江汉平原水域空间格局时空演变特征及其驱动因素分析

为从景观生态角度揭示江汉平原水域空间变化和影响因素,利用GIS和生态统计技术,通过土地利用转移、空间自相关、景观指数和冗余分析等方法,对2000—2020年江汉平原水域空间格局演变及其驱动因素进行研究。结果表明：2000—2020年,由于人造地挤占耕地、耕地挤占水域空间,江汉平原水域面积减少了36%;水域全局和局部莫兰指数变化明显,边界密度急剧减小,四湖流域等局部水域空间聚集度和连通性显著下降;降水、气温以及耕地和人造地解释了水域景观变化的45.8%,其中降水和气温影响微弱,连片耕地侵占是水域面积减少的主要原因之一,人造地对水域破碎化贡献更大更直接。2000年以来江汉平原水域面积变化显著,分布趋于破碎,形状复杂度和连通性降低,表征农业活动和城镇化的耕地和人造地对水域景观格局影响更为剧烈。     

县域土地利用景观格局变化研究——以陇县为例

依据景观生态学基本原理,应用spss软件、arcgis软件和景观格局分析软件Fragstates对陇县1989～2009年土地利用景观格局的变化和空间分布进行研究,并根据各景观类型的景观格局指数计算结果对该区土地利用景观格局进行分析评价。结果表明,陇县主要景观类型为林地、耕地和草地,林地和建设用地保持稳定而迅速增长,草地和未利用地呈现逐渐减少趋势;人类活动使水域、未利用地更为分散,建设用地、园地更为集中;景观多样性降低,破碎化程度减缓,斑块形状的复杂程度并未发生大幅度的变化,人类活动对景观格局的影响保持在一定范围内。     

基于逻辑回归模型的四平市景观格局演变及其驱动力分析

为研究近30 a来四平市景观格局的演变并分析其主要驱动力。笔者选取1990、2000、2010和2018年Landsat TM/ETM遥感解译数据,从类型和景观水平方面分析四平市近30 a来的景观格局指数和景观类型转移、演变趋势,采用Logistic回归模型揭示四平市景观格局演变的主要驱动力。结果表明:①四平市景观格局中耕地所占面积最大,为主要优势基质景观类型,对维持区域生态系统稳定起决定性作用,其次分别为林地景观、水域景观、城镇景观和草地景观;②近30 a来四平市景观破碎化程度增加,景观形状整体上趋于简单化,景观连接性和多样性增加,但景观均匀度下降;③1990—2018年林地向耕地和草地转化,草地主要转移为林地、耕地和未利用地,土地整体呈现逐年退化的趋势;④近30 a来四平市景观格局演变受自然因子(坡度、高程、距河流距离和距道路距离)和人为因子(人口和GDP)综合的作用。     

官司河流域景观结构变化及其分形研究

利用1995年森林资源分布图和2005年IKONOS遥感影像构建了土地利用GIS数据库,通过利用分形理论对官司河流域的各景观要素进行分析,结果表明:①耕地和林业用地面积占绝对优势,是该区域景观的基质,土地利用类型变化较大,林地、道路、水域的面积不断扩大;②建筑用地、水域和耕地的多样性指数最大,优势度也较为明显,而各类林业用地多样性指数和优势度均较小;③林地和耕地的分维数大于其它景观类型,而稳定性指数小于其它类型,说明这两种景观类型分布较为复杂和不规则,稳定性较差,建筑用地和水域的分维值较低,接近于"1",说明这两种类型分布规模较小,斑块较为规则;④从分维数的动态变化来看,除道路和水域这两种景观类型减少外,其它景观类型都增加,表明人类对这几种类型的利用程度更加复杂化。     

浙江省土地景观格局演变及其生态服务价值效应分析

开展土地利用景观格局演变及其生态系统服务价值效应研究,可明晰区域生态环境功能状况并促进生态系统健康发展。基于土地利用遥感影像解译数据,分析浙江省1995～2015年土地景观格局演变及其生态系统服务价值效应,并探究景观格局指数与生态服务价值间的相关性。结果表明:(1)20年间浙江省土地景观变化剧烈,耕地和林地面积减少,城镇村用地、水域与草地面积增加。建设用地动态度增幅达8.21%,耕地和林地变化度为负。林地和耕地向建设用地单向转移量最大,其次是耕林地二者间的转化。(2)土地斑块分散、聚合和连通状况变化多样,景观格局时空演变复杂化。耕地和草地破碎度高,建设用地优势度上升,以林地和耕地为主导的景观格局逐渐向城市景观转变。(3)生态服务总价值呈先增后减趋势,共损失103.18亿元。空间上ESV极高值和高值区面积减小,中值与低值区逐渐蔓延,生境质量浙西南优于浙北与东南沿海区域。(4)生态服务总值与最大斑块数、结合度和聚合度呈强正相关,与斑块数、平均邻近距离和香农多样性呈强负相关。据此建议:未来土地规划应重视景观格局空间配置对生态服务功能的影响,增强生态系统对环境变化的适应力和稳定性,优化区域三生用地结构,以促进经济—社会—生态环境的协调发展。     

