湖北宜昌地区下奥陶统生物礁古生态学研究

宜昌地区下奥陶统主要为一套台地相碳酸盐沉积,间夹页岩,其中的特征沉积为发育有较多的生物礁。造礁生物主要有海绵类、瓶筐石类、有柄棘皮类、苔藓虫及蓝细菌和Pulchrilamina等。在下奥陶统含礁层系中识别出四种生物相：(1)壳类生物相：发育有Tritoechia-Pelmatozans群落和Tritoechia-Pomatotrema群落;(2)礁生物相：包括Batostoma群落、Calathium--Archaeoscyphia群落、Pelmatozoans--Batostoma群落、Archeoscyphia群落和Calathium--Cyanobacteria群落;(3)静水生物相：发育有Acanthograptus--Dendrogptus群落和Yichangopora群落;(4)异地生物相：产有异地埋藏群,即Nanorthis--Psilocephlina埋藏群。含礁层系存在四个海平面变化旋回,生物礁的发育明显受海平面的升降速率与容纳空间增长速率的控制。生物礁多形成于高海平面时期。由于本区的海平面在上升过程中存在多个次一级旋回,致使生物礁具有数量多、分布广以及厚度薄和规模小等特点。造礁群落存在着演替和取代两种形式,前者有利于生物礁的发育,后者则表现为礁体的衰亡。     

上扬子区晚奥陶世海退的生态地层证据与冰川活动影响

<正> 根据海域范围的不断窄缩,上扬子区晚奥陶世的海退现象,从古地理的变迁角度,早已证实(刘鸿允,1955;卢衍豪,1959;张文堂,1962;穆恩之等,1981等)。除了古地理方面外,是否还存在着其它的,例如生态地层(Ecostratigraphy)方面的证据呢?此外,引起上扬子区晚奥陶世海退的主要原因是什么?广布于上扬子区的赫南特贝动物群(Hir-     

Reefs in the Early Paleozoic Taebaek Group, Korea: A Review

Various early Paleozoic (Cambrian Series 3–Middle Ordovician) reefs are found in the Taebaek Group, eastern Korea, located in the eastern margin of the Sino-Korean Block. They occur in every carbonate-dominant lithostratigraphic unit of the group, but their morphology and composition differ markedly. The Daegi Formation (middle Cambrian: Cambrian Series 3) contains siliceous sponge-Epiphyton reefs formed in a shallow subtidal environment, which is one of the earliest metazoan-bearing microbial reefs after the archaeocyath extinction. The Hwajeol Formation (upper Cambrian: Furongian) encloses sporadic dendrolites consisting of Angulocellularia, which developed in a relatively deep subtidal environment, representing a rare deeper water example. The onset of the Ordovician radiation resulted in the formation of microbialite–Archaeoscyphia–calathiid patch reefs in shallow subtidal deposits of the Lower Ordovician Dumugol Formation. Subsequent late Early Ordovician relative sea-level fall established extensive peritidal environments, forming microbial mats and stromatolites of the Lower–Middle Ordovician Makgol Formation. Ensuing Ordovician radiation resulted in one of the earliest metazoan skeletal reefs of the Middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation, constructed by stromatoporoid Cystostroma and bryozoan Nicholsonella, and developed around shallow shoals. These reefs reflect ongoing evolution and sea-level change during the early Paleozoic, and exemplify a rare glimpse of peri-Gondwanan records of reef evolution, which warrant detailed investigations and comparison with their counterparts in other regions.     

峡东宜昌黄花场下奥陶统生物礁的研究

首次发现峡东下奥陶统生物礁。造礁生物为攀苔藓虫、托盘藻、古钵海绵、蓝细菌和Pulchrilamina等。按造礁生物形成的格架类型有:粘结粒泥岩,藻粘结岩,攀苔藓虫障积岩,粘结障积岩等4种礁岩微相。这些微相在礁核中有、无和分布差异形成了灰泥岩隆礁,藻岩隆礁,攀苔藓虫障积岩隆礁和藻粘结-古钵海绵障积岩隆礁。各类礁都经历了奠基、发育、衰亡3个阶段。这一演化过程反映了沉积环境和水能量强度对礁发育的制约作用。     

