华南埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪过渡期的有机碳同位素梯度和海洋分层

埃迪卡拉纪-早寒武世是地球历史上碳循环的重大波动期,但有关其成因和古环境意义仍存在很大分歧.为阐明这一问题,本文对华南晚埃迪卡拉纪-早寒武世两条剖面进行了高分辨的碳同位素研究.在浅水相区九龙湾-季家坡剖面,晚埃迪卡拉纪灯影组大部分δ13Corg值在δ29‰~δ24‰变化;而在深水相区龙鼻嘴剖面,大部分δ13Corg值在δ35‰~δ32‰.这些新的研究结果与华南埃迪卡拉纪δ早寒武世其他剖面发表的δ13Corg数据对比表明,δ13Corg在时间和空间上均存在着巨大变化,并受岩相的明显约束.在以碳酸盐岩为主的地层中,δ13Corg相对较高,通常大于δ30‰;而在黑色页岩和暗色硅质岩为主的地层中,δ13Corg相对较低,一般小于δ32‰.这种有机碳同位素组成的显著差异很难以存在巨大的溶解有机碳库(DOC)解释,我们认为不同微生物类群的贡献可能是导致这种差异的主要因素.浅水相样品中较高的δ13Corg值(δ30‰)与显生宙同位素变化相近,可能反映了光合作用为主的同位素分馏;而深水样品较低的δ13Corg值(δ32‰)可能反映了缺氧环境条件下化能自养或甲烷氧化微生物对有机质的重要贡献.这意味着在埃迪卡拉纪-早寒武世之交扬子地台的海洋仍处于强烈分层状态,且氧化还原界面波动频繁.     

松辽盆地陆相大规模优质烃源岩沉积环境的地球化学标志

在松辽盆地晚白垩世青山口组和嫩江组一段选取40块烃源岩样品,利用气相色谱-高分辨飞行时间质谱对烃源岩氯仿抽提物的饱和烃和芳烃化合物开展了定性分析,同时利用气相色谱-质谱对重要生物标志化合物开展了定量检测,目的是寻找陆相大规模优质烃源岩沉积环境的地球化学标志.检测结果显示,烃源岩（Ro〈0.7%）中生物标志物含量或分布的差异,指示不同的沉积环境.青一段烃源岩除萜烷、规则甾烷、4-甲基甾烷含量高外,还具有甲藻甾烷、C31甾烷、芳基类异戊二烯烃含量高的特征,并检测到单质硫和羊毛甾烷等特殊化合物,反映湖泊盐度高、水体分层的泻湖型沉积环境;青二、三段烃源岩各类生物标志化合物的含量较低,反映淡水、浅水的湖泊三角洲沉积环境;嫩一段烃源岩的萜烷、规则甾烷、4-甲基甾烷含量高,但甲藻甾烷、C31甾烷、芳基类异戊二烯烃含量低,反映水体盐度低、分层性差,细菌发育并对有机质改造强烈的淡水-微咸水开放湖泊型沉积环境.综合分析表明,陆相大规模优质烃源岩形成环境的主要地球化学标志是烃源岩C30藿烷含量一般大于1500μg g^-1,伽马蜡烷含量大于190μg g^-1,C27甾烷含量大于200μg g^-1,4-甲基甾烷含量大于100μg g^-1,芳基类异物二烯烃含量大于3μg g^-1,脱羟基维生素E含量大于10μg g^-1.     

