鄂尔多斯盐沼湿地土壤盐分特征对植物群落的影响

为研究内陆盐沼植物群落的分布对土壤盐分的响应特征,选取鄂尔多斯盐湖盐沼区作为研究区,筛选了肉质耐盐植物群落、苔草植物群落和禾草植物群落3类典型植物群落,开展了土壤含水量、pH、电导率以及Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO42-、CO32-和HCO3-测定,分析了区内典型植物群落对土壤水盐因子的响应规律.探讨...     

松嫩平原西部盐沼湿地水环境化学特征

松嫩平原西部盐沼湿地水环境碱化程度高,水中的pH值普遍高于8.0,多数为苏打钠型水。在对本区盐沼基本水环境化学特征阐述的基础上,通过对水化学的基本变量CO₃^2-、HCO₃^2-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、Na⁺和派生变量(Cl^-+SO₄^2-)/HCO₃^2-及Na⁺/(Ca²⁺ Mg²⁺)等的相关分析,得出各水化学变量之间的相关关系,并以pH值为分类基础得到了判别函数和判别区域图,对区域盐沼湿地水环境化学特征的研究方法作出了有意义的尝试。     

盐碱荒地开垦年限对表层土壤盐分的影响

 以典型荒漠区原生盐碱荒地及开垦农田为研究对象,通过对比研究,以阐明原生盐碱荒地开垦后不同管理措施下土壤可溶盐总量的变化规律,开垦后土壤剖面中可溶盐总量的垂直分布和季节变化规律。结果表明：开垦显著降低了0～50 cm土壤的可溶性盐含量,开垦达100 a以上老耕地的可溶性盐含量（2.31 g/kg）仅为原生盐碱荒地（26.62 g/kg）的11%;长期的耕作改变了土壤可溶性盐分在土层中的分布,原生荒漠土壤盐分具有鲜明的表聚特征,0～30 cm土层的盐分含量占整个土壤剖面的79%,开垦50 a后,土壤中的盐分分布趋于均匀,各离子浓度的垂直分布不再明显;开垦使土壤中的盐分离子组成也发生了变化,Cl^-、K⁺、Na⁺离子浓度降低,而SO₄^2-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子浓度增加,耕作层土壤由SO₄^-2-Cl^-1盐土转变为Cl^-1-SO₄^-2盐土;盐碱荒地土壤可溶盐浓度伴随着降水变化具有显著的季节变化特征,而季节对开垦耕地没有显著影响。总体而言,盐碱荒地经过多年开垦利用后,土壤可溶性盐分和pH值均显著降低。     

Li+,Na+,K+/Cl-,SO2-4-H2O五元体系25 ℃相图及其应用

Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺/Cl-,SO2-₄-H₂O五元体系相图对于硫酸钠亚型富锂卤水分离提取锂盐、锂辉石加工利用和锂盐产品的开发利用工艺制定都有指导作用。20世纪50年代曾有人研究过这一体系25 ℃时的相图,限于当时的科研水平,液相组成确定不准确,对平衡固相的判断,后来诸多研究结果证明也有错误。50多年来再没有人研究这一五元体系相图。利用我们提出的Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺/Cl^-,SO^2-₄-H₂O六元体系热力学模型,对该五元体系的平衡溶液组成和正确的平衡固相进行理论预测,给出了该体系的完整相图。结合硫酸锂混盐分离、加工实例阐述了该五元体系相图的应用。     

Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+//SO2-4-H2O体系固液相平衡热力学模拟

锂云母、铯榴石等矿物的硫酸盐焙烧浸出,是从中提取锂铷铯钾等碱金属元素的重要步骤,所得硫酸盐浸出液可近似看作Li⁺,Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺,Cs+ // SO₄2--H₂O六元水盐体系;其在浓缩过程呈现复杂的成盐特征,增加了各碱金属元素分离提取的难度,研究其相关水盐体系相图和相平衡性质对理解浸出液中碱金属的分离具有重要的理论指导意义。本文采用Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg超额Gibbs自由能方程和具有内在热力学一致性的CALPHAD方法,构建了Na⁺,K⁺,Rb⁺,Cs⁺//SO₄2--H₂O五元体系的多温固液相平衡热力学模型。借助该模型:1)实现了对Na₂SO₄₊Rb₂SO₄₊H₂O、Na₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O和K₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O三元体系的多温溶解度等温线的准确描述,并进一步构建了这些体系在240.15~380.15 K温度范围内的多温相图;2)实现了对K₂SO₄+Rb₂SO₄₊H₂O和Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊H₂O体系中存在的固溶体相—水溶液平衡关系的准确描述,确认了(K,Rb)₂SO₄连续固溶体、以及(Rb,Cs)₂SO₄(α)和(Rb,Cs)₂SO₄(β)间断固溶体存在的合理性;3)预测了上述五元体系中所包含的全部4个四元子体系(Na₂SO₄₊ K₂SO₄₊ Rb₂SO₄+H₂O、Na₂SO₄ + K₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊ H₂O、Na₂SO₄₊ Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄ + H₂O和K₂SO₄₊Rb₂SO₄₊Cs₂SO₄₊ H₂O)的相图,明确了四元相图中固溶体的类型及形成区域。然而,模型预测结果与现有四元体系实验数据间存在普遍的不一致性,尤其是固溶体形成区域,但模型预测结果从非实验角度给出了重要参考,对现有实验提出了挑战,未来对这些体系开展更为精细的实验研究非常必要。     

内蒙古西部地区盐湖水化学特征

2008年9~10月和2009年9月对内蒙古西部地区14个盐湖进行了考察、采样和分析。研究发现,本区盐湖卤水主要离子含量顺序为Na⁺>Cl->SO2-₄>Mg²⁺>K⁺,次要离子为Ca²⁺ >HCO-₃>CO2-₃,微量元素为B₂O₃>Br->Li⁺。Na⁺的分布特征为东部高,北部中等,西南部偏低;而Cl-为东高西低;K⁺大致为南高北低;Mg²⁺为中部高,西部低,北部与南部中等。SO2-₄、 Ca²⁺和CO2-₃的区域分布特征均不明显;微量元素Li⁺ 、Br-、B₂O₃含量虽局部(两大沙漠连接带)有所富集,但绝对含量不高。对天然盐湖和人工采盐池的卤水进行了对比。采盐池中卤水因为蒸发强烈,离子浓度显著高于天然盐湖。分析天然盐湖与采盐池卤水离子浓度的变化规律发现,卤水蒸发初期Na⁺、Cl-、SO2-₄离子浓度随矿化度的升高而增大,Ca²⁺离子浓度明显下降,卤水蒸发后期Mg²⁺、K⁺大量富集,整个卤水蒸发过程中微量元素Li⁺与B₂O₃浓度一直随矿化度的升高而增大。这些结果对内蒙古西部盐湖的研究与开发都具有积极意义。     

基于氢氧同位素与水化学的 潮白河流域地下水水循环特征

为了研究变化环境下潮白河流域地下水水循环规律,通过现场调查,结合环境同位素及水化学应用,对潮白河流域浅层和深层地下水采样,测定其氢、氧环境同位素及水化学成分,通过分析其变化特征判明地下水的补给来源以及各含水层的相互联系。降水和地下水中的环境同位素δD和δ¹⁸O组成分析表明,降水是山前地下水的主要补给源,山区浅层地下水受蒸发影响非常强烈。水化学研究结果表明,山区地下水水质以 Ca²⁺和 HCO^-₃为主,属Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO^-₃型地下水。山前地下水类型为Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO^-₃、 Na⁺-K⁺-HCO^-₃、Mg²⁺-Ca²⁺-HCO^-₃和 Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-Cl^--SO^2-₄。平原区地下水为Mg²⁺, Na⁺和HCO^-₃。滨海冲积海积平原为Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO^-₃型和Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-Cl^--SO^2-₄型地下水。水化学分析证实了越流补给的存在。Ca²⁺ 和 HCO^-₃离子均呈山区高、山前和平原低、而滨海增高的趋势。沿潮白河流向地下水类型变化为:Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO^-₃ Na⁺＝K⁺-HCO^-₃ Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO^-₃。     

