深埋长隧锚杆对围岩支护效应的模型试验研究

采用新研制的环氧-硅胶系的相似模型材料,在解决一系列制作、安装、测试技术问题基础上,通过在大型真三轴模型试验机上形成相同的边界条件,从而对毛洞和锚杆加固模型、不同锚杆加固深度模型进行对比,得出锚杆加固后对围岩影响的规律,即锚杆加固区的应力较毛洞相应区内的应力均有所提高,而在锚杆加固区外围岩应力渐趋于此处毛洞的应力值;锚杆加固区中的最大应力一般也成了整个隧道围岩应力的最大值或接近最大值;锚杆的锚固作用还使毛洞中出现的拉应力状态转化为加固区内岩体的压应力状态。随着支护深度的加大,洞壁处的径向及切向压应力也在不断提高,从而利于增大岩体稳定性;同时,锚杆支护模型在不同加载级下应力分布趋势相同,也说明一定埋深范围内、不同埋深的软岩洞室中锚杆支护对围岩的影响是相同的;通过支护前后模型的应变差对比看出,在拱顶和拱腰分别形成了曲线和近似直线的径向应变差分布,对比结果为研究锚杆机制中的锚杆剪应力分布提供了试验基础。     

隧道围岩全长黏结式锚杆界面力学模型研究

分析围岩弹塑性介质中全长黏结式锚杆的锚固界面层应力分布和变化特征,对研究隧道工程初期支护系统的力学效应具有重要意义。根据全长锚杆微段的受力平衡以及锚固界面层剪应力的传递机制建立了关于锚杆轴向位移的微分方程,通过求解锚杆轴向位移的微分方程可得到锚杆与围岩相互作用下的轴向载荷和锚固界面剪应力的分布函数。然后将锚杆界面剪应力对围岩的支护反力转化为圆形隧道轴对称径向体积力,进而求解有锚喷支护作用下圆形隧道围岩塑性区半径。在此解析模型基础上,可对隧道围岩-支护系统进行详细的分析和评判。算例分析表明,初期支护时机的选择对锚固效应和围岩稳定性有较大影响;适当增加全长黏结式锚杆的锚固层厚度能明显降低锚杆端部剪应力的应力集中度,能有效改善锚杆的锚固效果。     

管缝式锚杆在拉拔荷载作用下受力分析模型

建立了管缝式锚杆在拉拔荷载作用下的受力分析模型,该模型能够反映锚杆破坏的渐进过程。分析表明,在拉拔荷载作用下管缝式锚杆在荷载作用点最先发生相对滑移,且随着荷载的增加滑移段的长度逐渐增加,直到整根锚杆与围岩发生相对滑移。根据能量守恒原理得到了管缝式锚杆在安装入钻孔后对围岩径向作用力的计算公式。对管缝式锚杆进行了非局部摩擦分析,得到了基于非局部摩擦模型的管缝式锚杆界面剪应力分布。研究了管缝式锚杆直径对锚杆界面剪应力分布的影响,同时得到了锚杆最大抗拉拔力与锚杆长度之间的关系。将理论模型预测值与试验结果对比,验证了理论模型的有效性。     

On the stress distribution at the bonding interface between rock and bolt

Rock bolt is a major reinforcement technique for roadways in coal mines in China. Generally, separation of the bonding interface between the rock mass and the bolt may lead to collapse of the bolted rock mass due to stress concentration. In order to establish the stress concentration mechanism on the bonding interface, the distribution functions for shear stress and longitudinal force on the interface are derived using Mindlin's model, and a failure criterion for the interface is proposed. In addition, influencing factors for the stress distribution mode are identified. Both analytical study and numerical simulations by ANSYS have shown that, as the elastic modulus of rock increases, both shear stress and the longitudinal force-concentrating zone move towards the outer end of bolt and decrease gradually from the free surface to the rock mass body. Also, there is an optimizing cement thickness which results in relatively uniform distributions of shear stress and longitudinal force on the interface. It is valuable to investigate the bolt invalidity mechanism as well as reinforcement safety estimation in underground rock engineering design.     

