山东省冬夏季气温异常的季风特征

利用山东省80个代表站1961~2003年月平均气温资料和同期NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,运用统计学方法,分析了季风背景下冬、夏季气温异常的年际、年代际变化和周期特征及变温的空间分布,并研究了东亚冬、夏季风对气温变化的影响。结果表明,冬夏季气温变化趋势明显不同,冬季增温趋势显著,夏季无明显增温趋势;2~6年的周期振荡在不同时期通过了0.05信度检验,小波分析2004年夏季气温不会偏高推断得到证实。冬、夏季气候具有明显的季风特征,季风与气温关系密切,即强(弱)冬季风山东易冷(暖)冬;强(弱)夏季风,易暖(冷)夏。冬季风比夏季风对同期气温作用更显著。季风的隔季相关性质对气温的变化有一定影响。     

Some evidence on European monsoon existence

Large-scale European atmospheric circulation induced by temperature differences between the continent and the North Atlantic Ocean causes thermodynamic and climatic conditions that initiate a European monsoon. In Eastern Europe, the rainy season occurs in early summer, and the dry season occurs in winter. In Western Europe, the rainy season is in the early winter and the dry season is in the spring. This precipitation trend, as well as other climatic features, suggests the existence of a European monsoon.     

Long-term trend and variability of precipitation in Chhattisgarh State,India

Spatial and temporal precipitation variability in Chhattisgarh State in India was examined by using monthly precipitation data for 102 years (1901–2002) from 16 stations. The homogeneity of precipitation data was evaluated by the double-mass curve approach and the presence of serial correlation by lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient. Linear regression analysis, the conventional Mann–Kendall (MK) test, and Spearman’s rho were employed to identify trends and Sen’s slope to estimate the slope of trend line. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used to analyze precipitation variability. Spatial interpolation was done by a Kriging process using ArcGIS 9.3. Results of both parametric and non-parametric tests and trend tests showed that at 5 % significance level, annual precipitation exhibited a decreasing trend at all stations except Bilaspur and Dantewada. For both annual and monsoon precipitation, Sen’s test showed a decreasing trend for all stations, except Bilaspur and Dantewada. The highest percentage of variability was observed in winter precipitation (88.75 %) and minimum percentage variability in annual series (14.01 %) over the 102-year periods.     

澄碧河水库上游流域气候变化特征及其影响分析

运用数理统计方法,对广西澄碧河水库上游流域气候变化特征进行分析,结果表明:水库降水量的变化以减少为主,春季、秋季和主汛期降水量的减幅均较大;平均气温均呈显著增高趋势,其中冬季增幅最大;蒸散量的变化均呈减少趋势.并探讨了气候变化对澄碧河水库上游流域的影响,总体来看,弊大于利;提出了水库应对气候变化的若干措施和建议.     

Analysis of long-term precipitation changes in West Bengal,India: An approach to detect monotonic trends influenced by autocorrelations

The precipitation of the entire Indian sub-continent is primarily driven by the monsoon wind system, which throws a tough challenge to model changes due to its natural variabilities. Additionally, the unique geographical location and diverse climatic condition of the Indian state of West Bengal (WB) accelerates this challenge even more. Such a situation can be more complicated if the assumption of randomness in the Mann-Kendall (MK) test is not taken care of. The present study inspects the dynamics of precipitation using the original MK test along with its three modified versions in WB. The modified versions are considered to incorporate all the significant autocorrelation coefficient (ACC) along with the short and long term persistence (STP and LTP) in the time series. Results showed that the presence of significant ACC was more common than the LTP behavior. The STP approach produced similar results to the original MK test, while the LTP approach reduced the number of significant trends. When the series was free from the scaling effect, consideration of all significant ACC gave better result in comparison to the STP approach. The annual precipitation is decreasing in large areas of WB, while the coastal areas are receiving increasing trends, which can intricate the estuarine and coastal processes. The Sub-Himalayan region and the western parts of WB are experiencing significant falling trend in monsoon season. Such a decreasing trend can enhance drought vulnerabilities, especially in the western parts of WB. However, the other three seasons (pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter) witness the maximum number of non-significant trends.     

