光谱指数趋势面的城市地表温度降尺度转换

针对城市及周边区域建造区和自然地表交织分布的特点,探讨了利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化建造指数(NDBI)构造趋势面的地表温度(LST)降尺度方法,以北京市市区及周边较平坦区域为例实现了LST自960 m向120 m的降尺度转换。分析了LST空间分布特征及NDVI、NDBI对地物的指示性特征;以北京市四至六环为界分析NDVI、NDBI趋势面对地表温度的拟合程度及各自的适用区域;在120 m、240 m、480 m和960 m 4个尺度上评价了NDVI、NDBI和NDVI+NDBI趋势面对LST的拟合程度和趋势面转换函数的尺度效应;对NDVI、NDBI和NDVI NDBI等3种方法的降尺度结果分覆盖类型、分区域对比评价。实验结果表明结合两种光谱指数的NDVI NDBI方法降尺度转换精度有所改善,改善程度取决于地表覆盖类型组合。     

卫星遥感地表温度降尺度的光谱归一化指数法

针对卫星遥感技术监测地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)存在时空分辨率矛盾这一难题,以TsHARP温度降尺度算法为基础,根据地表覆盖类型的不同,分别选择与LST相关性更好的光谱指数(归一化植被指数,NDVI;归一化建造指数,NDBI;改进的归一化水体指数,MNDWI;增强型裸土指数,EBSI)提出了新的转换模型,并从定性和定量两个角度评价了TsHARP法和新模型的降尺度精度。结果表明:两种模型在提高LST空间分辨率的同时又能较好地保持MODIS LST影像热特征的空间分布格局,消除了原始1km影像中的马赛克效应,两种模型均能够达到较好的降尺度效果;全局尺度分析表明,不管是在降尺度结果的空间变异性还是精度方面,本文提出的模型(RMSE:1.635℃)均要优于TsHARP法(RMSE:2.736℃);TsHARP法在水体、裸地和建筑用地这些低植被覆盖区表现出较差的降尺度结果,尤其对于裸地和建筑用地更为明显(|MBE|3℃),新模型提高了低植被覆盖区地物的降尺度精度;不同季节的降尺度结果表明,两种模型都是夏、秋季的降尺度结果优于春、冬季,新模型的降尺度结果四季均好于TsHARP法,其中春、冬季的降尺度精度提升效果要优于夏、秋季。     

地表温度日变化模型偏差系数解算的地表温度降尺度

地表温度LST（Land Surface Temperature）是全球气候变化研究的关键参数,遥感是获取全球和区域尺度地表温度的一种切实可行手段,但现有的单一传感器无法提供高时空分辨率的LST数据,限制了遥感地表温度数据的深入广泛应用。现有的降尺度方法难以生成无缝高时空分辨率的地表温度数据,且降尺度效果易受高空间分辨率LST数据缺失及有效时刻分布影响。本文提出了一种基于地表温度日变化模型DTC（Diurnal Temperature Cycle）偏差系数解算的地表温度降尺度方法,采用FY-4A、MODIS和Landsat 8的LST数据生成晴空及多云条件下逐小时100 m的无缝LST数据。方法主要包含4部分：（1）利用空值重建方法获取无缝的FY-4A的LST数据;（2）建立FY-4A LST数据的DTC模型;（3）采用时空融合模型对MODIS的LST数据进行空间降尺度;（4）解算DTC模型偏差系数,获取逐小时100 m分辨率的无缝LST数据。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法具有较高的降尺度精度,可获得晴空及多云条件下无缝高时空地表温度数据,且高空间分辨率的地表温度数据缺失和有效时刻分布对本文方法降尺度结果影响较小。     

Hyperspectral imagery for disaggregation of land surface temperature with selected regression algorithms over different land use land cover scenes

