黄河中游响应气候变化和地表相对抬升发育阶地研究

揭示河流系统响应气候变化和地表抬升的机制是理解流域地貌演化以及水系发育过程的基础,其核心难题是如何充分认识它们在阶地发育中扮演的角色。以往的研究倾向于分开讨论气候变化和地表抬升在河流阶地发育中的作用,认为河流堆积/侧蚀和下切行为分别与冰期和间冰期气候对应,或者将阶地作为地表抬升的直接证据。首先,从上下游河段对比的视角初步解释了黄河中游响应气候变化和地表相对汾渭盆地抬升发育阶地的过程。1.2 Ma以来黄河下蚀鄂尔多斯地块和峨眉台地分别形成了7级阶梯状阶地和6级堆积阶地序列。黄土地层分析结合年代学研究揭示这些阶地面都直接上覆一层古土壤,指示它们形成于气候由冰期向间冰期的过渡阶段,即使在沉降的盆地依然如此。然而,黄河中游并没有在1.2 Ma以来的每一次冰期向间冰期转换都发育阶地,说明气候虽能通过控制河流堆积-侧蚀与下切行为的转换决定阶地的形成时代,但其本身并不是阶地形成的唯一控制因素。在峨眉台地沉降的背景下,黄河无法形成正常的阶梯状阶地序列,取而代之的是堆叠的阶地序列（阶地越年轻拔河高度越大）;而当鄂尔多斯地块相对汾渭盆地抬升缓慢时,黄河仅能在极为干旱的冰期向间冰期过渡阶段形成阶地;相比之下,它们相对汾渭盆地抬升速率都足够快速时,驱动黄河近乎对每一次的冰期向间冰期转换都能做出响应而发育阶地。以上黄河中游阶地与气候和地表抬升的对比模式揭示出,快速地表抬升也是阶梯状阶地序列发育不可或缺的因素,能驱使河流在冰期向间冰期过渡阶段显著下切,拉大相邻阶地面垂直距离从而利于后期保存。因此,研究认为黄河中游发育的系列阶地是响应气候变化和地表相对汾渭盆地抬升的结果。     

川西硕曲河流阶地及其对山地抬升和气候变化的响应

山地抬升和气候变化是影响内陆地区河流地貌发育的两个关键因素,不同地区的河流对它们的响应方式多种多样.位于川西高原西部活动构造区的硕曲河谷下游亚金段保留有6级河流阶地,运用ESR和TL技术对其中T₂到T₆级阶地的砾石层及邻近的冰碛物进行了测年,并结合阶地沉积物特征分析了阶地对山地抬升和气候变化的响应.结果表明:亚金T₂～T₆级阶地砾石层均堆积于冰期;阶地基座均形成于间冰期-冰期过渡时段;形成这些阶地的下切过程均开始于冰期晚期,可分别与深海同位素阶段的MIS 2、6、8、14和16阶段晚期相对应.自MIS16阶段晚期以来,硕曲河谷亚金段平均下切速率约为1.22 mm·a^-1,小于该地区山地同期平均抬升速率2 mm·a^-1,这与"河谷下切速率不大于山地抬升速率"一致.     

川滇块体东北缘晚第四纪区域气候-地貌分析及其构造地貌年代学意义

地貌年代是新构造特别是活动构造定量研究的瓶颈问题.通过对川滇块体北东边界构造带所在的区域气候变化过程和地貌研究成果的综合分析.利用众多的年代学数据,从区域尺度对地貌的年代、形态和物质组成等特征对比分析,探讨了该区冰川地貌、河流阶地和冲洪积扇的演化特征,揭示了区域气候变化与区域性地貌演化存在的内在对应关系.气候变化产生的气温、湿度、降水量等变化控制了该区冰川地貌和流水地貌的演化.区域内冰川地貌主要是末次冰期的产物,对应于末次冰期两个冰阶,河流作用在7～10ka和1～5ka两个阶段改造末次冰期堆积地貌形成相应的侵蚀地貌.主要河流阶地发育对应于降水量剧烈变化的气候过程,其中形成三级阶地而的流水下切作用最强,随后堆积的深厚物质是二级阶地的主体,并一直没有被后期流水下切作用蚀穿,与气候变化的强度等特点对应.区内冲洪积扇主要有3个堆积时期,即3～5ka,7～10ka和20～25ka,主要发育在气候变化最剧烈的时期,大量的碎屑物形成并短距离搬运堆积.将区域分析综合的结果应运到康定南团结乡附近的地貌分析,可以很好的理解该区的地貌演化,用侵蚀改造的地貌演化结论否认了以前的堆积地貌认识,理清了地貌发育的年龄序列.综合分析与应用的结果表明,区域气候-地貌-构造系统研究对于活动构造年代学具有非常重要的意义.     

