A general formulation of hypoplasticity

A general formulation of the theory of hypoplasticity is given, under the assumption that Cauchy stress is the only state variable. Such a formulation allows to discuss the relation between the so‐called out‐of‐axis and in‐axis moduli. It is proved that, in general, the out‐of‐axis moduli are independent from the in‐axis moduli, which allows the former to be calibrated making use of experimental shear band data, as it is done in CLoE‐hypoplasticity. The implicit assumptions made in K‐hypoplasticity are detailed for two particular models of this family. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

首次在中国发现的矿物

本文主要内容是根据作者近期发表在英文杂志《岩石与矿物》上的同名文章译成的,它追述了在中国发现的新矿物种（类）的基本历史。列出了在中华人民共和国发现的99种矿物的名字及其发现地点和文献出处。本文修正了英语文献中的大量错误,从语言学角度介绍了矿物学在英文和中文交流之间存在的困难。作者为中文稿增加了一些新内容,更新了几处发现地的资料,还增加了一个新矿物：碲锌（铁）石（Zineospiroffite）,它发表在英文稿付印之后。本文按化学组成和年代顺序对中国发现的新矿物进行了分析。所有列出的新矿物都是经过IMA-CNMMN批准的或者是“祖先级”（“grandfathered”）的矿物,只有一个是没有被批准的矿物。新矿物是按英文字母的顺序排列的。     

A hypoplastic model for clay and sand

The theory of hypoplasticity was developed initially for non-cohesive soils. However, sand and clay have many common properties; therefore arose the idea to extend the hypoplastic model to clay. The proposed model is able to describe the behaviour of cohesive soils with the incorporation of an appropriate structure tensor into the constitutive equation. This tensor is a stress-like internal parameter, also called back stress. This enables us to describe the behaviour of cohesive soils with the same material parameters for several states of consolidation and also to model barotropy and pycnotropy of sand. Numerical simulations of element tests are performed in order to check the performance of this hypoplastic model. Experimental data obtained with normally and overconsolidated clay and sand specimens with various densities are taken for comparison, and it is shown that the model is capable of describing the material behaviour of clay and sand. The determination of the material constants, the calibration method, is also presented in this paper.     

亚塑性理论简介

简要介绍了亚塑性理论和亚塑性本构模型以及在颗粒材料力学分析上的应用。详细地介绍了亚塑性模型参数的确定方法。亚塑性本构模型不是从弹塑性理论发展而来,它是以非线性张量为基础,没有屈服面、塑性势、流动法则、硬化定律以及把变形分解为弹性和塑性部分等概念。亚塑性在很多方面具有一定的优越性,特别是涉及到应力水平非常低或者非常高的情况。     

Similarities between GSH,hypoplasticity and KCR

Accounting for elasto-plastic motion in granular media, hypoplasticity is a state-of-the-art constitutive model derived from data accumulated over many decades. In contrast, GSH, a hydrodynamic theory, is derived from general principles of physics, with comparatively few inputs from experiments, yet sporting an applicability ranging from static stress distribution via elasto-plastic motion to fast dense flow, including non-uniform ones such as a shear band. Comparing both theories, we find great similarities for uniform, slow, elasto-plastic motion. We also find that proportional paths and the Goldscheider rule used to construct barodesy, another, more recent constitutive model, are natural results of GSH’s equations. This is useful as it gives these constitutive relations a solid foundation in physics and, in reverse, GSH a robust connection to reality. The same symbiotic relation exists between GSH and KCR, or Kamrin’s non-local constitutive relation, a model that was successfully employed to account for a wide shear band in split-bottom cells.     

Grid-group cultural theory: an introduction

This article offers an introduction to grid-group cultural theory (also known as grid-group analysis, Cultural Theory or theory of socio-cultural viability), an approach that has been developed over the past thirty years in the work of the British anthropologists Mary Douglas and Michael Thompson, the American political scientist Aaron Wildavsky, and many others. This assessment begins with a presentation of the main claims of the theory, distinguishing two characteristic breads of grid-group cultural theory, in the one it is conceived as a heuristic device, in the other it is seen as a full explanatory theory. This brief is followed by a discussion of the typology generated by the theory. This includes a presentation of the two dimensions of sociality it posits, the cultural map they produce, as well as the four (or five) cultural types derived from them and their designations. The article proceeds with a discussion of key issues including the incorporation of other typologies (such as the one developed to analyse myths of nature), the relations between cultures or rationalities and several methodological issues. Finally the article introduces the contributions to this special issue of the GeoJournal. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Harrison Canyon Debris flows of 1980

This article describes predictable events and geological mechanisms that led to a disastrous flood and mudflow which affected a housing development below the Harrison Canyon Debris Basin Located in San Bernardino County, California, U.S.A. Factors that contributed to the disaster included: fires; topography; geology; hydrology/climatology; and design and location of the Harrison Canyon Debris Basin. If all of these factors had been taken into consideration during planning and approval of the housing development known as Tract 6206, this disaster could have been averted.This article was first published inEngineering Geology.     

