代专属性是地质和大气演化的结果。     

Recent advances in coal geologyoutcome of the 10th Coal Geology Conference

The 10th Coal Geology Conference, jointly organized by the Faculty of Science of the Charles University in Prague, the Czech Geological Survey and the Institute of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, took place in June 7-11, 2004, at the Faculty of Science. The coal geology conferences have been held at the faculty every three or four years since 1972. They were preceded by coal geology seminars which began even earlier, in January 1968.These seminars and conferences provided an excellent opportunity to exchange knowledge and new information on coal geology and related fields and, above all, to bring together people from various fields starting with science and ending up with a wide spectrum of interests.     

基于Voxler平台的城市地质调查数据的 三维可视化

在计算机虚拟的三维环境下,可以更加直观、形象的展示地质模型,服务于工程建设、科学研究和决策支撑。Voxler平台具有强大的建模、分析和三维可视功能,可用来支撑"透明城市"的实现,但却鲜用该方面的应用研究。以丹阳市小城镇水工环地质综合调查项目为依托,采用Voxler平台中的计算、图形输出和通用模块,探索了该平台在城市地质调查数据三维可视化中的应用潜力。结果显示该软件在钻孔、地质界面、地质体和试验测试数据的可视化以及地上地下一体化建模方面,具有良好的应用效果。     

地幔和大洋玄武岩的钒同位素研究

钒(Ⅴ)是一个变价元素,其赋存状态和地球化学性质对环境的氧化还原条件非常敏感,因此Ⅴ同位素可以作为一个新的地球化学示踪剂来制约高温地质过程氧化还原条件的变化。随着多接收电感耦合等离子质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的发展,Ⅴ同位素的分析精度不断提高,高温地质过程的Ⅴ同位素分馏能够被分辨出来,使得Ⅴ同位素的高温地球化学研究得以开展。本文对地幔和大洋玄武岩的Ⅴ同位素组成进行了总结,综述了Ⅴ同位素在蚀变过程、部分熔融和分离结晶重要地质过程的分馏行为,对比了硅酸盐全地球与陨石之间Ⅴ同位素组成的差异,并探讨了高温Ⅴ同位素地球化学未来的发展方向。     

Earth Science Education in Uganda

Uganda has two Government funded universities, five operating private universities and four other universities are due to start soon. Geology was first taught in Uganda at Makerere University in 1968 within the Department of Geography. Through the leadership of Prof. Robert Macdonald it became established as a full department in August 1969 as part of the Faculty of Science. Both pure and applied geology are taught and the courses are designed to suit the current job market. At present, the three-term academic year is being replaced by a semester-based course unit system. At the same time, the 3:2:2 subject combination, requiring a student to do three subjects in first year and two subjects in both second and third years, is to be replaced by a major-minor subject combination.Currently, there are about 50 undergraduate students and four Ph.D. students in the Department. A student Geological Association acts as a forum for the exchange of information on matters of geological concern. An affirmative action policy has improved the intake of women students into the Department. On average, the number of women has increased from about 10% to 33.3% in the years 1984/85 to 1997/98. Their performance parallels that of the male students and they are readily employed. Of the eight members of academic staff, two are women. The Department of Geology has good links with regional and overseas universities through which a number of research programmes are currently supported. In addition, most of the training of manpower for the University and research programmes is supported by regional and international research agencies. Academic staff combine teaching with research and consultancy.     

大类招生培养新形势下普通地质学课程教学优化与实践

大类招生和培养是中国高等教育改革中提出的新模式,对原有的专业基础课程教学带来诸多挑战。文章分析了南京大学地球系统科学与环境大类人才培养体系中《普通地质学》课程教学所面临的主要问题,介绍了笔者近年来采取的一系列教学改革措施和实践效果。其目标是使学生拓宽学术视野、坚实专业基础、提升职业发展潜力和提高原始创新能力。     

湖南锡矿山超大型锑矿床围岩蚀变元素迁移特征及定量计算研究

湖南锡矿山锑矿床是目前世界上已发现的最大的锑矿床,其硅化非常发育且与矿化关系密切,根据硅化蚀变程度的强弱,从围岩到矿石大致划分为4个带:灰岩→弱硅化灰岩→强硅化灰岩→矿石。为揭示锡矿山锑矿的成矿过程及成矿流体信息,利用Isocon标准化方法,以Al_2O_3为惰性组分,对各蚀变带围岩及矿石的主、微量元素进行质量平衡计算。结果表明,热液蚀变过程中,Si、Sb、Li和Bi等大量迁入,而Ca、Mg、Na和大离子亲石元素Sr、Ba、Rb等大量迁出;成矿热液呈酸性并富硅,其中Hg、As、Au、Tl等元素含量极低,这可能是导致锡矿山锑矿床矿种单一的原因之一。稀土元素除Eu外,其他元素未发生明显的活化迁移,水岩反应并未影响原岩的稀土元素配分模式;蚀变岩及矿石中的Eu负异常可能表明成矿过程是在相对还原的环境下进行的。     

甘肃省城市地质调查工作探析

城市地质工作贯穿于城市建设发展的全过程,是城市规划建设和经济社会发展的重要基础支撑,是未来地质工作的重要发展方向。围绕各城市规划建设、运行、转型升级、选址布局、防灾减灾、美化环境等所亟需的自然资源与城镇化进程中面临的各种地质环境问题,结合甘肃省情对地质工作的需求,提出甘肃省城市地质工作在未来8年里的总体战略构想,开展基础性综合地质填图、多要素城市地质调查、城市地质信息化智慧化建设,对城市开发建设、地质资源绿色利用、地方重大工程建设、城市生态安全体系构建,提供地质支撑。     

The 100th Anniversary of the Department of Geology,Peking University

The Department of Geology,Peking University is the earliest geological institution of the Chinese universities.It was founded in 1909,initially as one of the two departments in the School of Science at the Peking Imperial University.After several events,recruitment commenced in 1917 and a new name was adopted:the Department of Geology,Peking University.When the war broke out in 1937,the