Interrelationship of rainfall,temperature and reference evapotranspiration trends and their net response to the climate change in Central India

The monthly rainfall data from 1901 to 2011 and maximum and minimum temperature data from 1901 to 2005 are used along with the reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) to analyze the climate trend of 45 stations of Madhya Pradesh. ET₀ is calculated by the Hargreaves method from 1901 to 2005 and the computed data is then used for trend analysis. The temporal variation and the spatial distribution of trend are studied for seasonal and annual series with the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen’s estimator of slope. The percentage of change is used to find the rate of change in 111 years (rainfall) and 105 years (temperatures and ET₀). Interrelationships among these variables are analyzed to see the dependency of one variable on the other. The results indicate a decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures and ET₀ trend. A similar pattern is noticeable in all seasons except for monsoon season in temperature and ET₀ trend analysis. The highest increase of temperature is noticed during post-monsoon and winter. Rainfall shows a notable decrease in the monsoon season. The entire state of Madhya Pradesh is considered as a single unit, and the calculation of overall net change in the amount of the rainfall, temperatures (maximum and minimum) and ET₀ is done to estimate the total loss or gain in monthly, seasonal and annual series. The results show net loss or deficit in the amount of rainfall and the net gain or excess in the temperature and ET₀ amount.     

Recent trends in observed temperature and precipitation extremes in the Yangtze River basin,China

Summary The present study is an analysis of the observed extreme temperature and precipitation trends over Yangtze from 1960 to 2002 on the basis of the daily data from 108 meteorological stations. The intention is to identify whether or not the frequency or intensity of extreme events has increased with climate warming over Yangtze River basin in the last 40 years. Both the Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and simple linear regression were utilized to detect monotonic trends in annual and seasonal extremes. Trend tests reveal that the annual and seasonal mean maximum and minimum temperature trend is characterized by a positive trend and that the strongest trend is found in the winter mean minimum in the Yangtze. However, the observed significant trend on the upper Yangtze reaches is less than that found on the middle and lower Yangtze reaches and for the mean maximum is much less than that of the mean minimum. From the basin-wide point of view, significant increasing trends are observed in 1-day extreme temperature in summer and winter minimum, but there is no significant trend for 1-day maximum temperature. Moreover, the number of cold days ≤0 °C and ≤10 °C shows significant decrease, while the number of hot days (daily value ≥35 °C) shows only a minor decrease. The upward trends found in the winter minimum temperature in both the mean and the extreme value provide evidence of the warming-up of winter and of the weakening of temperature extremes in the Yangtze in last few decades. The monsoon climate implies that precipitation amount peaks in summer as does the occurrence of heavy rainfall events. While the trend test has revealed a significant trend in summer rainfall, no statistically significant change was observed in heavy rain intensity. The 1-day, 3-day and 7-day extremes show only a minor increase from a basin-wide point of view. However, a significant positive trend was found for the number of rainstorm days (daily rainfall ≥50 mm). The increase of rainstorm frequency, rather than intensity, on the middle and lower reaches contributes most to the positive trend in summer precipitation in the Yangtze.     

1981~2017年雅砻江流域面雨量变化特征分析

利用1981～2017年雅砻江流域18个气象站的逐日降水资料,采用算术平均、滑动平均、线性回归等方法,分析了流域面雨量、雨季的时空分布特征。结果表明:雅砻江流域面雨量随月份起伏明显,年内变化呈单峰型。流域春季面雨量呈增加趋势,夏季面雨量中上游呈稳定趋势,下游呈减少趋势,秋季中游和下游呈减少趋势,冬季变化不明显。流域年平均面雨量由北向南逐渐增多,上游和中游呈上升趋势,下游呈下降趋势。雅砻江流域雨季开始期呈提前趋势,雨季结束期上游和下游有推迟趋势,中游变化趋势不明显。流域强降水主要出现在6～9月,面雨量最大值出现在7月,最小值在1月。流域上游的强降水与中游、下游的基本没有关联度;下游强降水和中游关联度为23.3%。      

1961—2008年淮河流域气温和降水变化趋势

利用淮河流域170个地面气象观测站观测数据,统计分析了淮河流域1961—2008年间气温和降水的时空变化趋势。结果表明:48 a间淮河流域年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,冬季平均气温的增温幅度最大,春、秋次之;年极端最低气温亦呈显著上升趋势,年极端低温日数(满足该站极端低温阈值)则呈明显下降趋势;流域西北部年极端最高气温呈显著下降趋势,流域西部年极端高温日数(满足该站极端高温阈值)呈显著下降趋势;降水量总体变化趋势未通过统计检验,但1990s开始,秋季降水量呈下降趋势,2000年之后年降水量明显增加,夏季降水量亦增加;春季和秋季降水日数呈显著下降趋势,夏季和冬季无明显变化。     

