宁夏沙坡头沙漠扩张的时代:来自黄河阶地光释光年龄证据

由于新构造运动作用,宁夏沙坡头地区从早更新世以来发育了多达9级的黄河阶地.在高阶地上部发育非水相结构的黄色粉砂-砂沉积物.光释光测年结果最老为74ka,大部分年龄处于末次冰期的早期.这与黄河阶地的形成时代不一致,推断这些沙沉积物并不是与阶地同时形成的,而是末次冰期干冷环境下的风成物质.这些风成沙沉降到阶地面后,进入以砾石为主的黄河阶地堆积物而保存下来,可能指示了腾格里沙漠东南缘沙漠在末次冰期干冷气候背景下的扩张.本研究提供了在末次冰期气候干冷背景下腾格里沙漠扩张和风沙活动增强的直接证据.     

黄河中游响应气候变化和地表相对抬升发育阶地研究

揭示河流系统响应气候变化和地表抬升的机制是理解流域地貌演化以及水系发育过程的基础,其核心难题是如何充分认识它们在阶地发育中扮演的角色。以往的研究倾向于分开讨论气候变化和地表抬升在河流阶地发育中的作用,认为河流堆积/侧蚀和下切行为分别与冰期和间冰期气候对应,或者将阶地作为地表抬升的直接证据。首先,从上下游河段对比的视角初步解释了黄河中游响应气候变化和地表相对汾渭盆地抬升发育阶地的过程。1.2 Ma以来黄河下蚀鄂尔多斯地块和峨眉台地分别形成了7级阶梯状阶地和6级堆积阶地序列。黄土地层分析结合年代学研究揭示这些阶地面都直接上覆一层古土壤,指示它们形成于气候由冰期向间冰期的过渡阶段,即使在沉降的盆地依然如此。然而,黄河中游并没有在1.2 Ma以来的每一次冰期向间冰期转换都发育阶地,说明气候虽能通过控制河流堆积-侧蚀与下切行为的转换决定阶地的形成时代,但其本身并不是阶地形成的唯一控制因素。在峨眉台地沉降的背景下,黄河无法形成正常的阶梯状阶地序列,取而代之的是堆叠的阶地序列（阶地越年轻拔河高度越大）;而当鄂尔多斯地块相对汾渭盆地抬升缓慢时,黄河仅能在极为干旱的冰期向间冰期过渡阶段形成阶地;相比之下,它们相对汾渭盆地抬升速率都足够快速时,驱动黄河近乎对每一次的冰期向间冰期转换都能做出响应而发育阶地。以上黄河中游阶地与气候和地表抬升的对比模式揭示出,快速地表抬升也是阶梯状阶地序列发育不可或缺的因素,能驱使河流在冰期向间冰期过渡阶段显著下切,拉大相邻阶地面垂直距离从而利于后期保存。因此,研究认为黄河中游发育的系列阶地是响应气候变化和地表相对汾渭盆地抬升的结果。     

内蒙古岱海末次冰期以来的环境变迁与古气候

内蒙古岱海是半干旱地区的封闭湖泊,通过周围湖泊阶地和钻孔沉积物中孢粉、介形类、自生矿物的分析,结合测年数据,重建了末次冰期以来湖泊环境演化过程和特点,讨论了全新世气候最适宜期的开始、终结时间和湖泊气候波动的准周期,并依据重力岩芯的粒度和元素含量探讨近期历史时期气候波动的短周期,论证预测湖泊环境变化趋势的可能性。     

龙门山南段青衣江阶地沉积物的化学风化特征及其意义

本文通过对龙门山南段青衣江阶地的研究, 尝试以常量元素所体现的风化特征, 来解决阶地对比的问题, 并取得了一定的进展。通过主量元素的分析, 发现CIA指标、 A-CN-K三角模型等, 在区分不同年龄的阶地有很好的效果, 而且沉积物砾石之间的基质颜色也一定程度地反映了新老关系。结合流域内更古老洪积扇的研究, 发现河流阶地在距今200ka内化学风化速度较稳定, 但更老的地貌面风化呈现非线性。另外, 在本文研究的600ka时间尺度内, 阶地风化速度与全球气候变化相关, 体现为冰期风化速度慢, 间冰期风化速度快, 并具一定的滞后效应。     