Land surface temperature (LST), a key parameter in understanding thermal behavior of various terrestrial processes, changes rapidly and hence mapping and modeling its spatio-temporal evolution requires measurements at frequent intervals and finer resolutions. We designed a series of experiments for disaggregation of LST (DLST) derived from the Landsat ETM + thermal band using narrowband reflectance information derived from the EO1-Hyperion hyperspectral sensor and selected regression algorithms over three geographic locations with different climate and land use land cover (LULC) characteristics. The regression algorithms applied to this end were: partial least square regression (PLS), gradient boosting machine (GBM) and support vector machine (SVM). To understand the scale dependence of regression algorithms for predicting LST, we developed individual models (local models) at four spatial resolutions (480 m, 240 m, 120 m and 60 m) and tested the differences between these using RMSE derived from cross-validated samples. The sharpening capabilities of the models were assessed by predicting LST at finer resolutions using models developed at coarser spatial resolution. The results were also compared with LST produced by DisTrad sharpening model. It was found that scale dependence of the models is a function of the study area characteristics and regression algorithms. Considering the sharpening experiments, both GBM and SVM performed better than PLS which produced noisy LST at finer spatial resolutions. Based on the results, it can be concluded that GBM and SVM are more suitable algorithms for operational implementation of this application. These algorithms outperformed DisTrad model for heterogeneous landscapes with high variation in soil moisture content and photosynthetic activities. The variable importance measure derived from PLS and GBM provided insights about the characteristics of the relevant bands. The results indicate that wavelengths centered around 457, 671, 1488 and 2013–2083 nm are the most important in predicting LST. Nevertheless, further research is needed to improve the performance of regression algorithms when there is a large variability in LST and to examine the utility of narrowband vegetation indices to predict the LST. The benefits of this research may extend to applications such as monitoring urban heat island effect, volcanic activity and wildfire, estimating evapotranspiration and assessing drought severity.     

基于MODIS数据的环北京地区土地资源监测研究

本文基于MODIS 16天合成的NDVI时间序列数据及其他辅助数据,首先用PCA方法对NDVI时间序列数据进行信息增强与压缩处理,结合LST数据、DEM数据及降雨温度数据,利用模糊K-均值非监督分类法,进行环北京地区的土地覆盖分类,得到土地资源现状情况。然后利用变化矢量(CVA)分析方法对环北京地区的土地利用及植被覆盖的多年变化状况进行了分析。结果表明,MODIS数据能很好的应用于大范围的土地资源监测中,并能得到较好的结果。     

Updating Landsat-based forest cover maps with MODIS images using multiscale spectral-spatial-temporal superresolution mapping

With the high deforestation rates of global forest covers during the past decades, there is an ever-increasing need to monitor forest covers at both fine spatial and temporal resolutions. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat series images have been used commonly for satellite-derived forest cover mapping. However, the spatial resolution of MODIS images and the temporal resolution of Landsat images are too coarse to observe forest cover at both fine spatial and temporal resolutions. In this paper, a novel multiscale spectral-spatial-temporal superresolution mapping (MSSTSRM) approach is proposed to update Landsat-based forest maps by integrating current MODIS images with the previous forest maps generated from Landsat image. Both the 240 m MODIS bands and 480 m MODIS bands were used as inputs of the spectral energy function of the MSSTSRM model. The principle of maximal spatial dependence was used as the spatial energy function to make the updated forest map spatially smooth. The temporal energy function was based on a multiscale spatial-temporal dependence model, and considers the land cover changes between the previous and current time. The novel MSSTSRM model was able to update Landsat-based forest maps more accurately, in terms of both visual and quantitative evaluation, than traditional pixel-based classification and the latest sub-pixel based super-resolution mapping methods The results demonstrate the great efficiency and potential of MSSTSRM for updating fine temporal resolution Landsat-based forest maps using MODIS images.     

Rice crop phenology mapping at high spatial and temporal resolution using downscaled MODIS time-series