北极阿拉斯加巴罗地区现代环境的地球化学特征研究*

本文以北极阿拉斯加巴罗地区样品分析为依据,研究泻湖、淡水湖、河流、沼泽、土壤等的环境地球化学特征。结果表明,巴罗地区融冻物理风化作用强烈,化学风化和生物地球化学作用较弱,物质以机械搬运为主,H⁺为地带性标型元素。地表水化学类型阴离子以Cl^-为主,阳离子以K⁺Na⁺为主。现代沉积物、地表土壤、沼泽泥炭层有机质含量丰富,最高可达50.07%.大量元素SiO₂含量极高,稀有稀土元素、微量元素含量偏低,但Hg、Cd、Cr的含量相对较高。     

四苯硼钠—季铵盐质量滴定法分析钾含量研究

依据四苯硼钠—季铵盐容量法滴定K⁺离子的原理,采用质量滴定法,考察了滴定速度、松节油加入量对四苯硼钠与季铵盐反应的影响及共存离子(包括Li⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、SO2-₄、B₄O2-₇、CO2-₃)对K⁺含量测定结果的影响。当测定K⁺离子含量在5～15 mg范围内,松节油最佳加入量为25滴,分析误差< 0.3%。     

锡林河流域羊草草原暗栗钙土矿质氮动态变化

通过野外采样,分析了内蒙古锡林河流域三个不同放牧强度羊草草原0～30cm表层土壤中矿质氮（NH₄⁺-N+NO₃^--N）的浓度特征,研究了它们在生长季期间的含量变化情况。结果表明:羊草草原暗栗钙土中矿质氮主要以NH₄⁺-N形式存在,矿质氮含量仅占土壤全氮的0.20%～0.92%;土壤矿质氮含量随草地放牧强度升高而降低,围封禁牧多年的羊草样地矿质氮含量高于轮牧地和自由放牧地;生长季期间0～10cm、10～20cm和20～30cm各层次土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量随土壤温度、水分和植物生长吸收的变化而波动明显,不同深度土壤矿质氮的季节变化趋势基本一致,表层0～10cm土壤矿质氮含量波动幅度最大:在4月和7、8月份,NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度分别出现峰值;NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量随采样深度增加而降低,各采样点0～30cm土壤中NH₄⁺-N含量均高于NO₃^--N。     

Plants as soil indicators along the Saudi coast of the Arabian Gulf

Soils of different vegetation types of the Saudi Arabian Gulf coast, dominated by mangrove, salt marsh and desert plant communities have been analysed for their soil profiles, texture, salinity, pH, water content and ionic concentration (Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, Na⁺, SO₄²⁻). The results show some important relationships between soils and plants. Special emphasis was given to the dominant intertidal plantsAvicennia marina, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Salicornia europaea, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halopeplis perfoliata, Limonium axillare, the terrestrialZygophyllum qatarense, and non-vegetated sabkhas.     

Effects on antioxidant enzyme activities and osmolytes in Halocnemum strobilaceum under salt stress

The seedlings of Halocnermum strobilaceum were cultivated in 0.5% hoagland nutrient solution containing 0.0%, 0.9%, 2.7% and 5.4% of NaCl as well as composite salt (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Si⁴⁺) for 20 days; all the contents are in weight ratio. Succulent level, inorganic ions (Na⁺, K⁺), organics such as betaine, proline, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) were measured to reveal its salt tolerance mechanism. When the composite salt concentration reaches 5.4%, SOD activity level, and MDA content is five times the control group; when it reaches 2.7%, the succulent level of seedlings, and the content of K⁺ in roots is nearly two times the NaCl treatment; the dry weight is more than three times the control group; with the NaCl treatment, MDA is three times the contrast; when the salt concentration is 2.7%, POD reaches the maximum. Results indicate that Si⁴⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ from composite salt in the roots of H. strobilaceum improved the water-holding capacity. The activities of antioxidant enzyme were raised by the accumulation of proline and betaine, which increased the salt tolerance. The absorption of K⁺ promoted the high ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ and alleviated the damage of cell membranes of H. strobilaceum, which is associated with osmotic contents such as betaine and proline.     

