囊果碱蓬离子含量及分布特点

为研究真盐生植物矿质营养特征,以北疆荒漠囊果碱蓬群落为对象,通过土壤及植株调查,分析其矿质元素特征。结果显示：（1）囊果碱蓬的生长增加了0~30cm土壤的pH值、水分及盐份含量,并使盐分在土层重新分布。（2）根系相对于土壤,具有优先吸收K⁺、Mg²⁺ 养分离子的特点;叶片相对于根系,具有优先运输Cl^-、Na⁺、SO₄^2- 盐分离子的特点,同一离子在吸收和运输的选择不一致,与其在整株的功能相关。（3）Cl^-、Na⁺、SO₄^2- 积累于叶片,含量远大于K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺ ,Cl^- 和Na⁺ 可能相伴向上运输,K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺ 在根、茎、叶保持基本不变的比例。（4）囊果碱蓬属于SO₄ -Cl 盐积累植物,而背景土壤为Cl-SO₄ 型盐土。     

小麦、苜蓿根际土中极性、弱极性馏分特征

为深入了解农作物根系分泌物与其根际土中可溶有机物的关系,用柱色层族组成分离方法, 对小麦和苜蓿根际土中的有机物采用了气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析测定.对分离出的极性和弱极性馏分分析结果表明:种植不同农作物的土壤中生物标志化合物分布特征差异很大.小麦根际土壤中主要分布的是C₁₀-C₃₂脂肪酸;苜蓿根际土壤中主要分布的是C₁₀-C₃₀脂肪酸;小麦根际土壤中活性物质十六烯酸、亚油酸和顺反油酸等不饱和脂肪酸在苜蓿上未检出;小麦根际土壤中有机质演化程度及降解程度均大于苜蓿根际土壤.在低演化状况下,根际土中生物标志化合物的分布特征能够很好地反映根系分泌物的特点.芳烃的甲基菲指数MPI值是判识土壤有机质演化和降解程度的良好参数.     

小麦和苜蓿根系分泌物中饱和烃馏分

为深入研究根系分泌物对根际土中有机物贡献的特点,用柱色层族组成分离方法, 对小麦和苜蓿根际土及二者交界地中提出的可溶有机物采用了GC/MS分析测定。从样品的非极性馏分中分析检测出正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃及酯类3个系列的生物标志化合物,并对小麦地、苜蓿地及二者的交界地中的正构烷烃的奇偶优势比（OEP）、∑C₂₂^-/∑C₂₃⁺比值和姥植比（Pr/Ph）进行了分析比较。小麦和苜蓿的GC/MS的主峰均为nC₃₁,正构烷烃奇偶优势比OEP值大小顺序为苜蓿地>交界地>小麦地,且三者数值均>1.4。正构烷烃∑C₂₂^-/∑C₂₃⁺比值大小顺序为小麦地>交界地>苜蓿地。姥植比（Pr/Ph）的比较结果为苜蓿地>交界地>小麦地。这表明小麦和苜蓿根系分泌物进入土壤后演化程度不一样,小麦地有机质演化程度高于苜蓿地。     

丽江市大气环境特征分析

丽江市1990~2003年SO₂、NO_x和TSP的平均浓度为0.018、0.013和0.112 mg/m³,SO₂和NO_x浓度在1998之前为上升阶段,1998年之后为下降阶段。1989~2006年期间降水中年均pH值为6.08,高于酸雨标准值,EC均值为14.2 US/cm;pH值自1994年以来一直处于缓慢上升状态,EC也呈现出缓慢上升趋势。1989~2006年降水中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Cl^-、NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、平均浓度值依次为1.57、0.41、0.20、1.14、0.09、0.06、0.13 mg/L。研究证实大气环境状况、气候特征和产业结构转型对丽江降水中离子浓度有重要影响。     