海南东部小海潟湖沉积物地球化学特征及对古台风活动的指示

为探讨海南东部历史时期的气候环境变化,2015年于海南岛东海岸小海潟湖中采集了一根长73 cm的柱状样(XH15-02),在年代学(210Pb和AMS14C)测试的基础上,开展了多环境代用指标(总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、有机碳稳定同位素、干密度等)的测试和分析.结果表明,XH15-02柱状样TOC与TN含量有很好的相关性,C/N比值在10.41～23.33之间变化,有机碳稳定同位素(δ13Corg)值在-25.14‰～-23.29‰之间.通过对多气候环境代用指标的分析,以及与历史文献资料和其他自然代用指标的综合比对,认为XH15-02孔岩芯沉积记录了研究区过去1100多年来较为丰富的气候环境、台风活动以及人类活动影响等信息.近千年来,小海潟湖沉积有机物主要以陆源输入为主,据估算该岩芯有机碳陆生来源约占47.00%～73.43%,但在不同时期变化幅度较大,该陆源有机碳含量变化可能主要反映了历史时期海南东部地区的干湿变化历史;自1850年以来,XH15-02孔岩芯沉积通量的显著增加与当地人口的快速增长历史一致,反映了研究区近二百年来可能受到的人类对自然界的开发活动影响强烈;多个具有显著偏正δ13Corg记录的时期同史料记载以及周边区域地质记录中的"大风"、"海溢"、"风暴"等事件发生时间较为相近,可能揭示了历史时期的台风或高海平面事件,进而认为小海潟湖沉积在重建历史时期海南地区台风活动等方面具有很大潜力.     

滇池的富营养化过程:来自结合态脂肪酸C16:0δ13C的证据

以云贵高原浅水湖泊滇池作为研究对象,在对湖心一个63cm柱状沉积物中δ13Corg、δ13N、C/N比值和TOC含量测定的基础上,以近现代沉积物有机质中结合态脂肪酸的组成及其单体碳同位素组成结果为主要的讨论对象,并与相应游离态脂肪酸的组成及碳同位素值进行了对比研究,探讨近二百年来滇池湖泊的富营养化过程.研究结果表明,沉积物中有机质基本参数变化按沉积深度可以划分成三个主要阶段,其中20cm至表层段,δ13N、TOC显著增大,与该时期湖泊富营养化密切相关.结合态脂肪酸总含量为38.5-209.6μg/g,游离态脂肪酸总含量为12.0-318.1μg/g,都在表层段20cm出现迅速增加的趋势;利用脂肪酸单体分子组合CPIA、∑C20/∑C21+、TARFA、C18:1w7/C18:1w9、(i-C15:0+a-C15:0)/nC15:0比值的特征变化,表明其以内源的浮游生物和细菌输入为主,内源藻类的大量繁殖,导致湖泊富营养化加剧.相比游离态脂肪酸,滇池沉积物中的结合态脂肪酸具有较丰富的不饱和脂肪酸和正反异构脂肪酸,且具有较强的稳定性,能抵抗早期化学和生物降解作用的影响,具有重要的研究价值,将成为近年来研究的热点.结合态脂肪酸中C16:0的δ13C变化较好地记录了近几十年来湖泊富营养化过程的加剧,可作为反映湖泊重富营养化进程的一个重要指标.     

流域数据模型研究—以太湖流域西苕溪流域为例

对江汉平原江陵剖面沉积物中的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、有机碳同位素δ13C值和粒度参数的分布特征与环境气候的关系进行了研究.结果表明：沉积物中有机碳、总氮较高,有机质的δ13C值偏负,沉积物的平均粒径较粗时,气候温暖湿润;反之,沉积物中有机碳、总氮较低,有机质的δ13C值偏正,沉积物的平均粒径较细时,气候温凉偏干.结合14C测年,判别江汉平原江陵地区的古气候演化过程：8900-6070 aBP,为温湿时期;6000-4600 aBP为相对冷干时期;4600-2500 aBP为温暖湿润时期;2500 aBP以来为温凉偏干时期.     

塔里木盆地海相烃源岩与原油芳烃单体烃碳同位素分布特征及其意义

芳烃化合物是原油和烃源岩抽提物中的主要馏分,经过小型氧化铝两步层析法,可以得到分离度高的二环芳烃和三环芳烃化合物.塔里木油田不同地区的上奥陶统烃源岩和寒武系‐下奥陶统烃源岩抽提物芳烃馏分的GC-IRMS分析表明芳烃单体烃碳同位素组成除受热演化程度影响外,还受有机质来源、沉积环境和成烃过程的影响.无论是烷基萘、烷基联苯、烷基菲的亚系列,还是单体化合物,如1-甲基菲、9-甲基菲、2,6-二甲基菲等的δ13C值均表现为寒武系‐下奥陶统烃源岩偏重,两套烃源岩之间亚系列的δ13C差值最高可达16.1‰,单体烃之间差值可达14‰.综合塔里木盆地不同时代烃源岩和原油的生物标志物组合特征及单体烃的碳同位素组成,可为油源对比提供强有力的佐证.塔中地区大部分奥陶系原油9-甲基菲具有偏负的δ13C组成,贫伽玛蜡烷,富含升藿烷,主要来自于上奥陶统烃源岩;而塔东地区原油和部分塔中地区原油富伽玛蜡烷、贫升藿烷,9-甲基菲的δ13C组成明显较重,表明其主力油源岩为寒武系‐下奥陶统烃源岩.     