1985-2014年漓江流域景观格局动态变化研究

文章以漓江流域为研究对象,应用1985年、2000年和2014年3期遥感影像,提取土地利用数据,采用土地利用动态度、土地利用转移矩阵等方法,分析1985-2014年漓江流域土地利用的演变趋势;结合Fragstats4.2景观分析工具,识别了该流域景观格局的动态变化。结果表明:1985-2014年,漓江流域土地利用整体变化幅度不大,主要表现为林地、耕地和草地面积减小,湿地、居民及城乡建设用地和未利用土地面积增加,且变化集中发生在2000-2014年。同时景观水平上破碎化和复杂化程度加剧,聚集程度和斑块连续程度有待提高;类型水平上林地景观破碎化层度增加,耕地和草地斑块面积增加,湿地和居民及城乡建设用地的聚集度较高,分布集中。     

基于RS和GIS的黑河流域景观格局变化研究

以黑河流域为研究区域,选择2000、2005、2010年的Landsat TM/ETM+影像、ASTER GDEM为数据基础,结合遥感技术、地理信息系统、数理统计和景观生态学方法,对黑河流域生态景观格局特征及十年变化进行分析。从生态景观格局变化来看,2000-2010年黑河流域生态系统景观格局空间分布得到整合,景观破碎化程度降低、景观格局走向完整,景观形状简单且变化较小。三个研究时期内,黑河流域上中游多林地、草地,下游多农田和城镇;流域大部分生态景观类型在斑块数、面积及空间格局上都发生了不同程度的变化,但林地始终是其景观基质,属于绝对优势景观;湿地景观类型在研究期的前五年整合强度较大;农田是唯一一个面积减少的景观类型,也是面积变化最大的景观类型,在这十年间农田转化为了林地、城镇、湿地和裸地,且对林地贡献率最高、城镇次之;城镇景观格局逐步趋于完整。     

陕南土地利用景观格局变化及优化研究

陕南是南水北调中线水源地,其景观格局变化对我国华北地区水资源的调动有重大的影响,对于该区域景观类型面积变化和合理的景观格局优化,是确保南水北调中线工程水质安全、区域经济发展的关键。在RS/GIS技术支持下,利用多时相遥感影像解译获取景观类型,选取斑块类型水平和景观水平的景观指数研究景观格局变化,根据生态系统服务价值运用最小耗费距离模型构建累计耗费距离表面,运用水文分析和邻域分析提取生态廊道和生态节点。结果表明:林地是陕南的优势景观;在研究期间,林地、水域、建设用地和其他用地持续增加,林地优势度越来越大,耕地面积减少,草地面积变化不大;景观的团聚程度、连接性、多样性和优势度在增加,破碎化程度在降低。根据最小耗费距离模型,在陕南建立生态节点和生态廊道,并与生态源地联系起来,形成有机的景观生态网络。     

新疆喀什噶尔河流域1990-2010年土地利用/覆被及景观格局的变化特征

采用新疆喀什噶尔河流域1990、2000和2010年的Landsat-TM影像数据和中巴资源卫星数据, 结合GIS技术, 分析了喀什噶尔河流域近20 a土地利用/覆被及景观格局动态变化特征, 并对其变化原因进行探讨. 结果显示: 在1990-2010年喀什噶尔河流域耕地、建设用地、盐碱地、水域湿地、裸土地和其他未利用地面积呈不断增加趋势, 变化幅度分别为73.92%、51.44%、24.27%、10.24%、6.47%和2.98%; 林地、草地和沙地面积减少, 变化幅度分别为-4.13%、-17.16%和-0.73%; 裸石岩砾面积近20 a基本维持不变. 利用转移矩阵可知, 流域新增耕地面积主要来自于16.46%的草地和3.36%的林地; 新增建设用地主要来自于1.46%的耕地和0.22%的草地; 新增水域湿地面积主要来自于0.18%的草地; 新增盐碱地面积主要来自于0.28%的草地. 1990-2010年的20 a里喀什噶尔河流域耕地和水域湿地分布趋于集中, 景观优势度增强, 且斑块之间的联系不断增强. 林地和草地面积减少, 景观趋于破碎化, 景观优势度降低. 喀什噶尔河流域土地利用类型及景观指数的变化受人口、经济、政策和技术的多重影响, 导致流域耕地面积增加、植被退化. 因此, 合理利用流域水土资源对流域生态环境安全十分重要.     