荒漠地区包气带氯离子与硝酸盐的空间分布特征

荒漠地区包气带中的Cl^-、NO₃^-与生态环境有密切联系,与地下水安全有直接联系。主要以荒漠地区包气带Cl^-、NO₃^-为研究对象,通过对Cl^-、NO₃^-在包气带及不同土壤类型中的分布特征进行研究,表明强烈的蒸散发作用使Cl^-、NO₃^-呈活塞式分布,同时植物对水分的吸收以及对NO₃^-的优先吸收使NO₃^-表现出不同的分布特征。土壤中的NO₃^-可能被植物优先吸收并遵循营养循环,使表层土壤中出现极大值,随后逐渐减小。靠近表层土壤出现NO₃^-峰值和较高的NO₃^-/Cl^-原子比率反映了蓝藻菌活跃的固N作用;相对较大的NO₃^-/Cl^-原子比率伴随着较低的Cl^-说明在干旱地区稀疏的植被覆盖条件限制了对NO₃^-的吸收作用。不同的土壤类型中,Cl^-、NO₃^-表现出不同的分布特征,在粘性土壤中,NO₃^-、Cl^-浓度随含水率的减小而减小。     

腾格里沙漠固定沙丘结皮层藓类植物的生态功能及与土壤环境因子的关系

通过1998-2001年的野外调查,沙坡头地区固定沙丘结皮层藓类植物共3科、11属、24种,新发现 8 个本地区新记录种。人工固定沙丘仅分布有7种藓类,而自然固定沙丘包括了所有的 24 种藓类,具有较高的物种多样性,构成了复杂的苔藓植物群落。沿坡向随高度的上升,藓类植物的盖度减少,而藻类植物的盖度却有上升的趋势。自然固定沙丘藓类植物盖度明显小于围封的人工固定沙丘。人工固定沙丘随着固定年限的增加,藓类植物的生物量明显增高,不同种类藓类植物的生物量明显不同,综合盖度因素,真藓拥有该地区最大的生物量。不同类型、不同种类的藓类植物结皮厚度和株高之间都存在显著的相关性(P < 0.01)。不同固定沙丘藓类结皮土壤的总盐量、阴、阳离子总量都明显高于藻结皮和流沙,苔藓结皮中苔藓植物体内Mg/Ca率在0.50~0.98之间,结皮土壤Ca²⁺含量明显高于其他3种离子,Na⁺、K⁺离子含量较少。苔藓植物生物量与土壤磷、土壤有机质呈明显正相关(P < 0.05),土壤pH值与土壤磷含量和苔藓植物生物量呈显著负相关(P 分别为 < 0.01 和 < 0.05),表明高的 pH值显著影响土壤磷含量和植物生物量。藓类结皮土壤中的有机质、全磷、全氮、速磷、速氮含量显著高于藻结皮的含量,尤其是有机质含量,藓类结皮都超过了1%的水平,在有机质含量普遍低于1%的沙区,对维持沙丘的稳定,促进维管植物的定居和繁殖起着极其重要的作用。     

滴灌条件下盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa）种植年限对盐碱地土壤盐分离子分布的影响

采用时空转化的方法研究了滴灌条件下不同盐地碱蓬种植年限（0 a、1 a、2 a和3 a）对重度盐碱地土壤盐分及盐离子在0~120 cm土壤剖面的分布特征的影响，为盐地碱蓬在盐碱地中的改良利用提供理论依据。试验结果表明：滴灌种植盐地碱蓬后土壤盐分在剖面的分布发生明显变化，根区（0~40 cm）土壤含盐量随种植年限增加而下降，根底（40~120 cm）土壤则先增加后下降；Na⁺和Cl^-因容易被水淋洗和植物选择性吸收多，根区土壤中Na⁺和Cl^-含量随种植年限增加有显著降低，Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-不易随水移动，淋洗程度低，HCO₃^-和Mg²⁺第2 a和第3 a的淋洗效果明显好于第1 a；经过3 a种植后土壤中毒害离子Na⁺与Cl^-和在表层盐分组成中的比例下降，Ca²⁺比例上升，钠吸附比（SAR）值显著降低。     