初始地应力对隧洞开挖爆生裂隙区的影响研究

隧洞开挖过程中控制爆炸对岩体的损伤,减小爆破裂隙范围,对保证工程安全具有重要意义。基于爆炸应力波作用下爆生裂隙形成机制的研究,采用摩尔-库仑准则及最大拉应力准则,研究了初始地应力对爆炸应力波作用下爆生裂隙区比例半径的影响。研究结果表明,初始地应力对爆生裂隙范围有显著影响。在压剪破坏模式下,爆生裂隙区比例半径随地应力的增大而减小,地应力侧压系数影响爆生裂隙区比例半径在洞壁圆周的分布。考虑围岩应力卸荷影响后,沿隧洞径向的爆生裂隙区比例半径比不考虑卸荷的小。拉伸破坏导致的岩体爆生裂隙区比例半径一般比压剪破坏模式下爆生裂隙比例小,爆炸应力波作用下隧洞围岩更容易沿结构弱面发生压剪破坏。     

隧道围岩中全长注浆岩石锚杆的应力分布分析

在弹性状态下,根据锚固体的受力情况建立了锚固体的摩阻力分布模型。根据此模型,结合隧道围岩位移变化函数推导了全长注浆岩石锚杆在围岩变形下的全长受力分布函数。并结合工程实例,分析了锚杆的应力分布特征,得出了注浆岩石锚杆在围岩变形中受力的基本特征。     

Enriched finite element procedures for analyzing decoupled bolts installed in rock mass

Numerical procedures are developed to analyze interaction between fully grouted bolts and rock mass using ‘enriched finite element method (EFEM)’. A solid element intersected by a rock bolt along any arbitrary direction is termed as ‘enriched’ element. The nodes of an enriched element have additional degrees of freedom for determining displacements, stresses developed in the bolt rod. The stiffness of the enriched element is formulated based on properties of rock mass, bolt rod and grout, orientation of the bolt and borehole diameter. Decoupling at grout–bolt interface and elasto‐plastic behavior of rock mass have also been incorporated into the EFEM procedures. The results of this method are compared with analytical pull‐out test results presented by Li and Stillborg (Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 1999; 36 :1013–1029). In addition, a numerical example of a bolted tunnel is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method for practical applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An empirical method for design of grouted bolts in rock tunnels based on the Geological Strength Index (GSI)

The procedure presented in this paper has been developed for the design of grouted rock bolts in rock tunnels during preliminary design stage. The proposed approach provides a step-by-step procedure to set up a series of practical guidelines for optimum pattern of rock bolting in a variety of rock mass qualities. For this purpose, a new formula for the estimation of the rock load (support pressure) is recommended. Due to its wide-spread acceptance in the field of rock engineering, the Geological Strength Index (GSI) is adopted in support pressure equation. For poor and very poor rock mass where the GSI < 27, the use of Modified-GSI is, instead, recommended. The supporting action is assumed to be provided by rock bolts carrying a total load defined by the rock load height. The mechanism of bolting is assumed to rely on roof arch forming and suspension principle. Integrated with support pressure function, the bolt density parameter is modified in order to provide an optimized bolt pattern for any shape of tunnel. The modified bolt density can also be used in analysis of a reinforced tunnel in terms of Ground Reaction Curve (GRC) in such a way as to evaluate the reinforced rock mass and the tunnel convergence. By doing so, the effectiveness of the bolting pattern is well evaluated. The proposed approach based on GSI is believed to overcome constrains and limitations of existing empirical bolt design methods based on RMR or Q-system, which are doubtful in poor rock mass usage. The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by the stability analysis and bolt design of a rail-road tunnel in Turkey.     

Effects of Rock Bolting on Stress Distribution around Tunnel Using the Elastoplastic Model

INTRODUCTIONThe stability of underground structures duringand after excavation is the most i mportant factor fordesigners because any kind of collapse may destroylarge parts of a finished tunnel,thereby causing ma-jor repairs and ti me loss.To avoid this problem,rock bolts are widely used as ani mportant support el-ement.These are economical,have a short installa-tion ti me,and provide reinforcement to maintain theintegrity of the stressed rock.The effect of the bearing capacity of rock b…     

Analytical model for the design of grouted rock bolts

An analytical model which represents the behaviour of a reinforced rock mass near a circular underground opening in a homogeneous, uniform stress field has been developed. The theory adopts the concepts of elastoplasticity and considers a proper interaction mechanism between the ground and the grouted (or friction) bolts. It highlights the influence of the bolt pattern on the extent of the yield zone and tunnel deformation. A dimensionless parameter is introduced as a design tool which relates the tunnel convergence to the bolt spacing for a given bolt length. This publication contains the derivation of the analytical model and an illustration of the effect of bolts on the stress and displacement field near an opening. Its application to tunnel design is discussed briefly. The verification of the theory by laboratory simulation and field measurements will be presented, in detail, in a future publication.     