Biofacies zonation of Ordovician deposits of the southern Siberian Platform

Based on the inventory, revision, and analysis of stratigraphic, paleontological, and lithofacies data on the area of Ordovician deposits in the southern Siberian Platform (Irkut amphitheater), the refined and detailed schemes of biofacies zonation of this paleobasin are substantiated. Schemes of zonation have been compiled for the Nyaian, Ugorian, Kimaian, Mukteian, Volginian, Kirenskian-Kudrinian, Chertovskian, and Baksanian Horizons of the regional Ordovician stratigraphic chart of the Siberian Platform. The schemes present biofacies different in lithologic composition, spread of dominant groups of fauna, and hydrochemical regime (normal-marine salinity, freshwater, or high salinity). It is shown that contrasting changes in paleogeographic environments and the spread of faunal communities under changing environmental conditions were influenced by the transgression-regression cyclicity of the evolution of the Siberian Platform paleobasin and by the proximity of the land. Specific groups of fauna localized in particular facies are described. These groups are regarded as communities that were the first to occupy the littoral zones of epicontinental sea basins in the Ordovician.     

中扬子台地下奥陶统含礁层系层序地层研究

运用露头层序地层学原理与方法，将中扬子台地早奥陶世含礁地层划分为4个Ⅱ型层序，并阐述了各层序的体系域特征和形成的沉积动力学机制以及海平面变化对沉积、生物迁移、生物礁及环境的控制作用。认为在含礁层序形成过程中，存在着4个海平面变化旋回，第一旋回为两河口期早至中期，第二旋回为两河口期晚期至道保湾期早期，第三旋回为道保湾期早至晚期，第四旋回为大湾期早至中期，其中两河口期存在着3个次一级的旋回，第一旋回发生于分乡组二段(鲡粒段)；第二旋回发生于分乡组三段(互层段)；第三旋回发生于分乡组四段(夹层段)；识别出3个平衡型碳酸盐体系和一个滞后型碳酸盐岩沉积体系。研究结果表明，分乡组与红花园组生物礁均形成于高海平面时期。由于海平面变化过程中存在多个次一级的旋回，致使本区生物礁具有厚度和规模小、数量多和分布广等特点。     

Ordovician Cephalopod Biofacies of South China and Its Provincialization

INTRODUCTION Biofacies refers to an association of organism-ecology and sedi mentary characteristics , which canreflect a specific ancient environment . Research onbiofacies and its provincialization is significant notonly for increasing the precision of stratigraphic sub-division and correlation,reconstructing ancient envi-ronments and paleogeography ,and oil and gas explo-ration,but also for the study of intercontinental pa-leobiogeography and sea level changes .Although the term biofaci…     

藏北索县-巴青地区中侏罗世生物礁古生态学研究

索县、巴青地区均位唐古拉山脉的南侧,属于羌塘地层区,其中,索县的桑卡拉佣组和巴青马如的布曲组中均发育有生物礁。造礁生物主要为六射珊瑚Schizosmilia、层孔虫Parastromatopora以及双壳类Liostrea。在分析造礁生物的个体生态特征基础上,根据研究区造礁生物类型及其组合特征,将生物礁划分为5个造礁群落,即Schizosmilia-Parastromatopora,Parastromatopora,Schizosmilia,Liostrea和Cyanobacteria-Liostrea造礁群落,并阐述了各群落的组成、结构与功能以及生态环境特征。根据群落在纵向上的组合与发育特征,分析了造礁群落的演化与海平面的变化特征,其中,Schizosmilia-Parastromatopora,Parastromatopora和Schizosmilia三个群落构成了索县地区造礁群落的演化序列,Liostrea和Cyanobacteria-Liostrea构成了巴青地区造礁群落的演化序列,造礁群落演化分析表明,群落演化表现为两种形式,第一种形式为群落演替,这种形式主要发育于索县桑卡拉佣组生物礁中;第二种形式为群落取代,这种形式主要发育于巴青布曲组生物礁中。最后,阐述了研究区的生物礁的发育特征与成礁方式,认为研究区主要成礁方式有造架作用、障积作用和黏结-障积作用,其中前两者主要体现于桑卡拉佣组生物礁中,后两种主要见于巴青布曲组生物礁中。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪生物礁基本特征、分布规律及成礁模式