Satellite data holds considerable potential as a source of information on rice crop growth which can be used to inform agronomy. However, given the typical field sizes in many rice-growing countries such as China, data from coarse spatial resolution satellite systems such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are inadequate for resolving crop growth variability at the field scale. Nevertheless, systems such as MODIS do provide images with sufficient frequency to be able to capture the detail of rice crop growth trajectories throughout a growing season. In order to generate high spatial and temporal resolution data suitable for mapping rice crop phenology, this study fused MODIS data with lower frequency, higher spatial resolution Landsat data. An overall workflow was developed which began with image preprocessing, calculation of multi-temporal normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images, and spatiotemporal fusion of data from the two sensors. The Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model was used to effectively downscale the MODIS data to deliver a time-series of 30 m spatial resolution NDVI data at 8-day intervals throughout the rice-growing season. Zonal statistical analysis was used to extract NDVI time-series for individual fields and signal filtering was applied to the time-series to generate rice phenology curves. The downscaled MODIS NDVI products were able to characterize the development of paddy rice at fine spatial and temporal resolutions, across wide spatial extents over multiple growing seasons. These data permitted the extraction of key crop seasonality parameters that quantified inter-annual growth variability for a whole agricultural region and enabled mapping of the variability in crop performance between and within fields. Hence, this approach can provide rice crop growth data that is suitable for informing agronomic policy and practice across a wide range of scales.     

利用Landsat TM影像进行地表温度像元分解

提出了一种基于Landsat TM的地表温度二次像元分解方法,将地表温度的空间分辨率从120 m提高到30 m。首先,利用地表类型的线性统计模型（E-DisTrad）获取初次分解子像元的地表温度,计算得到初次分解子像元的辐亮度;然后,利用面向对象的图像分割方法获取二次分解子像元的权重,实现对地表温度的二次分解;最后,采用升尺度再分解的验证方法进行精度分析,并选取了北京市TM影像进行实例分析。实验结果表明,二次像元分解模型不仅能有效地提高地表温度的空间分辨率,反映出不同地表类型地表温度的空间差异性,而且保证了像元分解前后能量值的一致性,非常适合于复杂地表覆盖地区的热红外波段遥感影像数据的降尺度处理。     

城市地表温度空间降尺度研究—以北京市为例

地表温度LST（Land Surface Temperature）是城市热环境研究的重要参数之一,城市下垫面极为复杂,LST空间差异性较高。高空间分辨率LST对精细化城市热环境监测和缓解具有重要意义。目前大部分城市遥感LST降尺度研究仍以二维角度为主,缺乏建筑三维结构的考虑。本研究同时考虑地表二维和三维指标,构建基于随机森林方法的降尺度模型,开展MODIS 1 km LST降尺度研究（100 m）,并探讨二维和三维建筑形态对LST影响的空间尺度效应。另外,为了弥补随机森林模型缺乏物理基础的不足,参考热辐射传输方程,将方程中传感器接收的辐亮度和与大气透过率相关的大气可降水量,加入降尺度模型构建中。为了更好利用真实观测的MODIS 1 km LST验证降尺度结果,故将MODIS LST和所有指标因子升尺度至5 km,开展5 km LST降尺度至1 km研究,进一步研究探讨大气顶层辐亮度和大气可降水量对LST降尺度的影响。研究结果表明：（1）随机森林模型中增加辐亮度和大气可降水量前后,通过将5 km LST降尺度后1 km LST与原始MODIS 1 km LST相比,RMSE和R²分别由3.1 K和0.5提高至0.38 K和0.94。（2）当随机森林模型中增加建筑形态指标后,模型的袋外分数OOB_score由0.46提高至0.49,模拟的100 m LST与ASTER LST产品比较,R²有所降低,可能的原因是ASTER 和MODIS LST的反演方法和传感器不同,造成两者在100 m尺度下的对比性差一些。但是当驱动因子中增加MOD02和MOD05后,RMSE和R²由2.4 K和0.29提高至1.2 K和0.68,进一步说明MOD02和MOD05在1 km LST降至100 m过程中,起到至关重要作用。（3）在1 km和100 m尺度下,增加建筑形态后,模型OOB_score均有提高,并且建筑形态指标的重要性有所不同,在100 m尺度下独立建筑形态的影响程度有所增加。综上,MODIS LST在城市地区降尺度研究中需要考虑大气顶层辐亮度、大气可降水量和建筑形态的影响,并且不同的建筑形态对LST的重要性存在空间尺度效应。     