怒江峡谷构造地貌的演化:阶地宇宙成因核素定年的初步结果

地貌产生于构造活动和各种地表营力驱动的侵蚀夷平和堆积过程,如在构造抬升活跃的地区,河流强烈的侵蚀作用往往造就深切的峡谷地貌。对于这样的地区河流下切速率往往被用来衡量构造抬升速率[1,2]。然而河流下切速率的变化不仅与构造抬升有关,而且与气候变化有关。因此,正确理解     

220ka BP来萨拉乌苏河流域地质剖面地球化学特征及其对全球气候变化的响应

萨拉乌苏河流域位于我国北方沙漠/黄土过渡带和生态脆弱带,它对全球气候变化反映非常敏感,是研究全球气候变化响应的理想区域.对该区域滴哨沟湾剖面地球化学元素氧化物及其比值变化进行了分析,结果表明:约220 ka BP以来我国北方气候变化极不稳定,存在着不同时间尺度的频繁变化,这种不稳定性无论是在冰期还是间冰期都有很好的反映.其中倒数第二次间冰期存在3次气候波动;倒数第二次冰期存在7个气候旋回;末次间冰期存在7个气候旋回;末次冰期存在9个气候旋回.这些气候变化与深海氧同位素、极地冰芯反映的全球变化具有良好的对应关系,反映了该区气候变化与全球变化的高度一致性.     

西昆仑山前河流阶地的形成及其构造意义

西昆仑山前河流普遍发育6级阶地,利用光释光（OSL）与热释光（TL）方法对采自西昆仑山前几条主要河流的低阶地堆积物样品进行年代测定。研究结果显示,主要河流低阶地的形成具有同时性,构造活动是河流阶地形成的主要控制因素。河流阶地的年龄测定结果表明,西昆仑山前河流阶地最早形成于约1.2Ma,T4、T3、T2阶地分别形成于约39ka、18ka和5ka。多级阶地的形成反映了河流自早更新世中期开始下切于活动抬升的西昆仑山。河流阶地的发育及区域对比揭示了西昆仑第四纪晚期以来的隆升过程,区域构造活动明显地影响河流的形态与行为。河流阶地的分布、地貌特征及区域对比表明,河流阶地的形成与演化受新构造活动、山脉隆升、气候变化等多种因素的影响。     

阴山西段河流阶地发育的年代序列及其对构造隆升的指示意义

阴山位于河套断陷带北部,晚新生代以来,构造运动非常活跃,阴山持续不断隆起,河套随之不断下陷,作为地貌响应之一,阴山河谷中发育了一系列河流阶地。本文通过详细的野外地质调查,结合地貌学、沉积学及年代学方面的研究,厘定了阴山西段河谷普遍发育的4~5级河流阶地;并利用光释光(OSL)测年方法,恢复了其堆积-下切历史,建立了河流阶地年代框架:T4、T3、T2、T1级阶地大致形成时间分别为58.00ka BP、46.25ka BP、32.19ka BP、15.79ka BP之后;分析了本区河流阶地的成因:阴山的构造隆升为本区河流下切提供动力基础,是形成河流阶地的主要驱动力,气候变化通过改变水流流量与沉积物通量的比率影响阶地的堆积-下切行为的转换,是河流阶地形成的重要影响因素;进而利用河流侵蚀速率差异性讨论了晚更新世以来阴山西段的构造隆升模式:51.61~41.28ka BP之间,阴山西段隆升以中部高于东西部的穹窿式差异性隆升为主,23.22ka BP之后,阴山西段的隆升区段差异性减小,趋向于整体隆升。     