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪发育有生物礁。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘野外及钻井岩心生物礁调查及室内鉴定分析,认为在乌海桌子山地区、棋探1井地区、彭阳石节子沟等地发育了较为典型的生物礁,主要造礁生物为珊瑚、层孔虫和海绵。三处生物礁发育特征有差异,北段礁体生长发育2～3期,中段发育2期生长,南段生长发育可达4期;北端及南端生物礁造礁生物个体较大,生长的水体环境相对较浅,而中段生物礁造礁生物个体较小,生长的水体相对较深。这些典型生物礁的生长、发展和消亡呈现了不同的发育特征和时空分布规律,北段生物礁体发育层位早,中、南段发育层位晚,这种分布变化规律与华北板块在早古生代处于赤道附近发生了北漂右旋的旋转漂移规律有关。通过对不同地段生物礁基本特征分析,结合δ13C和δ18O同位素分析结果,认为盆地西缘生物礁成礁模式为中央古隆起西部陆缘海背景下的开阔台地边缘带点礁-滩体组合模式,分布较为局限,认为该地区生物礁死亡原因系海平面快速上升事件导致礁体被淹死所致,也进一步推测生物礁之上存在一次海平面快速上升事件。     

塔中地区奥陶系米级旋回层序分析

塔中地区奥陶系米级旋回层序非常发育且典型多样,孕含着丰富的构造、海平面变化及沉积物堆积作用等方面的信息。在认真总结前人研究成果的基础上,结合区域地质资料及详细的岩芯观察和描述,将本区奥陶系米级旋回层序分为四大类:远洋-半远洋L-M型米级旋回层序、下斜坡-深水盆地非对称型米级旋回层序、潮下型米级旋回层序及环潮坪型米级旋回层序。在相序组构特征上,都表现为发育在瞬时淹没间断面之上以反粒序序列为特征的米级旋回层序和发育在瞬时暴露间断面之上以反粒序或正粒序序列为特征的米级旋回层序,并且在长周期三级层序中表现为有序的垂直叠加形式。这些米级旋回层序的沉积速率及形成周期与米兰柯维奇(Milankovitch)天文旋回轨道及周期变化具有明显的相关性。因此,塔中地区奥陶系米级旋回层序的发育主要受高频率海平面变化的控制,而这种高频率海平面升降则是由米兰柯维奇天文旋回轨道及周期变化所造成全球气候变化及大陆冰川的消长所控制。     

Quantitative Evaluation of the Sea-level Drop at the End-Permian: Based on Reefs

The amplitude of pre-Quaternary sea level drop, H, can be calculated by using the formula H = D + To, where To is the original thickness from the top of the tidal deposits on the reef core to the bottom of the tidal deposits on the reef front, or to the bottom of the ancient meteoric vadose zone, or to the edge of the mixed-water dolostone zone. The identity and similarity between the sea-level drop amplitudes calculated from different reefs far away from each other indicates that such sea-level changes are eustatic rather than relative changes. Evidence of an end-Permian sea-level drop has been found on the Changxingian (i.e. the end of the Palaeofusulina zone) reefs at Ziyun in South China, including algal laminated deposits, sabkha-related dolostone, desiccation cracks, dissolution collapse breccia. According to calculation based on the meteoric dissolution zone of the reef-core sequence at Ziyun, Guizhou province, the amplitude of the sea-level drop at the end-Permian is about 89.3 m. Calculation vi     

Response of reef coral communities to sea-level rise: a Holocene model from Mauritius (Western Indian Ocean)

The fringing reef at Pointe-au-Sable (Mauritius, Indian Ocean) was used to examine the effects of Holocene sea-level rise on coral growth. This reef is about 1000 m wide and comprises a forereef slope (30 m maximum depth), a narrow reef crest and a very shallow backreef (1·5 m maximum depth). Four major coral communities were recognized, which developed within relatively narrow depth ranges: a Pachyseris/Oulophyllia community (deeper than 20 m), an Acropora‘tabulate’Faviid community (20–6 m); a robust branching Acropora community (less than 6 m) and a Pavona community (less than 10m). Three high-recovery cores show the Holocene reef sequence is a maximum of 19·3 m thick and comprises four coral biofacies which are similar to counterparts identified in modern communities: robust branching, tabular-branching, robust branching-domal and foliaceous coral facies. A minimum sea-level curve for the past 7500 years was constructed. Using distribution patterns of coral biofacies and radiocarbon dates from corals, reconstruction of reef growth history indicates that both offshore and onshore reef zones were developing coevally, aggrading at rates of 4·3 mm year^?1 from 6900 years B.P. The reef caught up with sea-level only after sea-level stabilized. Changes in coral community and reef growth rates were driven principally by increasing water agitation due to the decrease in accommodation space. Based on the composition of the successive coral assemblages, the reef appears to have grown through successive equilibrium stages.     