非洲南部赞比西河流域距今30～5 ka的孢粉组合及古气候变化

非洲东南部晚更新世植被重建及对比研究有助于理解区域气候变化过程和驱动机制。本研究依托国际大洋发现计划IODP361航次科学任务所获取的U1477B海洋钻孔,对其上部4～37 m的沉积岩芯的79个样品进行了孢粉分析,重建了30～5 ka B. P.的区域植被和气候变化历史。研究结果显示,钻孔岩芯整体以草本植物禾本科(Poaceae)和莎草科(Cyperaceae)花粉为主,平均约占75.5%;木本植物花粉较少,以罗汉松科(Podocarpaceae)、豆科(Fabaceae)、使君子科(Combretaceae)和红树科(Rhizophoraceae)等为主;孢粉组合记录了钻孔孢粉源区赞比西河流域的植被特征。在时间演化序列上,钻孔沉积物孢粉组合变化反映出明显的冰期-间冰期(全新世)的植被变化特征：末次冰期(30～17 ka B. P.)以禾本科、莎草科等草本花粉为主,平均约占82.2%,以草原/草甸植被占优势,推测在流域低海拔平原开阔草原广泛发育;罗汉松科为代表的山地森林在冰期也相对发育,指示了相对凉爽潮湿的气候环境;冰消期(17.0～10.5 ka B. P.)禾本科花粉保持稳定平均约...     

末次冰期时暴露的巽他大陆架可能被热带稀树草原覆盖吗?

迄今为止,末次冰期低海平面时南海南部暴露的巽他大陆架被稀树草原或是热带雨林覆盖的问题仍然存有争议。来自于东南亚的孢粉证据表明,末次冰期时南海南部没有出现持续而广泛的草本花粉增多现象,主要的孢粉成分仍为低地雨林和山地雨林。草本花粉占主导的证据多出现在澳大利亚北部,这可能指示了草本植物以现代稀树草原分布区为中心进行扩张。据此,可以认为,尽管末次冰期气候有所变干,但南海南部周边陆地以及暴露的巽他大陆架上可能仍然被热带森林所覆盖。这一推断不仅得到了该区域植被—古气候模拟的支持,也与热带南美洲的很多孢粉证据相对应。通过当前孢粉证据的总结,发现东南亚古植被重建工作存有一些不足,例如海洋孢粉记录数量稀少,缺乏对海洋孢粉组合与内陆植被关系的了解。     

澜沧江云南德钦古水一带第四纪堰塞湖的沉积特征及其环境意义

在云南省西北部德钦县古水一带深切的澜沧江河谷中,发现了一套第四纪湖相沉积物,以纹层状粘土、粉砂质粘土和粉砂的互层组合为特征,构成了第三和第四级阶地的基座.笔者对该湖相剖面进行了U系、孢粉和若干地球化学指标的分析测试,并以这些结果讨论了古湖的形成时代和成因,以及古湖堆积时期的古植被和古气候.剖面顶部、中部和中下部粘土的U系法年龄测定结果分别为52.3±3.4 ka、64.2±5.6 ka和81.9±6.5 ka,说明古水古湖形成于晚更新世早中期的末次间冰期晚期和末次冰期的早冰阶与间冰阶早期,很可能是大型冰川(如下游的明永冰川等)或巨量的冰水沉积物堰塞了澜沧江河谷而造成的结果.     

双洎河流域环境考古

通过对双洎河流域地质、地貌与文化遗址考察,选取了该流域二级台地沉积剖面进行光释光年代测定和孢粉分析,并制作流域环境考古图,分析了流域地貌、环境与人类的关系,认为旧石器至裴李岗文化时代的人类自嵩山沿着双洎河向嵩山东侧侵蚀堆积平原逐渐迁移,新石器中期早段裴李岗文化时期的人类主要生活在低丘岗地上,由于双洎河及其支流主要在谷底基岩上流动,河谷不易展宽,故无一级阶地或一级阶地狭窄,以致新石器中期后段仰韶文化时期后的人类主要生活在河谷旁的二级阶地与黄土台地上.本区新石器中期文化繁荣,人们在亚热带疏林草原环境下生活,并在红褐色棕壤沃土上耕作,为创造中原文化核心区做出了重要贡献.     