依据孢粉记录初探青海湟水流域二级阶地的成因

青藏高原边缘河流阶地的成因一直是研究的热点。对湟水流域二级阶地形成时的孢粉分析结果表明:该时期湟水流域存在明显的垂直植被带且结构简单,山地高处生长着以云杉为主的森林,谷地则生长以蒿属、藜科为主要类型的草本植被。同时结合该时期相邻地区的孢粉资料并和现代植被特征比较,湟水流域二级阶地的植被显示出冰期的植被特征,阶地冲积物也是在冰期堆积的,河流可能在间冰期下切。气候变化在阶地形成过程中可能有一定的作用。     

青藏高原东部牙着库河流阶地研究

构造运动和气候变化是制约内陆地区河流阶地发育的两个关键因素,而不同地区的河流对它们的响应方式多种多样.研究区海子山位于青藏高原东部的沙鲁里山中段,在第四纪期间经历了大幅度构造抬升及第四纪冰川作用.海子山北缘牙着库河谷保留着6级河流阶地,南缘稻城河谷完好地保留着第四纪冰川作用遗迹.本研究运用电子自旋共振技术对牙着库4级高阶地(第3～第6级)的砾石层及稻城河谷的第四纪冰川沉积物进行了测年,并对这4级阶地的形成过程进行了分析.结果表明,牙着库3～6级阶地基座及相应的砾石层均形成于冰消期,分别与深海氧同位素2、6、12、16阶段晚期相对应.待气候进一步变暖而逐渐进入间冰期,海子山冰川消融殆尽,下伏地壳负荷锐减,构造抬升效应的释放结合冰川均衡抬升使得牙着库河谷梯度增大,而同期的河流沉积物通量较小,结果导致流水切割前期加积的沉积物及其下伏基座形成一级新的河流阶地.牙着库河谷自深海氧同位素16阶段后期以来的平均下切速率为0.43 mm/a左右,小于海子山的平均抬升速率2 mm/a,与"河谷下切速率不大于山地抬升速率"一致.     

藏东南帕隆藏布现今河流地貌特征 及其晚第四纪演化

河流沉积与地貌对构造与气候的变化极为敏感,可记录区域构造活动、气候变化和环境演变等多方面的丰富信息。由于独特的构造背景与气候条件,帕隆藏布不仅成为雅鲁藏布水系水量最大的支流,而且其流域在藏东南地区占有重要的地位。帕隆藏布流域内地表过程活跃且河流地貌演化过程快速,是揭示青藏高原东南部构造地貌演化的重要载体。通过对该河流地貌的形态学和沉积学分析发现,帕隆藏布河流形态具有明显的线状特征,其干流近似直线展布,而主要支流呈羽状分布,两者多呈直角交汇,表明河流形态明显受到嘉黎断裂带的构造形迹控制。进一步利用光释光和¹⁴C定年方法,对帕隆藏布的晚第四纪河流地貌演化,尤其是干流和东久河支流的晚第四纪河流阶地进行研究后发现,末次冰期以来的气候变化导致帕隆藏布的晚第四纪河流地貌呈现出典型的分段式特征,根据海拔高度主要可划分为3段：1）海拔2 600 m以下的河谷地貌呈V形峡谷,河谷比降大,阶地沉积年龄均在9.0～2.0 kaBP间,沉积属性以河流相和坡积相为主,表明是全新世以来气候变暖条件下形成的;2）海拔2 600～3 300 m的中游段河谷呈冰蚀围谷盆地、U形槽谷等,河谷比降小,河岸谷坡坡度小,主谷两岸冰碛垄发育,存留了古冰缘地貌遗迹,阶地沉积属性以古湖相、冰水相及河流相为主,测年结果在29.8～10.9 kaBP和50.9～39.8 kaBP间,显示其曾经为末次冰期和冰消期冰缘湖泊体系,后被现今的帕隆藏布所贯通;3）海拔3 300 m以上河流地貌为典型的冰川U形槽谷,谷底平坦,发育现代冰湖,仅发育Ⅰ级阶地并上面覆有冰碛物堆积体,有末次冰期的冰缘地貌遗迹,但主要受周围海洋性冰川作用,呈现现代冰缘地貌特征。整体上看,帕隆藏布的现今河流地貌上、下游两端年轻,主要形成于全新世期间;中游的河流地貌出现较早,残留了末次冰期和冰消期的冰缘地貌特征,并保留了广泛的古冰湖相沉积物。因此,帕隆藏布现今的河流形态主要出现在末次冰期以来。     