城市化过程中都市农业景观变化及其生态安全评价——以西安市为例

快速城市化过程中都市农业景观变化及其生态安全研究是城市化区域生态安全和可持续发展研究的重要课题.构建都市农业景观生态安全评价指标与方法,探讨城市化对都市农业景观生态安全的影响具有重要的科学意义.以西安市为例,应用GIS和RS技术方法,结合"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型建立了都市农业景观生态安全综合评价指标体系,通过提取1999、2006和2013年的农业景观类型信息,定量分析了都市农业景观变化特征、动态评价了都市农业景观生态安全过程.结果表明:1999-2013年西安市农业景观结构变化剧烈,景观斑块数量增加、平均斑块面积减小,聚集度变差,景观趋于复杂化、破碎化,耕地、林地面积显著减少,园地面积增加.城市化的快速发展导致都市农业生态安全压力指数由0.43上升为0.59,生态安全状态指数由0.73降至0.28,生态安全响应指数则由0.26上升为0.77,生态系统服务价值下降;城市化过程带来的景观压力指数上升以及景观状态指数下降,使得都市农业景观生态安全综合指数由0.56先下降为0.4,后上升到0.48.城市化过程中的都市农业景观生态安全评价可以为都市农业可持续发展、土地可持续利用管理和科学决策提供依据.     

Land use and landscape pattern changes in Nenjiang River basin during 1988–2002

Based on the Landsat TM data in 1988 and 2002, the GIS technique and Fragstats software were used to calculate the land use conversion matrix and eight landscape metrics at landscape and patch class levels in upstream, midstream, and downstream regions of Nenjiang River basin. The characteristics of land use and landscape pattern changes in each region during 1988–2002 were analyzed. The results show the followings: 1) During the period from 1988 to 2002, farmland and construction land area increased, while the areas of forestland, grassland, and unutilized land decreased in all three regions. The conversion trends from forestland and grassland to farmland were obvious. The conversion from forestland to farmland mainly occurred in the upstream region, whereas the conversion from grassland to farmland primarily occurred in the midstream and downstream regions. 2) The water area in the upstream and midstream regions enlarged, mainly due to the increase of water impounded area as a result of the construction of reservoirs. Comparatively, the water area in the downstream region decreased, and it mainly occurred in the east part of downstream region with concentrated lakes and swamps. 3) The degree of landscape fragmentation increased in each region. The controlling ability of forestland was weakened, and its patch shape became more complicated. In contrast, the controlling ability of farmland was reinforced, and the connectivity among patches increased. 4) The landscape pattern shows some gradient features. From the upstream to downstream regions, the disturbance of human activities on dominant patches was intensified, and consequently, the landscape fragmentation extent and heterogeneity were enhanced.     

The Effect of Farmland Fragmentation on the Intensity of Farmland in Different Utilization Ways

The agricultural development of mountainous areas in China is undergoing the transformation from the traditional agricultural land use mode dominated by single and inefficient grain production to the new agricultural land use mode such as high-yield and efficient horticultural crops. The research on the impact of farmland fragmentation on the agricultural land intensity degree is the basis of agricultural modernization and land remediation in mountainous areas. Based on the UAV high-resolution remote sensing image data of two typical villages in Guizhou Province and the questionnaire survey data of farmers, using the road accessibility index of farmers' plot, the area index and the shape index to measure the degree of farmland fragmentation, we analyzed the impact of different degrees of farmland fragmentation on the traditional and new types of farmland use intensification. The research showed that the farmland fragmentation had a significant negative impact on the intensive degree of agricultural land, but the impact on the intensive degree of agricultural land in different ways of use was different. With the intensification of the degree of farmland fragmentation, the impact on the input and output of horticultural crops and other new-type agricultural land utilization was less than that of grain crops and other traditional agricultural land utilization. Adjusting agricultural structure and transformation of farmland utilization greatly alleviated the negative impact of farmland fragmentation on farmland intensity in mountainous areas.     