湖泊沉积有机碳同位素与环境变化的研究进展

湖泊沉积有机质稳定碳同位素（δ^13Corg)在区域气候与环境变化方面的应用近年来发展迅速,成果令人瞩目,保存在各类湖泊岩芯中的δ^13Corg记录揭示了晚更新世以来大气CO2浓度的变化、湖泊水位波动、湖区生态与植被的变迁以及气温变化等重要环境信息,由于造成δ^13Corg值变化的影响因素较多,确定个湖与环境变化有关的主导因素时常有赖于其它证据的帮助,诸如地球化学、古湖沼学、孢粉学、分子同位素地层学等等,前人通过研究来自不同类型湖泊、具不同曲线形态特征的δ^13Corg记录,提出了多种环境解释模型,本文对此作了归纳和评述。鉴别和澄清湖泊沉积有机质的源物质以及有机物源随环境变化而发生过的变化,是研究δ^13Corg记录环境意义至关重要的基础性工作,由于有机质含量、碳氮比值、氢指数、生物残留物鉴别等常能提供有关有关湖泊有机质来源、产率、成岩作用等方面的有用信息,这方面的研究结果应该尽可能一并提供,以利于恰当地应用现有的环境解释模型,或者建立个湖新模型,单体生物标志化合物鉴别通常也能为区分湖积有机质中陆生、水生、细菌生等不同碳的来源提供有用信息,特定化合物同位素分析技术近年来成功地应用于建立单体生物标志化合物碳同位素地层学,为湖积有机碳同位素在生态环境演变研究方面的应用提供了思路,我国许多湖泊的湖底沉积岩芯尚未钻取,那些对过去全球变化研究有价值的δ^13Corg记录有待我们去获取和研究。     

高演化海相碳酸盐烃源岩地球化学综合判识--以鄂尔多斯盆地为例

针对中国海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩的成熟度高、有机质丰度低等特殊性,以鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界为例, 通过微量元素富集系数计算、稀土元素的配分模式、元素和碳同位素等的数理统计分析及三维图解等多元综合分析, 结合必要的有机参数, 反演了盆地烃源岩发育环境, 评价碳酸盐岩烃源岩及其分布. 就鄂尔多斯盆地而言, TOC为0.2%是个重要的界限值, 研究表明: 在TOC>0.2%的层段中, Ba富集,δ13Ccarb正偏移, δ13Corg<-28‰, 反映出古生产力、有机质埋藏量较高, 具较好生烃潜力, 稀土元素分异强, 指示沉降速率低, 有机质保存条件好, 利于烃源岩发育.克里摩里组、乌拉力克组具一定规模, 可视为潜在有效烃源岩. 而TOC＜0.2%的层段, Ba含量低, δ13Ccarb多为负值,δ13Corg为-24‰～-28‰,指示有机质埋藏量低,生烃潜力差,稀土元素分异弱,沉降速率较快,多属浅水高能氧化环境,不利于烃源岩发育.利用无机与有机地球化学方法综合评价高演化海相有潜力的碳酸盐岩烃源岩及分布是可行的.     