Late Quaternary fluvial terraces of the Romagna and Marche Apennines,Italy: Climatic,lithologic, and tectonic controls on terrace genesis in an active orogen

We synthesize a new fluvial terrace chronostratigraphy of the Bidente and Musone Rivers cast within a broader European framework, which forms the basis of a terrace genesis and river incision model for the northern Apennines, Italy. Our model, supported by terrace long profiles, correlation to Po foreland sediments, 15 new radiocarbon dates, and published numeric and relative stratigraphic ages, highlights how drainage basin substrate drives concurrent formation of strath terraces in the Bidente basin and fill terraces in the Musone basin. Quaternary climate change paces the formative geomorphic processes through unsteady discharges of water and sediment. In the weathering-limited setting represented by the Bidente basin, siliciclastic detritus carves broad strath surfaces during glacial climates that are preserved as terraces as the river incises during the transition to an interglacial climate. In contrast, the transport-limited and carbonate detritus dominated Musone basin sees valleys deeply buried by aggradation during glacial climates followed by river incision during the transition to an interglacial climate. Incision of these rivers over the past ～1 million years has been both unsteady and non-uniform. These and all Po-Adriatic draining rivers are proximal to a base level defined by mean sea level and have little room for increasing their longitudinal profile concavities through incision, particularly in their lower reaches despite periodic glacio-eustatic drawdowns. As a result, the observed incision is best explained by rock uplift associated with active local fault or fold growth embedded in the actively thickening and uplifting Apennine foreland.     

Evaluating the role of climate and tectonics during non-steady incision of the Yellow River: evidence from a 1.24 Ma terrace record near Lanzhou,China

The competing roles of bedrock uplift and climatic change in the formation of fluvial terraces remain uncertain. Most of recent studies have attributed terrace formation to climatic changes and held that, even in tectonically active settings, climate variations control cycles of terrace planation and abandonment. Based on field investigations of loess-paleosol sequences, magnetostratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, we develop a new chronology for a spectacular flight of terraces along the Yellow River near Lanzhou, China over past 1.24 Ma. All the terraces are strikingly similar in that they have several meters of paleosol developed directly above fluvial deposits on the terrace treads, suggesting that the abandonment of each terrace due to river incision occurs during the transition from glacial to interglacial climates. However, the ages of terraces cluster in two relatively short time periods (1.24–0.86 Ma and 0.13 Ma – present). During the intervening time between 0.86 Ma and 0.13 Ma, terraces either did not form or were not preserved. We suggest that this record indicates that rock uplift rates varied through time and influenced terrace formation/preservation. Thus, our results demonstrate the utility of deep chronologic records from fluvial terraces for deconvolving the effects of tectonics and climate on fluvial incision.     

Late Quaternary river terrace sequences in the eastern Kunlun Range,northern Tibet: A combined record of climatic change and surface uplift

The Kunlun Range, a reactivated orogenic belt, constitutes the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The extreme relief and major landforms of the Kunlun Range are a product of late Cenozoic tectonics and erosion. However, well-developed late Quaternary terraces that occur along the northern slope of the Kunlun Range probably resulted from climatic change rather than surface uplift. The terrace sequences formed in thick Quaternary valley fills and have total incision depths of 50–60 m. Optically stimulated luminescence dating was employed to place time controls on the valley fills and associated terraces. Dating results suggest that periods of significant aggradation were synchronous between different rivers and correspond to the last glacial stage. The abrupt change from aggradation to incision occurred between 21.9 ± 2.7 and 16 ± 2.2 ka, coincident with the last glacial–interglacial transition. Additional terraces developed during the late glacial period and early to middle Holocene. Based on a broader set of chronological data in northern Tibet, at least four regional incision periods can be recognized. Chronological data, terrace elevation profiles, and climate proxy records suggest that these terracing periods were triggered by cool and/or wet climatic conditions. A geometric survey of the riverbed longitudinal profile suggests that surface uplift serves as a potential dynamic forcing for long-term incision. A model is proposed for terrace formation as a response to climatic perturbation in an uplifted mountain range.     