融合高时空分辨率数据估算植被净初级生产力

植被净初级生产力NPP(Net Primary Production)遥感估算与分析,有赖于高时空分辨率的遥感数据,但目前中高分辨率的遥感数据受卫星回访周期及天气的影响,在中国南方地区难以获取连续时间序列的数据,从而影响了高精度的区域植被净初级生产力的遥感估算。为此,提出一种基于多源遥感数据时空融合技术与CASA模型估算高时空分辨率NPP的方法。首先,利用多源遥感数据,即Landsat8 OLI数据与MODIS13Q1数据,采用遥感数据时空融合方法,获得了时间序列的Landsat8 OLI融合数据;然后,基于Landsat8 OLI时空融合数据,并采用CASA模型,以长株潭城市群核心区为例,进行区域植被NPP的遥感估算。研究结果表明,基于时间序列Landsat融合数据估算的30m分辨率的NPP具有良好的空间细节信息,且估算值与实测值的相关系数达0.825,与实测NPP数据保持了较好的一致性。     

结合像元分解和STARFM模型的遥感数据融合

高空间、时间分辨率遥感数据在监测地表快速变化方面具有重要的作用。然而,对于特定传感器获取的遥感影像在空间分辨率和时间分辨率上存在不可调和的矛盾,遥感数据时空融合技术是解决这一矛盾的有效方法。本文利用像元分解降尺方法(Downscaling mixed pixel)和STARFM模型(Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)相结合的CDSTARFM算法(Combination of Downscaling Mixed Pixel Algorithm and Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)进行遥感数据融合。首先,利用像元分解降尺度方法对参与融合的MODIS数据进行分解降尺度处理;其次,利用分解降尺度的MODIS数据替代STARFM模型中直接重采样的MODIS数据进行数据融合;最后以Landsat 8和MODIS遥感影像数据对该方法进行了实验。结果表明:(1)CDSTARFM算法比STARFM和像元分解降尺度算法具有更高的融合精度;(2)CDSTARFM能够在较小的窗口下获得更高的融合精度,在相同的窗口下其融合精度也高于STARFM;(3)CDSTARFM融合的影像更接近真实影像,消除了像元分解降尺度影像中的"图斑"和STARFM模型融合影像中的"MODIS像元边界"。     

多源地表温度估算近地表气温的精度对比

气象站点稀疏会导致观测到的近地表气温空间不连续,基于地表温度数据结合辅助变量估算气温成为获取气温空间分布的有效方式。目前,已有多种地表温度产品,但鲜有研究评估多源地表温度数据在估算气温时的精度及其适用性。针对该问题,首先,利用Google Earth Engine平台和随机森林算法,基于Landsat、中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderateresolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)、全球陆面数据同化系统（global land data assimilation system,GLDAS）3种地表温度数据源估算了黄河流域近地表气温的最大值、最小值和平均值;然后,结合站点观测分析了多源地表温度估算气温的精度及适用性。结果表明,3种地表温度数据源估算夏季气温平均值时精度差异较小;对于气温极值估算,GLDAS数据显著优于MODIS和Landsat数据;每种数据源估算气温极值的精度低于其估算气温均值;此外,地表温度的时间分辨率会显著影响近地表气温的估算精度。该成果可以为长时序气温产品估算提供科学参考。     

一种高时空分辨率NDVI数据集构建方法-STAVFM

ETM NDVI可以用来在30m的尺度上开展植被的监测,然而在Landsat卫星16天的重访周期和云污染等因素的影响下,常常会在相当长的一段时间内无法获取有效的ETM NDVI数据,给这一尺度下的植被动态监测带来了一定困难。相比之下,MODIS虽然在空间上只有250m分辨率的NDVI产品,却可以每天进行相同区域的监测。针对ETM空间分辨率高和MODIS时间分辨率高的特点,本研究选择实验区,基于对STARFM方法的改进,构建不同时空分辨率NDVI的时空融合模型-STAVFM,使用该模型对ETM NDVI与MODIS NDVI融合,构建了高时空分辨率NDVI数据集。研究结果表明,通过MODIS NDVI时间变化信息与ETM NDVI空间差异信息的有机结合,实现缺失高空间分辨率NDVI的有效预测（3景预测NDVI与实际NDVI的相关系数分别达到了0.82、0.90和0.91）,从而构建高时空分辨率NDVI数据集。所构建的高时空分辨率NDVI数据集在时间上保留了高时间分辨率数据的时间变化趋势,空间上又反映了高空间分辨率数据的空间细节差异。     