金华山软岩铁路隧道施工过程围岩屈服接近度分析

隧道施工过程中围岩处于复杂应力状态下,隧道围岩屈服区演化特征的确定对于围岩稳定性分析和开挖支护方案优化具有重要的意义。采用屈服接近度指标衡量围岩破坏接近程度可以合理地描述复杂应力状态下围岩的应力危险性,对Mohr-Coulomb类岩体材料的屈服接近度函数进行了相应的推导,并在非线性有限元用户子程序上编程予以实现。介绍了赣州-龙岩铁路DKl33+095～DKl38+237段软弱围岩单线隧道正台阶步施工方案以及湿喷纤维混凝土支护方案。为了对该隧道施工过程中隧道围岩屈服区的演化特征进行合理评价,采用非线性有限元法对软弱围岩条件下的铁路隧道施工过程进行了数值模拟,分析了施工过程中隧道围岩屈服接近度分布特征,判定了隧道台阶步施工过程中隧道围岩的稳定性。分析结果表明:该隧道施工过程中围岩破坏区主要发生在下台阶步施工过程中;屈服接近度指标比传统的塑性区分布提供的信息更加丰富,有利于工程技术人员定量地评价隧道开挖支护方案。     

大型地下洞室全长黏结式岩石锚杆锚固机制研究及锚固效应分析

以大型地下洞室为背景,采用隐式锚杆柱单元模拟黏结式岩石锚杆,推导了杆体对围岩模型的附加刚度贡献模型。根据中性点理论,假定锚固体界面的剪切滑移模型,导出了锚杆与围岩相互作用下的荷载传递基本微分方程。基于三维弹塑性有限元增量法计算的围岩离散位移,采用插值拟合获得造成锚杆变形的围岩连续位移,通过求解微分方程得到锚固体界面剪应力和轴向力分布函数。将获得的锚固体剪应力采用等效附加应力模型作用于岩体,反映了锚杆的支护效应。实例分析表明,锚杆新算法能较好地模拟锚杆支护效果。获得的锚固体受力分布特征符合中性点理论,锚固体界面剪应力分为正、负两段,锚固体轴向力分布为单峰曲线。此外,新方法的计算值与实测值较为接近。     

岩石锚杆锚固段荷载分布试验研究

岩石锚杆锚固段荷载分布规律是岩土锚固技术的关键问题之一。在拉拔试验锚杆杆体测点应变数值采集的基础上,利用复合幂函数和高斯函数对实测数据进行曲线拟合,获得了临界破坏状态下的锚固段轴力及剪应力分布情况。试验结果表明：岩石锚杆锚固段剪应力的分布集中在锚固段的前部;高斯函数可以较好地描述临界破坏状态下锚杆杆体的轴力分布;界面破坏出现在界面峰值抗剪强度远大于界面所能提供的黏结强度情况下。研究结果为锚杆的设计与计算提供了理论依据。     

考虑剪应力作用时横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道位移反分析的惟一性

推导了考虑剪应力作用时横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道的位移解析解,利用参数可辨识条件对考虑剪应力作用时横观各向同性岩体中圆形巷道位移反分析的惟一性进行了探讨。结果表明,无论布置多少个测点也不能惟一地反分析出所有7个参数,必须至少已知3个参数,才有可能惟一地反分析出其他参数;水平与竖直地应力分量是否为 0 对反分析惟一性有一定影响;3个地应力分量的可辨识性最好,各向同性面上的弹性模量和泊松比次之,垂直于各向同性面方向的弹性模量和泊松比最差。与不考虑剪应力时位移反分析惟一性结果相比,考虑剪应力时参数的可辨识性顺序不变,但是条件惟一的比例降低,不惟一和绝对惟一的比例增加,说明考虑剪应力能够提高位移反分析的惟一性。工程实例计算表明,推导的位移解析解和反分析惟一性探讨结果能够很好地指导岩体参数反演计算。     

岩体隧道锚固作用分析

在工程实例中利用数值模拟方法对考虑和不考虑松动圈的岩体,在不同工况下锚杆加固前后的径向、环向应力,径向、环向位移以及锚杆轴向应力进行全面比较分析。研究锚杆和松动圈对隧洞围岩力学性质的影响,结果表明考虑和不考虑松动圈相比,洞室表面径向位移要明显大一些,而且外界载荷越大,二者的差值越大;在锚杆加固作用下环向应力峰值无论是否考虑松动圈,其出现位置都较加固前向洞壁方向移动,同时围岩径向位移在加固前后变化很大,随着外界载荷的增大,径向位移减小越明显。锚杆支护的主要作用之一是控制围岩的变形和发展,通过锚杆加固改善应力环境来提高围岩的稳定性。     