兰州宛川河上游河段一级阶地的形成年代及其解释

宛川河为黄河的一级小型支流，发源于甘肃临洮县泉头村（海拔约2300m），自东南向西北在兰州桑园峡注入黄河。全长约75km（图1）。其上游地区为丘陵地貌，多年平均降水量约400mm，植被以草原灌丛为主。该河段一级阶地发育，河拔约20m，宽度约200m。从出露连续广泛的自然剖面上可见，该一级阶地为堆积阶地，主体部分为加积的河床相沉积物；在其顶部存在一层厚约1m的古土壤标志层，在阶地的前缘表现为蓝灰色的潜育化层，在后缘表现为黑色的黑垆土层；而该层之上覆盖着浅色的粉砂堆积层及耕作层（图2）。根据河流地貌学理论…，此阶地应为气候阶地。一级阶地边缘陡直，所夹U形谷的宽度仅为数十米。由此形态特征可以判断，宛川河上游的一级阶地是在河流经历了长期的加积冲积之后经快速强烈的下切侵蚀而形成的。     

川西义敦章德坝子全新世孢粉组合和环境研究

分布在川西高原海拔4100m的章德第四纪复式沉积盆地，表部覆盖着Ⅰ-Ⅲ级河谷阶地沉积，其中合大量的植物孢粉化石。Ⅲ级阶地内植物孢粉组合为早中全新世温暖潮湿气候下形成；Ⅱ-Ⅰ级阶地的植物孢粉组合为晚全新世较干冷气候的森林草原环境形成。下伏的措普寺冰碛层为晚更新世第五冰期沉积。这为川西高原几大第四纪盆地内地层划分对比和环境研究提供了参考标准。     

黄河源地区的河谷地貌特征及其对黄河上游形成和演化的启示

黄河的形成与演化对于认识我国宏观地貌格局的形成、青藏高原及黄土高原的区域构造活动历史、华北平原及黄渤海陆架的形成和演化等问题具有重要意义。目前对黄河演化历史的研究主要集中在龙羊峡以下的河段,对于黄河源段的关注较少。文章基于黄河源地区河谷地貌的实地考察,并利用SRTM1-DEM数据,分析了黄河源段干流及支流河谷橫剖面的地貌特征,并与该区典型的冰川谷和兰州附近黄河的河谷横剖面进行了对比。结果表明:黄河源地区的河谷规模巨大,并呈现出谷底开阔、河床窄小、阶地不明显、谷坡陡立、河谷横剖面左右对称的U型谷特征。这些特征与该区冰蚀谷的特征相似,但与兰州段黄河成型河谷的特征相差甚远,且其河谷规模更大。我们推断,黄河源地区的河谷可能主要为冰期时的冰蚀作用所塑造,而非单纯的流水侵蚀形成。由于冰蚀作用的存在,该区早期的河流阶地可能被随后冰期的冰蚀作用所破坏,当前基于黄河源地区现存河流阶地年代的研究很可能低估了该区水系的发育历史。此外,反复的冰川进退也可能导致黄河源水系自上而下贯通,而非溯源侵蚀形成。     

Late Quaternary fluvial terraces of the Romagna and Marche Apennines,Italy: Climatic,lithologic, and tectonic controls on terrace genesis in an active orogen