Changes of land cover in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin from 1985 to 2005

Land cover is closely related to environmental changes and socioeconomic development. Land-cover change in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is different from that in the lowlands; however, a detailed land-cover change in areas such as the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR) basin in the TP has not been reported. To fill this gap, the current study explores the land-cover change between 1985 and 2005 in the YTR basin. The results show that only 1 % of the land cover in the YTR basin changed during this time period. The most significant land-cover changes included increases in forest and built-up areas as well as decreases in grassland, water and wetland areas. By percentage, the most rapid land-cover change occurred for built-up areas with an annual variation of 2.07 %. There was an obvious vertical distribution pattern for land-cover types in the YTR basin; from low to high, the average altitudes were forest, farmland, built-up, grassland, water and wetland, and bare land. The average altitude and slope for most land-cover types did not vary over the past 20 years. However, the average altitude and slope of built-up significantly decreased, especially in the zone between 3,500 and 4,000 m. The water and wetland area in altitudes above 4,500 m increased; however, they decreased in the zone between 3,500 and 4,000 m. Natural factors cause most land-cover changes, whereas the increasing intensity of human activities cause some changes to built-up and farmland. Additional attention should be paid to the study of the mechanism of land-cover change in the TP.     

基于RS和GIS的喀斯特山区生态系统构成与格局及转化分析——以贵州毕节地区为例

为了更好地了解贵州省毕节地区生态系统类型的构成、格局与转化特征,本文基于面向对象分类和空间统计与分析技术,对毕节地区2000年和2010年生态系统类型进行提取,并对生态系统构成、格局和转化特征进行定量分析。结果表明:从生态系统构成和格局看,2010年研究区生态系统类型以林地和耕地为主,分别占研究区面积的42.65 ％和42.51 ％;2000和2010年该区均具有较高的斑块数和较小的平均斑块面积,说明该地区景观破碎化程度较高;2010年斑块总数较2000有所减少,表明研究区景观连通性得到改善,景观整体趋于规整化;2010年旱地斑块总面积和平均斑块面积有所减少,针叶林、草地则增加,显示该地区退耕还林还草项目的实施有所成效;旱地和针叶林的聚集度都增加,表明二者连通性增强、景观更加集中。从生态系统转化特征看,2000-2010年,研究区生态系统类型间转化总面积为1 298.25 km2,面积明显减少的是旱地和水田,明显增加的主要为林地、草地,土地面积转移矩阵显示旱地主要向林地、草地转化;受旱地面积较大影响,毕节、黔西、大方的面积变化和生态系统转化剧烈程度都较大,8个县（市）的生态系统类型相互转化强度值均为正值,可见生态系统覆被类型均向着较好的方向发展。      

Dynamics of land use/cover changes and the analysis of landscape fragmentation in Dhaka Metropolitan, Bangladesh

Rapid urban expansion due to large scale land use/cover change, particularly in developing countries becomes a matter of concern since urbanization drives environmental change at multiple scales. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has been experienced break-neck urban growth in the last few decades that resulted many adverse impacts on the environment. This paper was an attempt to document spatio-temporal pattern of land use/cover changes, and to quantify the landscape structures in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh. Using multi-temporal remotely sensed data with GIS, dynamics of land use/cover changes was evaluated and a transition matrix was computed to understand the rate and pattern of land use/cover change. Derived land use statistics subsequently integrated with landscape metrics to determine the impact of land use change on landscape fragmentation. Significant changes in land use/cover were noticed in Dhaka over the study period, 1975–2005. Rapid urbanization was manifested by a large reduction of agricultural land since urban built-up area increased from 5,500?ha in 1975 to 20,549?ha in 2005. At the same time, cultivated land decreased from 12,040 to 6,236?ha in the same period. Likewise, wetland and vegetation cover reduced to about 6,027 and 2,812?ha, respectively. Consequently, sharp changes in landscape pattern and composition were observed. The landscape became highly fragmented as a result of rapid increase in the built-up areas. The analysis revealed that mean patch size decreased while the number of patches increased. Landscape diversity declined, urban dominance amplified, and the overall landscape mosaics became more continuous, homogenous and clumped. In order to devise sustainable land use planning and to determine future landscape changes for sound resource management strategies, the present study is expected to have significant implications in rapidly urbanizing cities of the world in delivering baseline information about long term land use change and its impact on landscape structure.     

