苏鲁榴辉岩带的矿物地球化学研究及意义

石榴石和单斜辉石作为榴辉岩的主要造岩矿物,其微量元素地球化学特征对深入研究化学组成等方面有重要意义。苏鲁榴辉岩带中石榴石和单斜辉石中的主要微量元素与全岩呈很好的正相关关系。石榴石和单斜辉石的轻重稀土元素含量呈相互消长的互补关系。Ga、Cr、Zn主要赋存于石榴石和单斜辉石中,重稀土、Y、Co、Sc主要赋存于石榴石中,V、Ni主要赋存于单斜辉石中,轻稀土和Sr在胶东榴辉岩中主要赋存于单斜辉石中,但在鲁南榴辉岩中可能赋存于磷灰石和绿帘石等矿物中。胶东榴辉岩为地幔成因,鲁南榴辉岩壳幔成因均有。苏鲁榴辉岩自西向东成岩温度逐渐升高,成岩压力增加。     

冷、暖俯冲变质作用的地震结果:以日本西南部和东北部为例

在俯冲作用期间 ,洋壳中易变的含水玄武岩和辉长岩转化成榴辉岩 ,这是一种密度较大的主要由石榴石和榴辉石组成的岩石（Ｎａ -Ｃａ单斜辉石类）。含水变质玄武岩转化成榴辉岩释放出大量的Ｈ２Ｏ ,因而增加了俯冲板块的密度。Ｋｉｒｂｙ 等指出脱水反应触发了中等深度（５０～３００ｋｍ）的板内地震 ,并且指出在冷俯冲带观测到的较深板内地震可能反映了榴辉岩形成的动力阻挡作用。对某个俯冲带来说 ,榴辉岩形成的深度和性质以及板块的脱水作用依赖于俯冲洋壳所造成的压力（Ｐ） -温度（Ｔ）条件。俯冲带温度随深度而异是因为聚合速度、热结…     

山东荣成榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩的岩石学矿物化学及其成因

用电子探针分析了山东荣成榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩中的石榴石和单斜辉石的化学组成。利用石榴石成分—成因判别图解并结合矿物地质温度计估算结果,判断荣成榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩为地幔来源,部分榴辉岩经历了后期壳内角闪岩相退变质作用。最后讨论了它们的成因意义和动力学演化。     

大别山混杂岩带中的石榴石

本文利用X粉晶、电子探针和仪器中子活化等手段,对大别山混杂岩带中榴辉岩及伴生石榴石橄榄岩中的18个石榴石作了研究。研究表明,石榴石的成份为连续过渡变化,其晶胞参数与Ca~(2+)有正相关关系,其镁铝榴石端员组分为17～63%,与全岩的Mg/比值呈线性正相关关系。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式为重稀土富集型,正铕异常。稀土元素的总量较低,为9～29ppm。推测:榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩为同一来源的基性岩浆分异后,在地慢与地壳之间(壳幔边界层)发生深成变质作用而形成。     

江苏东海毛北榴辉岩的矿物化学及其成因问题

本文利用电子探针,分析了江苏东海毛北榴辉岩中的石榴石和单斜辉石的化学组成。利用矿物地质温度计,计算了毛北榴辉岩的成岩平衡温度。结合本区的大地构造环境,提出在早元古代末期,华北陆块曾发生向南的大型堆覆构造,苏北地区即为推覆体前缘。     

蓬莱新生代玄武岩中的单斜辉石巨晶及深源包体的矿物化学

利用电子探针分析蓬莱新生代玄武岩中的单斜辉石巨晶及尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体中的主要造岩矿物(单斜辉石、斜方辉石、橄榄石和尖晶石)的化学组成。利用单斜辉石地质温压计和二辉石地质温度计计算了尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体的平衡温度和压力,计算表明它们来自于上地幔的不同深度,同时推测本区上地幔内存在化学组成的分带性。     