Comparison of the Landsat Surface Reflectance Climate Data Record (CDR) and manually atmospherically corrected data in a semi-arid European study area

This study contributes to the quality assessment of atmospherically corrected Landsat surface reflectance data that are routinely generated by the Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS). This dataset, named Landsat Surface Reflectance Climate Data Record (Landsat CDR), is available at global scale and offers unprecedented opportunities to land monitoring and management services that require atmospherically corrected Earth observation (EO) data. Our assessment is based on the comparison of the Landsat CDR data against a set of Landsat and DEIMOS-1 images processed to a high degree of accuracy using an industry-standard atmospheric correction algorithm (ATCOR-2). The software package has been used for many years and its correction procedures can be considered consolidated and well-established. The dataset of Landsat and DEIMOS-1 images was acquired over a semi-arid agricultural area located in Lower Austria and was independently corrected by using a manual fine-tuning of ATCOR-2 parameters to reach the highest possible accuracy. Results show a very good correspondence of the surface reflectance in each of the six reflective spectral channels as well as for the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). An additional comparison against a NDVI time series from MODIS revealed also a good correspondence. Coefficients of determination (R²) between the two multi-year and multi-seasonal Landsat/DEIMOS datasets range between 0.91 (blue band) and 0.98 (nIR, SWIR-1 and SWIR-2). The results obtained for our semi-arid test site in Austria confirm previous findings and suggest that automatic atmospheric procedures, such as the one implemented by LEDAPS are accurate enough to be used in land monitoring services that require consistent multi-temporal surface reflectance data.     

Downscaling Landsat-8 land surface temperature maps in diverse urban landscapes using multivariate adaptive regression splines and very high resolution auxiliary data

ABSTRACT

We propose a method for spatial downscaling of Landsat 8-derived LST maps from 100(30?m) resolution down to 2–4?m with the use of the Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) models coupled with very high resolution auxiliary data derived from hyperspectral aerial imagery and large-scale topographic maps. We applied the method to four Landsat 8 scenes, two collected in summer and two in winter, for three British towns collectively representing a variety of urban form. We used several spectral indices as well as fractional coverage of water and paved surfaces as LST predictors, and applied a novel method for the correction of temporal mismatch between spectral indices derived from aerial and satellite imagery captured at different dates, allowing for the application of the downscaling method for multiple dates without the need for repeating the aerial survey. Our results suggest that the method performed well for the summer dates, achieving RMSE of 1.40–1.83?K prior to and 0.76–1.21?K after correction for residuals. We conclude that the MARS models, by addressing the non-linear relationship of LST at coarse and fine spatial resolutions, can be successfully applied to produce high resolution LST maps suitable for studies of urban thermal environment at local scales.     

Comparison and assessment of NDVI time series for seasonal wetland classification

Satellite-based wetland mapping faces challenges due to the high spatial heterogeneity and dynamic characteristics of seasonal wetlands. Although normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series (NTS) shows great potential in land cover mapping and crop classification, the effectiveness of various NTS with different spatial and temporal resolution has not been evaluated for seasonal wetland classification. To address this issue, we conducted comparisons of those NTS, including the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) NTS with 500?m resolution, NTS fused with MODIS and Landsat data (MOD_LC8-NTS), and HJ-1 NDVI compositions (HJ-1-NTS) with finer resolution, for wetland classification of Poyang Lake. Results showed the following: (1) the NTS with finer resolution was more effective in the classification of seasonal wetlands than that of the MODIS-NTS with 500-m resolution and (2) generally, the HJ-1-NTS performed better than that of the fused NTS, with an overall accuracy of 88.12% for HJ-1-NTS and 83.09% for the MOD_LC8-NTS. Future work should focus on the construction of satellite image time series oriented to highly dynamic characteristics of seasonal wetlands. This study will provide useful guidance for seasonal wetland classification, and benefit the improvements of spatiotemporal fusion models.     