流域地貌的分形研究

非线性科学中的分形理论已广泛应用于各个学科。在地貌学研究中,数学—物理方法首先被引入到流域地貌的形成、演化的研究中。分形理论的运用则突破了传统方法的局限,开辟了一条新思路。尽管其运用在流域地貌中才刚刚开始,但人们已感觉到它强大的生命力。本文分析了流域地貌的分形特征,着重介绍了目前国内外已建的各种模型及其最新进展。     

The antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition in αFe2O3 in the single prism approximation of the cluster variation method

The single prism approximation SPA of the cluster variation method has been used to model the antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition in hematite. This calculation yields insight into the accuracy of the SPA and other approximate methods for modeling order-disorder phenomena. Published values of the magnetic coupling constants were used to calculate the Néel temperature, sublattice magnetization, and magnetic specific heat. The calculated Néel temperature is found to be 1.21 times the observed value, as compared to 1.36 times observed for a mean field theory approximation, an improvement that reflects the superior treatment of configurational entropy in the SPA. Qualitative to semiquantitative agreement is obtained between observed and calculated values for sublattice magnetization and magnetic specific heat; however we find that previously published values for the magnetic specific heat are too large by a factor of two.     

A hypoplastic model for granular soils incorporating anisotropic critical state theory

It is well known that soil is inherently anisotropic and its mechanical behavior is significantly influenced by its fabric anisotropy. Hypoplasticity is increasingly being accepted in the constitutive modeling for soils, in which many salient features, such as nonlinear stress-strain relations, dilatancy, and critical state failure, can be described by a single tensorial equation. However, within the framework of hypoplasticity, modeling fabric anisotropy remains challenging, as the fabric and its evolution are often vaguely assumed without a sound basis. This paper presents a hypoplastic constitutive model for granular soils based on the newly developed anisotropic critical state theory, in which the conditions of fabric anisotropy are concurrently satisfied along with the traditional conditions at the critical state. A deviatoric fabric tensor is introduced into the Gudehus-Bauer hypoplastic model, and a scalar-valued anisotropic state variable signifying the interplay between the fabric and the stress state is used to characterize its impact on the dilatancy and strength of the soils. In addition, fabric evolution during shearing can explicitly be addressed. Modifications have also been undertaken to improve the performance of the undrained response of the model. The anisotropic hypoplastic model can simulate experimental tests for sand under various combinations of principle stress direction, intermediate principal stress (or mode of shearing), soil densities, and confining pressures, and the associated drastic effect of different principal stress orientations in reference to the material axes of anisotropy can be well captured.     

Exploring the application of a flood risk management Serious Game platform

Based on the experience gained with SeCom2.0, we will explain the impact of game-based learning and provide an overview of the current use of Serious Games in teaching flood risk management in Germany. SeCom2.0 is a collaborative learning platform, which deals with a flood situation in Cologne. The use of Serious Games in flood risk management is still limited due to many factors. The article will give a deeper insight into the SeCom2.0 project, explaining the pedagogical design and the development. We will cover the pitfalls and possible suggestions for further development to facilitate wider use of such games by adapting the settings to local conditions. This article will also describe how a Serious Game can support lifelong learning for students and employees involved in flood risk management. The key components, design patterns and structure of or SeCom2.0 are described, along with ideas to implement selected topics in flood risk management in an engaging gaming environment.     

High Precision Isotope Dilution Determination of Potassium by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry

Two independent articles published more than a decade ago pointed to the potential of the somewhat neglected K‐Ca system for very precise K‐Ca dating and thermochronology, but have not been followed up since. In the first of these articles, highly precise determination of K and hence the K/Ca ratio in lunar granites showed the feasibility of K‐Ca dates of micas with an analytical precision known so far in only U‐Pb and Ar/Ar dating. In the second article, it was shown that responses of the K‐Ca and Rb‐Sr isotopic systems in micas subjected to a slow post‐metamorphic cooling could provide new insights into thermochronology. Crucial to the follow‐up of these two promising leads is the development of a simple and user‐friendly method for routine high precision K determination in real samples, such as the one described in this report.     