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND ITS RELATION WITH CLIMATE PARAMETERS IN THE PEARL RIVER BASIN, CHINA

Spatio-temporal variation of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) in the Pearl River basin from 1961 to 2010 are analyzed based on daily data from 60 national observed stations. ETa is calculated by the Advection-Aridity model (AA model) in the current study, and Mann–Kendall test (MK) and Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method (IDW) were applied to detect the trends and spatial variation pattern. The relations of ETa with climate parameters and radiation / dynamic terms are analyzed by Person correlation method. Our findings are shown as follows: 1) Mean annual ETa in the Pearl River basin is about 665.6 mm/a. It has significantly decreased in 1961–2010 at a rate of -24.3 mm/10a. Seasonally, negative trends of summer and autumn ETa are higher than that of spring and winter. 2) The value of ETa is higher in the southeast coastal area than in the northwest region of the Pearl River basin, while the latter has shown the strongest negative trend. 3) Negative trends of ETa in the Pearl River basin are most probably due to decreasing radiation term and increasing dynamic term. The decrease of the radiation term is related with declining diurnal temperature range and sunshine duration, and rising atmospheric pressure as well. The contribution of dynamic term comes from increasing average temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures in the basin. Meanwhile, the decreasing average wind speed weakens dynamic term and finally, to a certain extent, it slows down the negative trend of the ETa.     

1958—2009年本溪地区气候变化特征

以本溪地区4个站点数据为基础,同时选取气温和降水2个主要的气象要素指标,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall和累积距平法,对1958—2009年本溪地区的气候变化进行探讨。结果表明：近52 a来,本溪地区年和春、秋季及冬季平均气温均呈明显的增温趋势。夏季虽有增温趋势,但是不显著。本溪地区春和冬季降水量均呈弱增加趋势,而年夏季及秋季降水量均呈下降趋势。总体来说,近52 a来本溪地区降水量呈下降趋势。本溪地区年和各季平均气温均先后在20世纪80年代末发生了突变。20世纪80年代以来,本溪地区相对进入了明显的暖期。年和各季的降水量均没有发生突变。     

Long-term trend analysis for temperature in the Jinsha River Basin in China

On the basis of the mean annual and seasonal temperatures from 30 meteorological stations in the Jinsha River Basin (JRB) from 1961 to 2008, the temperature trends are analyzed by using Mann–Kendall test and linear trend analysis. There is an increasing trend in mean annual and seasonal temperatures during this period, and the increasing trends in winter seem more significant than those in the other three seasons. The mean annual temperature has increased by 0.0158°C/year during the last 48 years. There are more than 70% of stations exhibiting increasing trends for annual and seasonal temperatures. The increasing trends in the headwater and upper reaches are more dominant than those in the middle and lower reaches. The largest increase magnitude occurred in the low temperature area, while the largest decrease magnitude occurred in the high temperature area. The decreasing trends are mainly characterized for the maximum temperature time series, and summer is the only season showing a slight and insignificant increasing trend. All the time series showed a statistically significant increasing trend at the level of α?=?0.05 for the minimum temperature time series. As a whole, the increasing magnitude of the minimum temperature is significantly greater than the decreasing magnitude of the maximum temperature.     

青海省近40年雨日、雨强气候变化特征

利用青海省1961-2002年26个代表站逐日雨量资料和青海省东部地区10个站1981～2001年降水自记资料,分析近40年来青海省雨日、雨强气候变化。结果表明：青海近年来虽然夏半年降水量和雨日在减少,但降水强度在增大。夏半年降水量的减少主要是降水日数的减少造成的;而冬半年降水量的明显增加是由于雨日增多和每个降水日平均雨量的增大造成的。近20年来10分钟、1小时最大降水的强度在明显增加。同时,20世纪90年代夜间出现强降水的几率多于80年代。     

1960-2009年咸宁市气候变化特征分析

利用1960-2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温早在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化比较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春秋与秋季对气候变暖的响应是比较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著、其余季节无明显相关性。     

1960—2009年咸宁市气候变化特征

利用1960—2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10 a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春季与秋季对气候变暖的响应较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a咸宁市年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著,其余季节无明显相关性。     

近60a来洞庭湖区气温的变化特征

以洞庭湖区24个气象站1952-2010年的平均气温资料为基础,利用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验法和小波分析等方法,分析了洞庭湖区的气温变化特征.结果表明:洞庭湖区年平均、冬季、春季和秋季气温均呈显著上升趋势,增温速率尤以冬季和春季为甚.除夏季外,年平均和其他各季气温在1990s,先后发生增温性突变.高温日数呈上升趋势,但显著性不明显,低温日数下降趋势非常显著.除夏季外,年平均和各季异常冷年,基本出现在1950s至1970s,异常暖年,均出现在1998年以后.除夏季外,各季气温均存在准9a周期.     