We synthesize a new fluvial terrace chronostratigraphy of the Bidente and Musone Rivers cast within a broader European framework, which forms the basis of a terrace genesis and river incision model for the northern Apennines, Italy. Our model, supported by terrace long profiles, correlation to Po foreland sediments, 15 new radiocarbon dates, and published numeric and relative stratigraphic ages, highlights how drainage basin substrate drives concurrent formation of strath terraces in the Bidente basin and fill terraces in the Musone basin. Quaternary climate change paces the formative geomorphic processes through unsteady discharges of water and sediment. In the weathering-limited setting represented by the Bidente basin, siliciclastic detritus carves broad strath surfaces during glacial climates that are preserved as terraces as the river incises during the transition to an interglacial climate. In contrast, the transport-limited and carbonate detritus dominated Musone basin sees valleys deeply buried by aggradation during glacial climates followed by river incision during the transition to an interglacial climate. Incision of these rivers over the past ～1 million years has been both unsteady and non-uniform. These and all Po-Adriatic draining rivers are proximal to a base level defined by mean sea level and have little room for increasing their longitudinal profile concavities through incision, particularly in their lower reaches despite periodic glacio-eustatic drawdowns. As a result, the observed incision is best explained by rock uplift associated with active local fault or fold growth embedded in the actively thickening and uplifting Apennine foreland.     

川西硕曲河流阶地及其对山地抬升和气候变化的响应

山地抬升和气候变化是影响内陆地区河流地貌发育的两个关键因素,不同地区的河流对它们的响应方式多种多样.位于川西高原西部活动构造区的硕曲河谷下游亚金段保留有6级河流阶地,运用ESR和TL技术对其中T₂到T₆级阶地的砾石层及邻近的冰碛物进行了测年,并结合阶地沉积物特征分析了阶地对山地抬升和气候变化的响应.结果表明:亚金T₂～T₆级阶地砾石层均堆积于冰期;阶地基座均形成于间冰期-冰期过渡时段;形成这些阶地的下切过程均开始于冰期晚期,可分别与深海同位素阶段的MIS 2、6、8、14和16阶段晚期相对应.自MIS16阶段晚期以来,硕曲河谷亚金段平均下切速率约为1.22 mm·a^-1,小于该地区山地同期平均抬升速率2 mm·a^-1,这与"河谷下切速率不大于山地抬升速率"一致.     

末次冰期河流下切行为对气候变化的响应模式

末次冰期是距离人类最近的一次冰期,气候异常寒冷且存在高频高幅波动,河流系统如何响应冰期气候的变化值得关注与研究。基于河流系统对气候变化的敏感响应,传统的经典地貌理论认为河流下切在河流阶地形成过程中起着至关重要的作用,河流的下切行为发生在间冰期或者冰期向间冰期的过渡阶段,堆积行为发生于冰期,然而近年来最新的河流地貌研究成果表明,末次冰期河流下切较为普遍。首先对河流阶地形成的传统模式进行总结分析,认为单纯的构造驱动模式存在不合理性,气候也发挥着重要的调节作用;单一的气候变化无法驱动多级且高差较大阶地的形成,地壳抬升往往是必要因素;气候变化是引发河流堆积-下切行为转换形成河流阶地的关键因素。其次通过前人的研究案例总结出末次冰期河流下切行为响应气候变化的三种模式：(1)气候的高度不稳定性引发大规模的洪水事件驱动河流快速下切;(2)快速隆升区气候高频波动叠加构造抬升驱动河流下切;(3)沿海平原地区海平面大幅度下降驱动河流下切。这三种模式对于理解末次冰期河流系统对短尺度高频气候变化的响应以及对河流阶地成因的判断具有十分重要的指导意义。     

Investigation of high-level glaciofluvial terraces and re-evaluation of the established soil stratigraphy for Early and Middle Pleistocene surfaces, central Yukon, Canada