中全新世以来呼伦湖沉积物碳埋藏及其影响因素分析

通过对内蒙古高原呼伦湖沉积物样品总有机碳含量(TOC)及其稳定同位素(δ13Corg)、总氮含量(TN)和TOC/TN(C/N)值的测定,结合沉积岩芯AMS14C年代标尺,分析了中全新世以来呼伦湖沉积物有机碳埋藏速率随时间变化的趋势及有机质的来源,并探讨了影响呼伦湖有机碳埋藏的主要因素.结果表明,中全新世以来呼伦湖有机碳埋藏速率平均值约为2.06 g/(m~2·a),碳储量约为35.25 Tg C,且总体上呈现增加趋势.呼伦湖沉积物中有机质主要来源于外源输入,但近1000 a以来内源输入逐渐增加并占据优势.呼伦湖有机碳埋藏速率与温度和降水均呈负相关,表明在长时间尺度上,升温及降水量的增加可能对呼伦湖的碳埋藏起到一定的抑制作用.     

四川广安龙门峡南剖面下三叠统海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成与对比

早三叠世作为二叠纪末集群灭绝后地球系统的生态恢复时期,与古海洋生态变化有关的各种地球化学记录为地质学家长期高度关注.在岩石学研究和样品对海水代表性评估的基础上,测试了四川盆地东部广安龙门峡南剖面下三叠统(包括相邻地层)350个碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成.研究表明:龙门峡南剖面下三叠统碳酸盐岩对海水碳同位素组成具有良好的保存性,碳氧同位素组成之间缺乏相关性,二者间的确定系数只有0.0205,350个样品中只有44个Mn/Sr2和/或δ~(18)O-6.5‰;根据306个Mn/Sr2和/或δ~(18)O-6.5‰的样品建立了完整的下三叠统碳同位素曲线,曲线具有非常好的全球可对比性,二叠,三叠界线附近、嘉一段顶部和三段内部的δ~(13)C极小值,夜郎组一段顶部、四段顶部和嘉陵江组二段底部、四段下部的δ~(13)C极大值,以及代表这些极大值的峰和代表这些极小值的谷所反映的都是全球信号;与全球其他地方年代地层框架内同期碳同位素曲线的对比结果表明,剖面夜郎组一段可大致与Griesbachian亚阶对应,夜郎组二,四段可大致与Dienerian亚阶对应,嘉陵江组一段大致与Smithian亚阶对应,嘉陵江组二-三段以及四段下部大致与Spathian亚阶对应,嘉陵江组四段的中上部则应归于中三叠世的Aegean亚阶;代表Smithian-Spathian亚阶界线(SSB)的嘉一、嘉二段界线附近δ~(13)C从-0.911‰急剧上升至3.679‰,海水碳同位素如此剧烈的变化耗时可能小于36kyr,对沉积环境反映更为敏感的氧同位素在SSB附近先于碳同位素变化,反映海水在碳同位素急剧升高之前,盐度已显著增加,并导致了蒸发岩和白云岩的形成,该问题的更深入研究还需要考虑白云石-水和方解石-水系统、白云石-CO_2和方解石-CO_2系统白云石和方解石形成过程中同位素分馏效应的差别.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.     

Species Composition and Seasonal Variations of the Gastropoda in Upper Sakarya River System (Turkey) in Relation to Water Quality

Species composition, abundance, and seasonal distribution of the Gastropoda fauna and the physical and chemical variables of Upper Sakarya River System have been investigated between October 1998 and August 1999. Gastropod fauna in the Upper Sakarya River System was represented by 9 species of Prosobranchia and 7 species of Pulmonata. Diversity, dominance, and abundance of the Gastropoda species were recorded seasonally. The abundance of some of the 16 species was correlated positively with temperature, dissolved oxygen and negatively or positively with pH and nitrate. It was observed that Gyraulus albus (Müller, 1774), Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, Valvata pulchella Studer, 1820, and Oxyloma elegans (Risso, 1826) can tolerate a high level of NO‐N while V. piscinalis (Müller, 1774) spread out in unpolluted water. Although the species and their numbers change at the stations, the maximum numbers were found during autumn, while minimums were identified during the winter sampling. Gyraulus albus was the most widespread species in our research area. Only 5 species (Gyraulus albus, Physa acuta, Valvata cristata (Muller, 1774), Valvata pulchella, Melanopsis praemorsa costata (Olivier, 1804)) were determined each season. However, no Gastropoda were found at the station 3 that has high BOD, NO‐N, NO‐N, and NH₃ levels.