Analysis of urban built-up areas and surface urban heat island using downscaled MODIS derived land surface temperature data

Regional scale urban built-up areas and surface urban heat islands (SUHI) are important for urban planning and policy formation. Owing to coarse spatial resolution (1000 m), it is difficult to use Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land surface temperature (LST) products for mapping urban areas and visualization, and SUHI-related studies. To overcome this problem, the present study downscaled MODIS (1000 m resolution)-derived LST to 250 m resolution to map and visualize the urban areas and identify the basic components of SUHI over 12 districts of Punjab, India. The results are compared through visual interpretation and statistical procedure based on similarity analysis. The increased entropy value in the downscaled LST signifies higher information content. The temperature variation within the built-up and its environs is due to difference in land use and is depicted better in the downscaled LST. The SUHI intensity analysis of four cities (Ludhiana, Patiala, Moga and Vatinda) indicates that mean temperature in urban built-up core is higher (38.87 °C) as compared to suburban (35.85 °C) and rural (32.41 °C) areas. The downscaling techniques demonstrated in this paper enhance the usage of open-source wide swath MODIS LST for continuous monitoring of SUHI and urban area mapping, visualisation and analysis at regional scale. Such initiatives are useful for the scientific community and the decision-makers.     

遥感影像时—空融合的“点”—“线”—“面”质量评价

遥感影像时—空融合可集成多源数据高空间分辨率和高时间分辨率互补优势,生成时间连续的高空间分辨率影像,在遥感影像的动态监测与时序分析等方面具有重要应用价值。然而,现有多数研究往往基于单一数据产品对时—空融合算法进行评价,而在实际生产应用中,需要验证算法在多种遥感产品数据的融合表现;此外,目前研究大多基于"单点时刻"进行评价,忽略了时—空融合在"时间线"上的有效验证。本文提出遥感影像时—空融合的"点"—"线"—"面"多角度综合质量评价策略,基于Landsat TM和MODIS影像,建立了时—空融合系列数据集,包括地表反射率、植被指数和地表温度,并在此基础上从单时相("点")、时间序列("线")、多种数据产品("面")多个角度对4种典型融合算法进行定性和定量的综合评价。结果表明,基于不同产品类型的数据集更能充分验证算法性能,且结合单点时刻和时间序列的评价更加客观。     

Landsat卫星热红外数据地表温度遥感反演研究进展

作为驱动地表与大气之间能量交换的关键物理量,地表温度在众多领域中都发挥着重要作用,包括气候变化、环境监测、蒸散发估算以及地热异常勘探等。Landsat热红外数据因其时间连续性和高空间分辨率等特点被广泛应用于地表温度反演中。本文详细地介绍了Landsat热红外传感器及其可用的数据与产品的现状,梳理了2001年—2020年20年间基于Landsat热红外数据的地表温度遥感反演与应用的相关文献发表及互引情况,系统地综述了基于Landsat热红外数据的地表温度反演算法,包括基于辐射传输方程的算法、单窗算法、普适性单通道算法、实用单通道算法和分裂窗算法等。在此基础上,进一步介绍了每种算法的参数化方案,包括地表比辐射率和大气参数的估算方法。最后针对Landsat热红外数据地表温度遥感反演提出了未来可能的发展趋势与研究方向。     

Contribution of Landsat 8 data for the estimation of land surface temperature in Batna city,Eastern Algeria

In this study, we presented a mono-window (MW) algorithm for land surface temperature retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS. MW needs spectral radiance and emissivity of thermal infrared bands as input for deriving LST. The spectral radiance was estimated using band 10, and the surface emissivity value was derived with the help of NDVI and vegetation proportion parameters for which OLI bands 5 and 4 were used. The results in comparison with MODIS (MOD11A1) products indicated that the proposed algorithm is capable of retrieving accurate LST values, with a correlation coefficient of 0.850. The industrial area, public facilities and military area show higher surface temperature (more than 37 °C) in comparison with adjoining areas, while the green spaces in urban areas (34 °C) and forests (29 °C) were the cooler part of the city. These successful results obtained in the study could be used as an efficient method for the environmental impact assessment.