豆禾牧草间作根际土壤养分、酶活性及微生物群落特征

西北半干旱地区生态系统脆弱,土地养分流失严重,而过量施肥和连作会导致土壤性状恶化。为了满足当地饲草需求及改善土壤状况,本研究对紫花苜蓿和玉米进行连续间作,研究其对根际土壤养分、生物活性及稳定性的影响。结果表明:根际土壤pH在间作下较单作大幅降低。间作根际土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著大于玉米单作,根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性显著大于紫花苜蓿单作,而过氧化氢酶活性则表现相反。间作土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性显著大于玉米单作。细菌/真菌数量在间作根际土壤中显著大于单作。间作根际土壤细菌、放线菌数量及细菌序列数显著大于玉米单作,拟杆菌门和疣微菌门相对丰度显著大于紫花苜蓿单作,土壤绿弯菌门和放线菌门相对丰度显著大于玉米单作。土壤酶活性和细菌数量均与pH呈极显著负相关,而与有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量极显著正相关;拟杆菌门与pH呈极显著负相关,与有机质、碱解氮及速效钾含量极显著正相关;酸杆菌门、疣微菌门与pH显著正相关,而与有机质、全氮、碱解氮及速效钾含量极显著负相关。紫花苜蓿/玉米间作可改善根际土壤碱性条件及微生物环境,同时改善玉米根际土壤养分。紫花苜蓿/玉米间作是防止西北半干旱区土壤退化、改善土壤稳定性的有效措施。     

黄河三角洲土壤氯离子空间变异特征及其控制因素

为了解黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化发生与发展的主要控制因素,通过采集土壤样品及潜水样,运用地统计学等方法,分析样品中优势离子Cl^-含量的空间分布特征及成因。结果表明:① 土壤Cl^-含量与潜水Cl^-质量浓度的空间分布表现出高度的相似性和相关性。② 潜水借助包气带自身的水势梯度或植物蒸腾作用向土壤输送水分,进而控制着土壤Cl^-的空间分布与变异。③ 地形地貌通过对水、气、热的再分配控制着包气带土层中Cl^-的迁移方向和富集区域。水文地质条件是对区域"饱和带-包气带"盐分迁移富集起决定作用的内部因素,而地形地貌条件是起控制作用的外部因素。     

章古台固沙林主要树种根际土壤性质研究

研究了章古台固沙林樟子松、油松、赤松和杨树4个树种的根际土壤, 结果表明: 不同树种根际土壤pH值低于非根际土壤, 有机质含量均高于非根际土壤; 除杨树外, 根际土壤CEC(阳离子代换量)均低于非根际土壤; 而交换性酸度、水解性酸度和全盐量均高于非根际土壤, 盐基饱和度均低于非根际土壤; 根际土壤中全N、碱解N、速效K表现为富集, 速效P表现为亏缺, 其中樟子松亏缺最为严重; 不同树种根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性均高于非根际土壤。     

煤矸石山不同植被恢复模式对土壤养分的影响——以山西省河东矿区1号煤矸石山为例

对2009-2011 年山西省河东矿区不同植被恢复模式下土壤养分进行了检测分析,并对其环境影响因子进行了研究.结果显示：(1) 随着矸石山植被恢复年限的增加,煤矸石山地温显著降低,植物多样性增加,盖度和生物量不同程度提高.(2) 经过3 年植被恢复的矸石山土壤速效磷和速效钾的改良效果达到全国土壤普查3 级水平;恢复土壤碱解氮和有机质含量为11.94 mg·kg^-1和7.69 g·kg^-1,改良效果不显著.紫穗槐模式对土壤速效磷的改良效果较好;紫穗槐-高羊茅-紫花苜蓿模式有利于碱解氮的积累;高羊茅-紫花苜蓿模式对速效钾和有机质的改良效果最佳.(3) 矸石山坡度和地温与土壤养分呈显著负相关;紫花苜蓿盖度与碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量呈显著正相关;植被平均生物量和高羊茅盖度的提高有助于土壤养分的改良效果.煤矸石山植被恢复宜采取以草开路,在生态环境条件有所改善基础上,走草、灌、乔相结合的构建模式.     