Early–Middle Ordovician conodont biofacies on the Yangtze Platform margin,South China: Applications to palaeoenvironment and sea-level changes

9172 Conodonts have been recovered from the uppermost Hunghuayuan Formation and the Zitai Formation at two sections in Shitai County, southern Anhui Province, South China, which was situated close to the margin of the Lower Yangtze Platform during the Early to Middle Ordovician. Systematic and multivariate statistical studies on these conodonts permit recognition of seven conodont biofacies: Tropodus biofacies, Diaphorodus biofacies, Oepikodus biofacies, Baltoniodus biofacies, Paroistodus biofacies, Periodon biofacies and Protopanderodus biofacies. Each biofacies is restricted to a particular lithofacies and stratal position and shows a consistent order and/or position within the succession. Turnover of these conodont biofacies is related to sea-level changes. The transgressive–regressive patterns demonstrated by the conodont biofacies compare closely to published sea level curves for South China, and highlight the utility of conodont biofacies as a means of confirming sedimentological evidence of relative sea-level change.     

海平面升降中的元素地球化学响应--以塔中地区奥陶纪为例

海相岩石自生矿物中的锶同位素组成可反映其沉积时期的海平面波动趋势。塔中地区奥陶系87Sr／87Sr分析表明,在早奥陶世海平面总体呈下降趋势,而在中晚奥陶世海平面则持续上升并保持在奥陶纪平均海平面之上。氧同位素分析表明,塔中地区下奥陶统的白云岩主要为低海平面期高盐度环境沉积的准同生白云岩。微量元素分析结果支持同位素研究结论。分析测试表明,锶、氧同位素及一些微量元素均对海平面升降波动具有敏感的反应。     

塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系沉积相与沉积演化模式

在塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系层序地层格架建立的基础上,通过对岩心、钻井、测井、地震及古生物等相关资料分析,以地震地层学和海相碳酸盐岩沉积模式为指导,对玉北地区奥陶系沉积相进行详细的研究,结果表明研究区奥陶系可划分为台地潮坪、局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘、陆架内缘斜坡和陆棚等6种沉积相,并明确了研究区奥陶纪各期沉积相平面展布特征,总结了纵向上的沉积演化规律为:早奥陶世早期发育台地潮坪相;早奥陶世晚期随着海平面的持续缓慢上升,过渡为局限台地相;中奥陶世演化为开阔台地相;晚奥陶世早期演变为斜坡相,至晚奥陶世中晚期则发育陆棚相沉积体系。综合考虑古地理沉积环境、沉积相平面组合规律及控制因素,建立了玉北地区奥陶系沉积演化模式。     

Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician Reef-flat Oil-Gas Field in the Tarim Basin of China

The Tazhong reef-flat oil-gas field is the first large-scale Ordovician organic reef type oil-gas field found in China. Its organic reefs were developed in the early Late Ordovician Lianglitag Formation, and are the first large reefs of the coral-stromatoporoid hermatypic community found in China. The organic reefs and platform-margin grain banks constitute a reef-flat complex, mainly consisting of biolithites and grainstones. The biolithites can be classified into the framestone, bafflestone, bindstone etc. The main body of the complex lies around the wells from Tazhong-24 to Tazhong-82, trending northwest, with the thickness from 100 to 300 m, length about 220 km and width 5-10 km. It is a reef-flat lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir, with a very complex hydrocarbon distribution: being a gas condensate reservoir as a whole with local oil reservoirs. The hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the reef complex, generally located in the upper 100-200 m part of the complex, and largely in a banded shape along the complex. On the profile, the reservoir shows a stratified feature, with an altitude difference of almost 2200 m from southeast to northwest. The petroleum accumulation is controlled by karst reservoir beds and the northeast strike-slip fault belt. The total geologic reserves had reached 297.667 Mt by 2007.     