Spatial relationships among species, above-ground biomass, N, and P in degraded grasslands in Ordos Plateau, northwestern China

We chose five communities, representing a mild to severe gradient of grassland desertification in a semi-arid area of Ordos Plateau, northwestern China, to explore the spatial relationships among plant species, above-ground biomass (AGB), and plant nutrients (N and P). Community 1 (C1) was dominated by Stipa bungeana; Community 2 (C2) by a mix of S. bungeana and the shrub Artemisia ordosica; Community 3 (C3) by A. ordosica; Community 4 (C4) by a mix of Cynanchum komarovii and C. komorovii; and Community 5 (C5) by C. komorovii. Quantitative methods, including geostatistics, were used to compare community composition, structure, and indicators of ecosystem function (i.e. AGB, plant N and P) in five 16-m² plots. The highest AGB, plant nitrogen (N) and plant phosphorus (P) were found in lightly degraded community C2. With increasing desertification effects from C3 to C5, the AGB, N, and P decreased significantly while plant density remained unchanged. The spatial variations of AGB were higher in shrub-dominated communities (C1 and C5) than in grass-dominated communities (C2–C4). Strong spatial relationships were detected within and among the communities, with stronger relationships between AGB and density than between AGB and species richness. Spatial patterns of plant N and P were different from those of AGB, reflecting different N and P contents of individual plants and different species that can redistribute soil resources in these communities. The AGB was positively correlated with soil nutrients (TOC, TN, TP, and IN), except for soil AP. We concluded that several specific aspects of ecosystem properties were directly associated with the conversion of the grass and shrub “functional types” in these degraded grasslands.     

盐生植物长叶红砂泌盐特性的研究

长叶红砂（Reaumuria trigyna Maxim.）为东阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯种,属我国特有,是古地中海残遗珍稀植物。通过对长叶红砂野外生存环境、泌盐结构以及泌盐特点的研究,结果显示:长叶红砂是一种具有多细胞盐腺的向外泌盐的泌盐盐生植物;长叶红砂植物体内、盐腺分泌物中盐分离子组分与生存土壤的离子组分一致,均含有Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO2-4和Cl-等离子,但含量差异较大,其中土壤中阳离子以Na+或以Na+和Ca2+为主,阴离子以Cl-或SO2-4为主;植物的根、茎、叶中阳离子却以K+为主,且6种离子含量的基本趋势均是:根＜茎＜叶;分泌物中Na+ 、Cl-的含量最高,其次是SO2-4;盐腺的分泌速率表现为:上午的分泌量高于下午,白昼高于夜间,这些结果说明盐腺的分泌选择性与其保持植物体内适当的盐分和养分浓度以适应野生生境有关。     

Effects of fire and environmental variables on plant structure and composition in grazed salt desert shrublands of the Great Basin (USA)

Fire in shrub-dominated portions of the Great Basin, largely fueled by non-native annuals such as Bromus tectorum, has become an important structuring force altering vegetation composition and soil characteristics. The extent to which fire affects native species in drier portions of the Great Basin, termed salt desert, is poorly documented. We conducted a survey of grazed salt desert habitat in northwestern Nevada 5 years after wildfires burned 650,000 ha, with the goal of investigating community response to fire and factors correlating with post-fire recovery. We found that recruitment of a dominant shrub, Artemisia spinescens, is severely restricted following fire: it occurred in only 2 of the 24 burned sites. The co-dominant shrub, Atriplex confertifolia, occurred in most burned sites although on average its percent cover was one-third lower than adjacent unburned sites. Biotic soil crust cover was four times lower, and non-native species cover 5 times higher, in burned sites compared to unburned. Ordination analyses confirmed differences among plant communities in burned versus unburned sites, with environmental variables soil conductivity, plant litter, soil potassium (K⁺) and pH explaining 38% of the variance in community composition. However, we found no environmental predictors of recovery for native species in burned sites. Future recruitment is likely to be further limited, as fire frequency in the salt desert is expected to increase with invasion by non-native annual grasses and with global climate change.     