不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系及商值(qMB,qCO2)

通过实验,研究了种植年限不同的3种苜蓿地0～10cm和10～20cm土层的土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、基础呼吸强度、代谢商和微生物生物量商(qMB,qCO2)。结果表明,微生物数量在不同年限苜蓿地之间有不同的变化。微生物量碳、微生物量氮指标显示土壤质量4年生苜蓿地>1年生苜蓿地>2年生苜蓿地,基础呼吸强度和代谢商指标显示土壤质量4年生苜蓿地>2年生苜蓿地>1年生苜蓿地。在不施肥的条件下,4年生苜蓿地土壤质量最好,表明苜蓿种植时间越长,对土壤肥力影响越大。     

Evidence for Holocene environmental change from C/N ratios, and δ13C and δ15N values in Swan Lake sediments, western Sand Hills, Nebraska

Profiles of percent carbon and nitrogen, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and stable carbon (¹³C), and nitrogen (¹⁵N) isotopic ratios in organic matter from an 11.6 m core were used to reconstruct environments of deposition in the Swan Lake basin during the past 5300 YBP. The upper 6.5 m consisted of gyttja containing variable amounts of reddish brown-colored fine organic matter and calcium carbonate. It was followed by a 0.5 m sandy silt, which was followed by a 3.6 m reduced layer characterized by large quantities of black organic plant remains, sapropel, and then by another sapropel layer consisting mainly of well-sorted sapropelic sand with relatively low organic matter content. The C- and N-contents in the organic matter in the sediment profile ranged from 0.5 to 23% and from 0.02 to 2%, respectively. Carbon content were positively correlated to both N and clay content while carbon content was negatively correlated to sand content. Two major environmental phases in Swan Lake were apparent from large differences in the C and N data of the sediment organic matter. These include the sapropel (marsh) stage that stretched from approximately 5330 to 3930 YBP, and the following gyttja (open water stage). During the sapropel marsh plants identified in a previous pollen study as cattails and sedges proliferated and produced copious amounts of well-preserved organic matter. C/N ratios, ¹³C values, and ¹⁵N values in the sapropel were significantly different from those that characterized organic matter in the gyttja. During the gyttja ¹³C values indicated that deep primary producers have dominated lake biomass. By utilizing bicarbonate as their C-source, the accumulating biomass became relatively enriched ¹³C values. The presence of high sediment CaCO₃ contents indicated more alkaline and deeper water conditions prevailed during the gyttja. Further refinement of the data suggested that each major phase initially contained an identifiable transition stage. During the sapropelic (initial marsh stage) which occurred before 5330 YBP, sand content gradually decreased as organic matter increased. As reflected by high C/N ratios and slightly enriched ¹³C values, these sands appear to have contained sufficient permeability to promote partial mineralization of accumulated organic-N containing compounds. A short initial gyttja transition period from about 3930–3830 YBP occurred in which the sediment silt content was anomalously high relative that measured in the surrounding layers. The silt content suggests that this turbid transition layer can not be completely explained by sediment mixing via bioturbation. The silts appeared to have been associated with the sharp climate change that resulted in higher water-table conditions during the gyttja stage.     

中国亚热带地区造林对土壤碳周转的影响

Afforestation in China’s subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests,plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover,we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (δ13C) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Experimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C,δ13C and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests,SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grassland) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC ?13C composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly affected by the grass biomass 13C composition. Soil profiles with a change in photosynthetic pathway had a more complex 13C isotope composition distribution. During the 20 years after plantation establishment,the soil organic matter sources influenced both the δ13C distribution with depth,and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that masson pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.     

锡林河流域羊草草原暗栗钙土矿质氮动态变化

通过野外采样,分析了内蒙古锡林河流域三个不同放牧强度羊草草原0～30cm表层土壤中矿质氮（NH₄⁺-N+NO₃^--N）的浓度特征,研究了它们在生长季期间的含量变化情况。结果表明:羊草草原暗栗钙土中矿质氮主要以NH₄⁺-N形式存在,矿质氮含量仅占土壤全氮的0.20%～0.92%;土壤矿质氮含量随草地放牧强度升高而降低,围封禁牧多年的羊草样地矿质氮含量高于轮牧地和自由放牧地;生长季期间0～10cm、10～20cm和20～30cm各层次土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量随土壤温度、水分和植物生长吸收的变化而波动明显,不同深度土壤矿质氮的季节变化趋势基本一致,表层0～10cm土壤矿质氮含量波动幅度最大:在4月和7、8月份,NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度分别出现峰值;NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量随采样深度增加而降低,各采样点0～30cm土壤中NH₄⁺-N含量均高于NO₃^--N。     