Palaeosols developed on the highest Yukon River glaciofluvial terraces were investigated in order to reconstruct the Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the river valley beyond Late Pleistocene glacial limits. A record of at least two pre-Reid (> 311 kyr) glaciations is chronicled by the presence of two populations of glaciofluvial terraces within the study area. The populations of pre-Reid terraces were identified based on their degree of soil development and elevation. Pre-Reid terraces 200–250 m above river level have preserved morphological and mineralogical features of the Wounded Moose palaeosol, a palaeosol previously associated with pre-Reid surfaces in central Yukon. Clay mineralogy and colour indicate that the Wounded Moose palaeosol developed in part during warm and sub-humid as well as temperate and humid interglacials. A second set of pre-Reid terraces between 110 and 30 m above river level are characterized by the presence of the less-developed Diversion Creek palaeosol, a palaeosol previously associated with only Reid-aged (< 311 kyr) surfaces in central Yukon. In contrast to the Wounded Moose palaeosol, the Diversion Creek palaeosol developed during comparatively cool and humid interglacial conditions. The presence of Diversion Creek palaeosols on pre-Reid outwash terraces suggests that a transition from dominantly warmer to cooler interglacial conditions occurred prior to 311 kyr in Yukon Territory. In addition, the presence of a Diversion Creek palaeosol cannot be used to differentiate stable Reid and stable pre-Reid surfaces across central Yukon.     

青藏高原东部牙着库河流阶地研究

构造运动和气候变化是制约内陆地区河流阶地发育的两个关键因素,而不同地区的河流对它们的响应方式多种多样.研究区海子山位于青藏高原东部的沙鲁里山中段,在第四纪期间经历了大幅度构造抬升及第四纪冰川作用.海子山北缘牙着库河谷保留着6级河流阶地,南缘稻城河谷完好地保留着第四纪冰川作用遗迹.本研究运用电子自旋共振技术对牙着库4级高阶地(第3～第6级)的砾石层及稻城河谷的第四纪冰川沉积物进行了测年,并对这4级阶地的形成过程进行了分析.结果表明,牙着库3～6级阶地基座及相应的砾石层均形成于冰消期,分别与深海氧同位素2、6、12、16阶段晚期相对应.待气候进一步变暖而逐渐进入间冰期,海子山冰川消融殆尽,下伏地壳负荷锐减,构造抬升效应的释放结合冰川均衡抬升使得牙着库河谷梯度增大,而同期的河流沉积物通量较小,结果导致流水切割前期加积的沉积物及其下伏基座形成一级新的河流阶地.牙着库河谷自深海氧同位素16阶段后期以来的平均下切速率为0.43 mm/a左右,小于海子山的平均抬升速率2 mm/a,与"河谷下切速率不大于山地抬升速率"一致.     

西昆仑山前河流阶地的形成及其构造意义

西昆仑山前河流普遍发育6级阶地,利用光释光（OSL）与热释光（TL）方法对采自西昆仑山前几条主要河流的低阶地堆积物样品进行年代测定。研究结果显示,主要河流低阶地的形成具有同时性,构造活动是河流阶地形成的主要控制因素。河流阶地的年龄测定结果表明,西昆仑山前河流阶地最早形成于约1.2Ma,T4、T3、T2阶地分别形成于约39ka、18ka和5ka。多级阶地的形成反映了河流自早更新世中期开始下切于活动抬升的西昆仑山。河流阶地的发育及区域对比揭示了西昆仑第四纪晚期以来的隆升过程,区域构造活动明显地影响河流的形态与行为。河流阶地的分布、地貌特征及区域对比表明,河流阶地的形成与演化受新构造活动、山脉隆升、气候变化等多种因素的影响。     

The Pliocene initiation and Early Pleistocene volcanic disruption of the palaeo-Gediz fluvial system,Western Turkey