Anisotropic Deformation of a Circular Tunnel Excavated in a Rock Mass Containing Sets of Ubiquitous Joints: Theory Analysis and Numerical Modeling

Determining anisotropic deformation surrounding underground excavations for tunnels is an intuitional task that involves many difficulties due to the inherent anisotropies in the strength and deformability of natural rocks. This study investigates joint-induced anisotropic deformation surrounding a tunnel via a numerical simulation that accounts for the mechanical behavior of intact rock, the orientations of joint sets, and the mechanical behavior of joint planes; this numerical simulation can model the complete stress–strain relationship with anisotropic rock mass characteristics. Simulation results demonstrate that the well-known excavation-induced stress variation–decrease in the radial component and increase in the tangential component–decrease shear strength and increase shear stress for the joint plane tangential to the tunnel wall, resulting in joint sliding failure and considerable shear deformation. This joint sliding failure and significant shear deformation account for the joint-induced anisotropic deformation surrounding a tunnel. When a rock mass has two joint sets with unfavorable joint orientations, the area with joint sliding failure can deteriorate mutually, resulting in large anisotropic deformation. Additionally, for a rock mass containing three joint sets with well-distributed orientations, joint sliding in various joint sets and associated stress variations can counter balance each other, resulting in less anisotropic deformation than those of rock masses containing one or two joint sets.     

利用锚杆轴力量测定围岩破坏区的方法

本文系统总结了锚杆轴力分布型式,分析了各轴力分布型式的力学机理。结果表明,在围岩不同区内,锚杆所受剪切力具有不同的特点,而且,锚杆所受剪切的特点在锚杆轴力分布中得到了反映。根据以上关系,提出了利用锚杆轴力量测确定围岩破坏区的方法。     

A new closed-form solution for circular openings modeled by the Unified Strength Theory and radius-dependent Young’s modulus

A new closed-form solution is presented for the stress and displacement distribution surrounding circular openings with finite external radii that are subject to uniform internal and external pressures under plane strain conditions. The specific solution for a deep circular tunnel in an infinite rock mass is also provided. It is assumed that the rock mass is elastic–brittle–plastic and governed by the Unified Strength Theory (UST). In the plastic zone, the radius-dependent Young’s modulus (RDM) model and a non-associated linear flow rule were adopted to establish the radial displacement solution. The new closed-form solution obtained in this paper is a series of results rather than one specific solution; hence, it is suitable for a wide range of rock masses and engineering structures. The traditional solutions, which are based on the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and the Generalized Twin Shear Stress yield criterion, can be categorized as special cases of this proposed solution. This new solution agrees reasonably well with the results of a borehole collapse test, a secondary development numerical simulation and an additional closed-form solution using the generalized non-linear Hoek–Brown failure criterion. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of intermediate principal stress, RDM and dilatancy on the results. It is shown herein that the effects of intermediate principal stress and dilatancy are significant; the RDM model is recommended as the optimum approach for calculating radial displacement and support pressure.     

岩体流变情况下隧道合理支护时机的数值模拟

以广梧高速公路牛车顶隧道为工程背景,探讨岩体流变情况下隧道二衬支护时机确定的理论和数值计算方法。对比理论方法预测拱顶下沉时程曲线与现场实测结果,建立数值计算模型,分析隧道围岩应力释放系数对围岩稳定性的影响表明,理论方法预测拱顶下沉时程曲线与现场实测表现出相同的发展规律,并且二者得到的二衬支护时间基本相同,验证了理论方法的正确性。围岩应力随着掌子面推进而不断释放,III级围岩应力释放比较缓慢,空间效应比较明显;当开挖释放应力系数大于或等于60%时,整个围岩的松动区都大于锚喷加固范围,最终确定出二衬的合理支护时机,为工程实践提供参考。     

锚固体应力分布规律的数值模拟分析

采用非线性有限元法,分析了全长粘结式锚杆在荷载作用下剪应力的分布规律,同时研究了被加固岩土体的性质对锚固体剪应力分布规律的影响。并将数值模拟的结果与理论计算以及试验结果进行了对比分析。分析表明,锚固体剪应力的分布非常不均匀;当荷载不大时,锚杆所受的剪应力分布范围较小,而最大剪应力数值较大;随着荷载的加大,剪应力的分布范围有向下扩展的趋势,但扩展的速度比较慢;锚固体所受的剪应力的大小和分布与岩体性质有密切的关系,岩石越坚硬,剪应力分布越集中,最大剪应力的数值越大;而岩体越松软,剪应力分布就越均匀,最大剪应力的数值就越小。