阜新地区1951—2010年降水变化特征

根据阜新地区2个观测站1951-2010年逐月和逐年降水资料,通过趋势分析、Mexicohat小波变换和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了阜新地区降水的气候变化特征。结果表明：阜新地区近60 a来年降水量呈下降趋势,下降速率为10.7 mm/10a;降水量年际变化明显,极易出现旱涝灾害。除春季降水略有增加外,其他三季均呈减少趋势。年降水量和季节降水量均有准12 a和18 a的周期振荡。除春季降水量没有明显突变点外,夏、秋、冬三季均存在突变点,其中夏季降水量存在3个突变年份,分别为1967年、1978年和1986年,秋季降水量在1996年存在突变,冬季降水量在2004年存在突变。     

ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN THE JINSHA RIVER VALLEY

Monthly mean surface air temperatures and precipitation at 20 meteorological stations in the Jinsha River Valley(JRV) of southwest China were analyzed for temporal-spatial variation patterns during the period 1961-2010.The magnitude of a trend was estimated using Sen's Nonparametric Estimator of Slope approach.The statistical significance of a trend was assessed by the MK test.The results showed that mean annual air temperature has been increasing by 0.08℃/decade during the past 50 years as a whole.The climate change trend in air temperature was more significant in the winter(0.13℃/decade) than in the summer(0.03℃/decade).Annual precipitation tended to increase slightly thereafter and the increasing was mainly during the crop-growing season.Both the greatest variation of the annual mean temperature and annual precipitation were observed at the dry-hot valley area of middle reaches.Significant warming rates were found in the upper reaches whereas the dry-hot basins of middle reaches experienced a cooling trend during the past decades.Despite of the overall increasing in precipitation,more obvious upward-trends were found in the dry-hot basins of middle reaches whereas the upper reaches had a drought trend during the past decades.     

近50年我国日平均气温的气候变化

应用近50年我国234个测站的日平均温度资料，研究了最高(低)日平均温度、各种界限温度日数、生长季节长度及有效积温的变化趋势。结果表明:近50年，夏季最高日平均温度以上升为主，新疆南部和黄淮的部分地区为下降趋势；最低日平均温度北方大部地区有较明显的升温趋势，新疆南部及长江流域则有下降趋势；在冬季，无论是最高日平均温度还是最低日平均温度的变化趋势均以上升为主，北方尤为明显；日平均温度高于30℃的炎热日数近50年来基本上没有什么变化，但日平均温度为20~30℃的温暖日数却有增加。低于5℃的冷日日数基本上也是减少的。日平均温度低于-10℃的严寒日数，在40o~45 o N的新疆、内蒙古西部、东北中南部地区减少得更为明显。除西南东部等少数地方外，我国大部分地区近50年来生长季节延长，有效积温增加。     

Detecting rainfall trends in twentieth century (1871–2006) over Orissa State, India

Climate change has affected the temperature and rainfall characteristics worldwide. However, the changes are not equal for all regions and have localized intensity and must be quantified locally to manage the natural resources. Orissa is an eastern state in India where agricultural activities mainly depends on the rainfall and thus face problems due to changing patterns of rainfall due to changing climate. In the present study, attempts were made to study temporal variation in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall over the state during the period from 1871 to 2006. Long term changes in rainfall characteristics were determined by both parametric and non-parametric tests. The analysis revealed a long term insignificant decline trend of annual as well as monsoon rainfall, where as increasing trend in post-monsoon season over the state of Orissa. Rainfall during winter and summer seasons showed an increasing trend. Statistically monsoon rainfall can be considered as very dependable as the coefficient of variation is 14.2%. However, there is decreasing monthly rainfall trend in June, July and September, where as increasing trend in August. This trend is more predominant in last 10?year. Based on departure from mean, rainfall analysis also showed an increased number of dry years compared to wet years after 1950. This changing rainfall trend during monsoon months is major concern for the rain-fed agriculture. More over, this will affect hydro power generation and reservoir operation in the region.