In this paper, we report our latest observations concerning a Pliocene and Early Pleistocene record from Western Turkey. The sedimentary sequence described comprises the fluvial deposits of an Early Pleistocene palaeo-Gediz river system and its tributaries prior to the onset of volcanism around Kula and the subsequent lacustrine, volcaniclastic and fluvial deposits associated with the first phase of volcanism (∼1.2 Ma) in this area.Early development of an east–west drainage system in this area resulted from tectonic adjustments to north–south extension and the formation of east–west-oriented grabens. Headward erosion of drainage entering the main Alaşehir graben led to the progressive capture of pre-existing drainage systems as eastward (headward) erosion upstream tapped drainage networks previously formed in internally draining NNE–SSW-oriented basins. Within one of these, the Selendi Basin, part of this evolutionary sequence is preserved as a buried river terrace sequence. Eleven terraces are preserved beneath alluvial fan sediments that are, in turn, capped by basaltic lava flows. Using the available geochronology these terraces are considered to represent sedimentation–incision cycles which span the period ∼1.67–1.2 Ma. Although progressive valley incision is a fluvial system response to regional uplift, the frequency of terrace formation within this time period suggests that the terrace formation resulted from sediment/water supply changes, a consequence of obliquity-driven climate changes. The production of sub-parallel terraces suggests that during this period the river was able to attain a quasi-equilibrium longitudinal profile adjusted to the regional uplift rate. Thus, the incision rate of 0.16 mm a⁻¹ during this period is believed to closely mirror the regional uplift rate.After the onset of volcanism at ∼1.2 Ma, there is a destruction of the dynamic link between fluvial system behaviour and climate change. The repeated damming of the trunk river and its tributaries led to the construction of complex stratigraphic relationships. During the first phase of volcanism the palaeo-Gediz river was dammed on numerous occasions leading to the formation of a series of lakes upstream of the dams in the palaeo-Gediz valley. Variations in lake level forced localised base-level changes that resulted in complex fluvial system response and considerable periods of disequilibrium in profile adjustment. Furthermore, response to these base-level changes most likely disrupted the timing of the incisional adjustment to the on-going regional uplift, thus making the use of this part of the archive for inferring regional uplift rates untenable.     

科尔沁沙地及其古水文网的演化变迁

在科尔沁,沙地的形成演化与古河流的变迁存在着密切的联系,本文通过对科尔沁沙地遥感图像的解析,全面分析了沙地与河流分布的宏观特征,结合野外考证资料,认为存在5期可辨认的河流发育阶段,每个阶段都有不同的河流展布特点,而风沙也存在至少4个活动期。古河道-Ⅴ形成于风沙-Ⅱ和Ⅲ期形成之前,可能是末次冰期之前,即中更新世或更早,这时河流能够进入古松辽大湖;  古河道-Ⅳ形成于风沙-Ⅱ和Ⅲ期形成之时,可能是末次冰期时期,这时河流与松辽大湖萎缩,规模减小,河流已不能进入松辽大湖,而是消失在沙地之中;  古河道-Ⅲ形成于风沙-Ⅱ和Ⅲ期形成之后,可能是末次冰期末期的冰消期,这时气温升高,大量的冰雪融水进入河流,促使河水漫流,流入沙垅垅间洼地,开始造成古西拉木伦河、古老哈河与教来河水文网之间的相互联系;  古河道-Ⅱ形成于全新世适宜期时期,统一的西辽河形成,伴随气候变化,出现多次风沙进退,对应于风沙-Ⅰ期;  河道-Ⅰ是现在,同属于风沙-Ⅰ期,活动沙地集中在翁牛特等地。     

Formation and evolution of yardangs activated by Late Pleistocene tectonic movement in Dunhuang,Gansu Province of China

Developed in the Anxi-Dunhuang basin, the yardangs of Dunhuang (western China) are clearly affected by tectonic movement. Based on fieldwork, this study ascertained three levels of river terrace in the area for the first time. Through the analysis of river terraces formation and regional tectonic movement, the study ascertained that the river terraces were formed mainly by Late Pleistocene tectonic uplift, which had activated the evolution of yardangs in the study area. By electron spin resonance (ESR) dating and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, the starting time and periodicity of the evolution of the yardangs were determined. The river terraces designated T3, T2 and T1 began to evolve at 109.0 ～98.5, 72.9 ～66.84 and 53.2 ～38.0 kaBP, respectively, which is the evidence of regional neotectonic movement. And, the formation of the yardangs was dominated by tectonic uplift during the prenatal stage and mainly by wind erosion in the following evolution, with relatively short stationary phases. This research focused on the determination of endogenic processes of yardangs formation, which would contribute to further understanding of yardangs formation from a geological perspective and promote further study of yardang landform.