次塑性模型及饱和砂土动力弹塑性响应分析

提出了一个新的次塑性模型并用试验作了初步验证,建议用异步交叉迭代显式差分有限元求解固液耦合动力弹塑性问题。利用次塑性模型以及动力固结有限元计算程序,对一简单饱和砂土地基的动力弹塑性响应进行了分析,取得了合理的结果。     

Integrating Environmental Education Into Business Schools' Educational Plans in Finland

Environmental education in business school context has a significant effect on the way companies view environmental problems. Business schools train the future decision makers who can, with their own attitudes and practical actions, influence the contribution of business to the process of ecologically sustainable development. However, several studies show that no systematic thinking has been undertaken within business education as to what the educational prerequisites of the process of ecologically sustainable development are. In this article, I will firstly analyze by means of environmental education how business polytechnics in Finland have taken into consideration ecologically sustainable development. Secondly, I will raise the starting points for the development of the implementation of environmental education as part of the business schools▪ educational plans. Integrating environmental education into the vocational courses is identified as being one of the most effective ways of increasing the effectiveness of environmental education. Thirdly, the emphasis is on identification of barriers of integrating environmental education into the educational plans of business polytechnics. Theoretically, the article is attached to the objectives and learning concepts of environmental education and to educational planning theory in general. The empirical data are based on interviews I conducted 1999–2000 in all Finnish polytechnics offering business education. My article increases theoretical and practical understanding of how environmental education should be implemented in business education and how the current situation could be developed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

深厚土层流固多向地震全耦合动力响应分析

根据上海地区典型土层的力学特性,拟合得到简化亚塑性边界面模型的动力计算参数,同时考虑流、固耦合以及地震多向作用的耦合,以San Fernando1971年地震记录的加速度时程曲线为输入地震波,对上海280 m深典型地层的地震反应进行了分析,得到了有意义的结果。     

Structural evolution of zeolite levyne under hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic pressure: geometric modelling

This is an exploratory study on the high-pressure (HP) structural evolution of a zeolitic framework (with LEV topology) on the basis of geometric modelling and previously published accurate unit-cell constants measured by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The geometric simulations for 11 P values from 0 to 5 GPa gives more insight into the HP-behaviour of levyne, showing that the anomalous elastic behaviour of this zeolite observed under hydrostatic conditions at low P (P<1 GPa) is due to a double change in the compressional mechanism. Since the geometric simulation is not restricted to using the experimentally determined cell parameters, simulations of uniaxial compression along the [001] direction and of compression in the (001) plane have been performed, shedding more light on the compression mechanisms under non-hydrostatic regimes, which are difficult to access experimentally. The mechanisms associated with compressions along different axes provide insight into the hydrostatic compression mechanisms leading to the anomalous elastic behaviour.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

黑河流域地下水与地表水转化研究进展

地处我国干旱内陆区的黑河流域,其地表水与地下水在不同的地貌单元发生着大数量的、有规律的、重复的转化过程,极大地提高了水资源的利用率。早在20世纪80年代,甘肃省地矿局等单位率先开展了有关黑河流域地表水与地下水转化过程研究的国家"七五"、"八五"科技攻关项目,取得了丰富的勘查研究成果,促进了这一地区有限水资源的合理开发利用。进入21世纪以来,随着勘查研究理论的丰富和环境同位素技术的广泛应用,黑河流域地表水与地下水资源及其循环转化引起了学术界的广泛关注,并相继完成并发表了一批具有较高水平和学术价值的科研成果,进一步提高了干旱区水资源的开发与保护。但仍存在着水资源转化关系和转化规律还缺乏流域系统研究、中下游盆地深层地下水的补给来源尚不能确定等方面的不足,不利于协调社会经济发展与生态环境保护之间的用水矛盾。     

物探队地勘人才队伍建设的实践与思考

总结物探队人才队伍建设实践,学习实践科学发展观,解放思想,转变观念,深刻理解人才是科学发展的第一资源和以用为本的人才理念,探讨在"地质立队"思想指导下,如何引进人才,激励人才,加强人才队伍建设,以人才队伍协调发展,加快地勘经济跨越发展步伐。     

火星生命研究的进展与前景

关于火星是否存在或曾经存在生命的争论由来已久。有人以ALH84001火星陨石新鲜破裂面上的大量碳酸盐小球体和多环芳香烃（PAHs）为主要依据，推论火星至少在13～36亿 aBP前很可能有生命形态存在。然而，很多人认为ALH84001陨石的各种特性可以是非生物成因的。由于地球上的生物在超过115℃的温度下很难存活（火星可与之类比），争论的焦点逐渐集中在碳酸盐球体的形成温度上。也有研究者关注该陨石上有机物质的来源问题。对ALH84001陨石的综合学科研究提出了互相矛盾的证据。综述了自1996年以来在国外各种主要期刊上发表的关于 ALH84001陨石与火星生命的研究成果（也包括了一些对其他火星陨石的研究），认为目前尚不能断言火星生命存在与否。对火星继续深入探索以获取进一步的证据是十分必要的。以美国国家航空和宇航局（NASA）Odys sey宇宙飞船起始的火星探测计划将引发新一轮火星生命研究的热潮。