Estimation of soil organic carbon reservoir in China

1 IntroductionResearch on global change has aroused many scientists' attention to the balance, storage and spatial distribution of carbon in the terrestrial ecosystem. The carbon stored in soil is 2.5-3 times as much as that stored in plants[1,2], so the distribution and conversion of carbon in humus has become one of the global research foci on organic carbon at present[3]. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in soils are not only important components of soils but also the most important eco…     

黑土坡耕地土壤有机质空间变异及其与土壤侵蚀的关系——以黑龙江省鹤山农场为例

选取黑龙江省鹤山农场面积为0.91 km²的典型黑土区的坡耕地作为研究样地。按横纵100 m间隔共采集101个样点,运用地理信息系统和地统计学相结合的方法研究分析0~15 cm土层有机质空间变异及其与土壤侵蚀的关系。结果表明：位于典型黑土区样地的有机质含量集中在3%~5%范围内,均值为4.13%,高于黑龙江省的有机质平均水平。有机质含量空间变异明显,且主要受土壤侵蚀的影响：高侵蚀区对应低有机质区,中度侵蚀区对应中等有机质区,沉积区对应高有机质区。顺坡种植平均坡度2.2°时,每侵蚀1 000 t/km²土壤,有机质含量降低0.8%。土壤有机质空间变异可采用球状模型表达,自相关明显,进一步表明土壤侵蚀导致的再分布。对比分析确定200 m采样间距能够能准确表达该区表层有机质含量的空间特征,为精准施肥提供了采样依据。     

长江口盐沼土壤有机质更新特征的滩面趋势

Characteristics and tidal flat trends of soil organic matter （SOM） turnover were studied for the Chongmingdongtan Salt Marsh in the Yangtze River estuary, based on analyses of stable carbon isotope composition （δ^13C）, grain sizes and contents of particulate organic carbon （POC）, total nitrogen （TN） and inorganic carbon （TIC） for three cores excavated from high tidal flat, middle tidal flat and bare flat. Results demonstrate that correlations between soil POC contents and δ^13C values of the salt marsh cores were similar to those between soil organic carbon （SOC） contents and δ^13C values of the upper soil layers of mountainous soil profiles with different altitudes. SOM of salt marsh was generally younger than 100 years, and originated mainly from topsoil erosions in catchments of the Yangtze River. Correlations of TN content with C/N ratio, POC content with TIC content and POC content with δ^13C values for the cores suggest that turnover degrees of SOM from the salt marsh are overall low, and trends of SOM turnover are clear from the bare flat to the high tidal flat. Bare flat samples show characteristics of original sediments, with minor SOM turnover. Turnover processes of SOM have occurred and are discernable in the high and middle tidal flats, and the mixing degrees of SOM compartments with different turnover rates increase with evolution of the muddy tidal flat. The exclusive strata structure of alternate muddy laminae and silty laminae originated from dynamic depositional processes on muddy tidal flat was a great obstacle to vertical migration of dissolved materials, and SOM turnover was then constrained. The muddy tidal flat processes exerted direct influences on sequestration and turnover of SOM in the salt marsh, and had great constraints on the spatial and temporal characteristics of SOM turnover of the Chongmingdongtan Salt Marsh in the Yangtze River estuary.     

长江口潮滩沉积物－水界面无机氮交换通量

对长江口滨岸潮滩7个典型断面三态氮的界面交换通量进行了三年多的季节性连续观测,结果表明无机氮的界面交换行为存在复杂的空间分异和季节变化。NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N的界面交换通量正负变化范围较大,分别介于-32.82~24.13 mmol.m^-2.d^-1和-18.45~10.65mmol.m^-2.d^-1之间;而NOsup>-₂-N的界面交换通量很小,仅为-1.15~2.82 mmol.m^-2.d^-1。NO^-₃-N的界面交换具有明显的上下游季节性时空分异特征,而NH⁺₄-N的界面交换则表现为南北岸季节性时空分异现象。盐度是控制长江口滨岸潮滩NH⁺₄-N界面交换行为的主要因素,而沉积物粒度、水体 NO^-₃-N浓度、沉积物有机质含量、水温和溶解氧含量则以不同的组合方式,共同制约着 NO^-₃-N在潮滩界面交换的时空分异格局。