北祁连山东部早石炭世早期腕足动物群落的古地理意义

北祁连山东部早石炭世早期经历了一次完整的海水进退旋回。此期该区腕足动物的演化明显受控于相对海平面变化。生存环境的稳定性似乎是群落演替过程能否持久进行的基础。在影响生物群落演替的诸多因素中,底质性质及其稳定性最为重要,其次是食物供应、海水盐度和水动力强度等。各群落在时间上相互取代的主要控制因素是海水深度,与海平面的变化直接相关。而造成这一时期腕足动物群落横向变化的主要因素除了海水深度外,陆源碎屑供应量、海水循环性以及含盐度都具有十分重要的影响。本区早石炭世早期腕足动物群落的生态位介于BA1和BA2之间,缺乏BA3－BA5较深水群落（BA－Benthic Assemblage,底栖组合）,说明此期该区早石炭世早期海水深度一般不超过10米。受沉积古地理环境的制约,本区早石炭世早期BA2生态域的主要分布范围局限于东部的景泰一带,向西水体明显变浅。     

藏北安多东巧地区晚侏罗世生物礁古生态学研究

安多东巧地区上侏罗统沙木罗组主要为一套潮坪相碎屑及台地相碳酸盐沉积,其中的特征沉积是发育有生物礁。造礁生物主要为层孔虫,其次为珊瑚,其中,层孔虫又可以分为筒状、块状和枝状3种宏观形态。在对造礁生物的个体生态学分析基础上,根据其组合特征,将生物礁划分为3个造礁群落,分别是Milleporidium—Cladocorops...     

大巴山地区早古生代黑色岩系岩相古地理及页岩气地质意义*

大巴山地区早古生代发育下寒武统水井沱组(巴山组—鲁家坪组)和上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组2套黑色岩系。沉积学研究表明,2套黑色岩系均发育于扬子北缘被动大陆边缘盆地之上,早期快速海侵,沉积环境以深水陆棚为主,晚期随着海平面下降逐渐变为浅水陆棚沉积,局部发育滩礁沉积。早寒武世和晚奥陶世—早志留世,研究区均处于被动大陆边缘盆地,基底不平整,陆架边缘呈现多个小岛阻隔的古地理格局,但两者的形成机制却完全不同:早寒武世的构造格局沿袭了陡山沱期的地堑和地垒分布格局,地垒处表现为局部隆起或水下潜隆;晚奥陶世—早志留世的构造格局则与扬子板块向华北板块俯冲有关,是在扬子北缘被动大陆边缘基础上发育起来的前陆隆起。这种受限的滞留海域有利于形成厚度大、有机碳含量高(2%~6%)、脆性矿物含量高(40%~65%)的富有机质页岩,虽然其是页岩气勘探的有利目标层系,但仍需加强构造保存条件的研究。     

Research on Biofacies their Provincialization of Middle Permian-MiddleTriassic in the western Sichuan Basin

The research area is located in the western part of Sichuan basin as a Yangtze ecotope of Cathaysian Tethyan area. It is dominated by benthic fauna, including brachiopods, Fusulinids, corals, bivalves, foraminifers, ammonites, bryozoans, Crinoids and pleopods are less common with traces of trilobites, stromatoporas, nautilus and sporopollens seen in one or two areas,which are obviously controlled by sedimentary environments in accordance with sedimentary facies. On the basis of division and research of biological communities and according to the combination of communities with sedimentary characteristics, six kinds of biofacies have been recognized and described in the study area,i.e. benthic biofacies of restricted platform, benthic biofacies of open platform, benthic biofacies of inner gentle slope, benthic biofacies of outer gentle slope, benthic biofacies of shelf slope and swimming biofacies of deep-water basin. Based on the study of middle Permian to middle Triassic biofacies,biofacies pattern are established, category, ecotype, typical community, sedimentary facies and oil bearing of each biofacies are elucidated in this paper. According to the association law of biofacies in time and space, the ahthors think that there are three biofacies provinces in the study area, i.e., platform biofacies province, slope biofacies province and basin biofacies province.The distribution characteristics of bioface types indicates that the platform-type and ramp-type biofacies are mainly distributed in the subject of the study area. It indicates that their distribution are mainly controlled by Yangtze platform. But the bioface of deep water basin type biofacies and basin biofacies province are mainly distributed at the edge of study area, indicating that they are mainly controlled by the Longmen trough. The study of biofacies and their provincialization of Middle Permain-Middle Triassic in the Western Sichuan Basin is a reference for the reconstruction of paleogeography and paleo-plate.Therefore, the research is meaningful for the analysis of paleogeography, tectonics and their evoulution of the Sichuan Basin.