青岛仰口榴辉岩及其围岩的岩石地球化学特征和成因机制

青岛仰口地区保存了完整的从变辉长岩到榴辉岩的超高压变质岩石组合。地球化学特征表明,榴辉岩、变辉长岩和片麻岩属钙碱性系列,超基性岩属拉斑系列;CIPW标准矿物计算显示榴辉岩和变辉长岩中长石以钠长石为主,超基性岩主要标准矿物为橄榄石、紫苏辉石和锥辉石,片麻岩中出现标准矿物刚玉;榴辉岩、变辉长岩和片麻岩富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,超基性岩的微量元素相对于N-MORB亏损;榴辉岩和变辉长岩轻稀土明显富集,配分型式与岛弧玄武岩相似,片麻岩具明显的Eu的负异常,配分型式与后造山A型花岗岩相似,超基性岩稀土总量较球粒陨石偏高,具强烈的Ce的负异常。微量元素比值及地球化学图解表明榴辉岩与变辉长岩的原岩为辉长岩,片麻岩的原岩为造山后A型花岗岩,原岩的岩浆源区位于下地壳,超基性岩的岩浆源区位于上地幔,原岩均形成于岛弧环境。     

西沙群岛东岛浮岩矿物地球化学特征及成因探讨

本文对采自西沙群岛东岛的2件浮岩样品进行了岩石学和矿物地球化学研究,研究表明,东岛浮岩样品属于中性火山岩,SiO_2含量在60%左右,化学组成相当于粗面岩,斑状结构,斑晶主要为斜长石、单斜辉石和少量橄榄石,基质为玻璃质。斜长石及辉石斑晶矿物具有中心熔蚀结构,斜长石形成温度为1030℃-1080℃;单斜辉石属均为普通辉石,斑晶Al_2O_3含量较低;橄榄石属于透铁橄榄石,橄榄石斑晶Fo值为55.40-60.53,从核部到边部各化学成分略有降低,且具有轻微的化学成分环带。从核部到边部Fo值略有降低。东岛浮岩岩浆是西沙地块受到拉张作用,中地壳物质减压熔融形成粗面质岩浆,并经历短暂的岩浆房冷凝时期,拉张减薄作用形成裂谷后,由于压力突然释放,粗面质岩浆沿裂谷快速上升在水下喷发形成浮岩。     

南极中山站榴闪岩的变质作用

南极中山站榴闪岩,主要由石榴石、角闪石、石英和斜长石组成。它形成于610～640℃、0.5～O.6GPa的中高压角闪岩相变质条件,是基性岩深成变质作用的产物。     

西沙群岛基底火山碎屑岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学特征及其地质意义

本文利用电子探针对南海西沙群岛琛航岛珊瑚礁底部火山碎屑岩中的单斜辉石矿物的化学特征进行了研究。结果表明，该单斜辉石属于富钙透辉石，部分有正环带结构，从核部到边部Ca、Fe、Ti的含量逐渐增加，是岩浆正常结晶顺序的反映，说明该区域的岩浆演化是向着富Ca、Fe、Ti方向发展的。主量元素数据显示，单斜辉石具有低Si高Al的特征(SiO₂=41.40%～48.44%，Al₂O₃=5.54%～10.20%)，且AlⅣ含量较高，说明母岩浆为不饱和碱性岩浆系列；此外，单斜辉石Ca含量偏高，Ca/(Ca+Mg+Fe)值在46.1%～51.4%之间，推测是母岩浆的高Ca含量导致了大量高钙辉石的产出。结合西沙海域的地震和构造资料，推测琛航岛珊瑚礁的基底是玄武质火山碎屑岩组成的平顶状海山，系岩浆穿过断裂发育的岩石圈层在西沙群岛的海底喷发，随后火山碎屑物质经过堆积、固结作用而形成；该火山碎屑岩的原岩为板内碱性玄武岩。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,