中国内陆干旱、半干旱区苦咸水分布特征

通过大量野外调查、水样采集和化验分析,对中国内陆干旱、半干旱区的苦咸水和高氟水分布特征进行了初步研究。采集到的地表和地下水样中,分别有51.0%和41.5%属于苦咸水;55%和59%水样氟化物含量超标,属于高氟水。研究区的苦咸水以Cl^--Na⁺和HCO₃^--Na⁺为主要离子类型,SO₄^2--Mg²⁺和SO₄^2--Ca²⁺为次要离子类型。苦咸水和高氟水主要分布在内陆河流域下游尾闾、封闭内流区低洼湖盆低地、北部准平原化干燥剥蚀低山残丘间冲积洼地、沙漠低洼湖盆和黄土高原中西部径流系数较小的河流及部分露头潜水等区域,并具有区域富集性分布特点。季节性降水、季节性河流或渠系灌溉对苦咸水的季节性或年际间变化和空间分布有较大影响。较高浓度基质含盐量、水文地质结构、气候条件和特定的水文地球化学环境是苦咸水和高氟水形成与富集分布的主要原因。     

3种耐盐植物的根际微环境比较

研究了兰州市永登县秦王川灌区中型狼尾草（Pennisetum longissimum var. intermedium）、新疆大叶苜蓿（Medicago sativa）和皮燕麦（Avena sativa）对盐渍土的适应特点及其改盐效应。通过对3种植物不同生育期（播后90 d、120 d、150 d）根际土壤pH值、导电率（EC）、盐分离子及有机质含量的测定,探讨盐渍化土壤影响下耐盐植物根际微环境的变化。结果显示：在盐渍化逆境下,3种植物对于根际土壤微环境均有一定调节作用,生育期内土壤pH值、EC值、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-和Ca²⁺含量逐渐降低,土壤有机质含量逐渐增加。新疆大叶苜蓿根际土壤pH值变化较为突出,其次是中型狼尾草和皮燕麦,播后150 d较播前降幅分别为2.18%、2.06%、1.21%;中型狼尾草根际土壤EC值降幅最大,其次为新疆大叶苜蓿和皮燕麦,播后150 d较播前降幅分别为42.69%、33.29%、28.33%;在3个取样期,中型狼尾草根际土壤Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-含量变化幅度最大,新疆大叶苜蓿对Ca²⁺的吸收能力强于中型狼尾草和皮燕麦;中型狼尾草在生长期内根际土壤有机质含量持续增加,新疆大叶苜蓿在生长前期有机质增量较显著,生长中后期增量减缓,根际微环境变化趋于稳定。综合而言,中型狼尾草对盐渍土的适应及改良效应较突出,其次是新疆大叶苜蓿,再次是皮燕麦。     

Growth, ionic and osmotic relations of an Allenrolfea occidentalis population in an inland salt playa of the Great Basin Desert

Variation in growth, physiology and ionic relations patterns of Allenrolfea occidentalis, a perennial halophyte of dry habitats, was studied under field conditions from May 1996 to November 1997. An A. occidentalis community has a characteristic soil pH of 7·3–8·3. During the two years, the population was exposed to great variations in soil salinity, from 29 to 146 dS m⁻¹, and soil moisture, ranging from drought (9·2%) to wet (19%). The salt concentrations were significantly higher in the surface soil layers than in the subsurface layers. Seasonal changes in dry weight are directly related to soil salinity stress. Allenrolfea occidentalis had greater growth and biomass production under saline conditions. Na⁺and Cl⁻ions were accumulated in plant tissues in much greater amounts than K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. Soil salinities were significantly reduced at the end of the growing season. Water potentials of the shoots decreased significantly with increasing salinity. The plant (F_v/F_mratio) was more affected by salinity and irradiation levels during the summer period.