OSL‐based chronostratigraphy of river terraces in mountainous areas,Dunajec basin,West Carpathians: a revision of the climatostratigraphical approach

The technique of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating applied to fluvial sediments provided a geochronological framework of river terrace formation in the middle part of the Dunajec River basin – a reference area for studies of evolution of river valleys in the northern part of the Carpathians (West Carpathians). Fluvial sediments at 18–90 m above valley bottoms were dated in the valleys of the Dunajec River and one of its tributaries. The resulting ages range from 158.9±8.3 to 12.2±1.3 ka. This indicates that some of the terrace sediments were deposited much later than previously assumed on the grounds of a combined morphostratigraphical and climatostratigraphical approach. The OSL‐based chronostratigraphy of terrace formation consists of seven separate phases of fluvial aggradation, separated by periods of incision and lateral erosion. Some of the ages determined correspond to warm stages of the Pleistocene – Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) and MIS 5 – demonstrating that some terraces were formed during interstadial or interglacial periods. The results provide a key for evaluating rates of neotectonic uplift, allowing us to decipher the response of a fluvial system to climate change within the context of the glacial–interglacial scheme.     

The role of glacio-isostasy in the formation of post-glacial river terraces in relation to the MIS 2 ice limit: evidence from northern England

In recent years it has been demonstrated that the formation of long-timescale river terrace sequences, which are generally found in areas beyond the extent of most if not all of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ice sheets, has invariably been a response to uplift during the Late Cenozoic and especially the Quaternary. Climatic fluctuation at a Milankovitch timescale has driven the alternations of aggradation and incision recorded in such terraces. It has been widely observed, however, that fluvial terraces also occur in areas glaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which coincides with marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2. This paper, in seeking to compare records from inside and outside of the LGM ice limit, concentrates on a single English river system, that of the Humber. The Humber estuary is shared by the largely Pennine-derived drainage of the Yorkshire Ouse, to the north and entirely within the MIS 2 glacial limit, and, to the south, the Trent, which is almost wholly outside the LGM limit. Thus the Trent has a terrace sequence extending back to the Middle Pleistocene, whereas in the component rivers of the Ouse system, records begin with the melting of the last glacial ice. Importantly, there is considerable difference in the disposition of the post-LGM fluvial deposits in these two subsystems. In the Ouse system there are modest terrace staircases, commencing with full glacial deposits that stand up to 30 m above the modern floodplain. In the Trent, in contrast, last glacial gravels form the foundation of the modern floodplain, with Holocene sediments emplaced directly above them. Thus there is little or no post-LGM incision in the Trent, whereas in the Ouse several incision events are recorded, continuing into the later stages of the Holocene. Wider comparison reveals that the Ouse system is an exemplar for other sequences within the MIS 2 limit, whereas systems beyond this glaciation typically have last glacial sediments beneath their modern floodplains and show little evidence of Holocene incision. The various possible explanations of these differences are discussed, with emphasis placed on glacio-isostatic uplift of areas glaciated during MIS 2 as the main reason for the significant post-glacial incision that typifies valleys in such regions. A new approach to modelling glacio-isostatic adjustment is outlined, from which it is concluded that lower-crustal flow plays a significant role in this process in regions of relatively hot and dynamic crust, like northern England, in addition to the mantle flow that is considered in conventional analyses of glacio-isostasy. Lower-crustal flow has a significant effect due to the combination of the small spatial scale of the glaciated region of northern England and the high mobility of the lower-crustal layer beneath it, due to the heating effect of the widespread Palaeozoic granite in the area.