50余年来岩溶山地近郊村域土地利用与景观格局演变——以贵州省清镇市王家寨地区为例

选取贵州省清镇市近郊村域王家寨地区为研究对象,在GIS支持下,利用该区域1963年、1982年、2005年、2010年和2015年5期土地利用图形数据叠加分析,提取出研究区50余年来的土地利用/覆盖信息,并结合相应的社会经济统计数据,分析了其驱动力因子,其结果表明:(1)1963—2015年间,土地覆盖类型的总体变化为高被草地和平坝旱耕地明显减少,低被草地、农村居民点、工矿用地、公路用地面积大幅增加,其中,平坝旱耕地有向经济效益更高的土地利用方式转变的趋势;（2）景观格局演变的总体趋势是:自1963年起,斑块数量、斑块密度持续增加,到2015年呈下降趋势,而最大斑块指数逐年减小,形状趋于不规则,同时,近50年景观的多样性指数持续增加;（3）区内土地利用/覆盖和景观格局呈阶段性变化,从1963年到2005年,坡地土地利用活动较强,2005年后,平地土地利用强度增加、农业逐渐转型、聚落持续扩展;（4）区内土地利用及景观格局的变化主要受经济、人口和政策因素的影响。      

Quantify the landscape effect and environmental sustainability of rural region planning at town scale near metropolis

The urban fringe, which can be seen as a special form of regional ecosystem with a spatial transition from urban to rural areas, has strong heterogeneity and is a typical ecologically sensitive area. The expansion of cities and the landscape effect of the changes have attracted wide attention. The primary aim of this study is to obtain an understanding of the spatial patterns of landscape conversion and the corresponding environmental sustainability. With the help of GIS and Fragstats software, the changes of landscape patterns before and after town planning were compared in An-Ding town of Beijing, of which the sustainability was also revealed based on the ecological footprint using social and economic statistic data. The results showed that the landscape pattern changed greatly during its conversion from several villages to a small town and the landscape fragmentation increased due to road construction. Meanwhile, human disturbance increased with the constructed land extension. For the gap between the ecological footprint and the biological capacity, An-Ding town ran an ecological deficit at that period, which means it was unsustainable. However, the environmental sustainability decreased after planning due to the degraded green land and forest. The results suggested that ecological management should be strengthened during the town planning period.     

典型岩溶湖泊湿地流域景观格局动态变化及趋势预测

岩溶湖泊湿地流域作为景观格局变化的热点研究区域,探讨景观格局动态变化及预测趋势,为岩溶流域生态安全研究提供科学依据。应用遥感与地理信息系统技术,结合普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地流域实际情况,分别对该地区1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015 年6 期遥感影像进行分类、解译,系统地获取地区景观格局状况,分析动态变化特征,并运用CA-Markov 模型对未来湿地景观格局进行模拟预测。结果表明:1990?2015年普者黑岩溶湿地流域景观格局随时间变化显著,景观破碎化程度总体呈现增加趋势,斑块数（NP）从861增加到889,景观类型的优势斑块面积在逐渐增加,而多样性指数从1.064下降到0.966;2020?2030年普者黑岩溶湿地流域建筑用地、农地和湿地景观类型面积在增加,农地和林地在减少,其中,较为突出的是建筑用地占有率由2.79%上升到2.97%,农地占有率60.12%增加到60.74%,湿地占有率6.67%上升7.02%,而林地占有率由26.70%下降到26.40%。景观格局进行预测可以发现湿地面积、建筑用地面积和农地变化幅度最大,本文相关研究和预测结果可为普者黑流域生态保护提供一定的建议和参考。      

Unbundled security services and urban fragmentation in post-apartheid Johannesburg

The paper questions the pluralization of policing devices and security agents across the Johannesburg metropolitan area, which has been accelerated and actually encouraged by public policies in the post-apartheid period. Are the various security initiatives and networks coordinated in a metropolitan security “system” – the regulation of which would need to be analysed – or does their development lead to urban fragmentation? Based on an analysis of an extensive documentation of security services, as well as a series of interviews with involved (street level) actors, different dimensions of potential urban fragmentation linked to security are examined: spatial fragmentation, with the development of road closures and their contestation; financial fragmentation, emblematised by business improvement districts encouraged by the municipality; and political fragmentation, as reflected by the analysis of the broader security policy framework. The paper argues that although the integrated vision of Johannesburg’s policing creates the basis for redistribution of resources and forms of policing regulation at a metropolitan level (in contrast with the apartheid period), the choice of neo-liberal urban policies, of which security strategies form a part, tends to encourage policing fragmentation, or in other words, the differential and unequal provision of security services according to place, income and race.     

石羊河流域及其典型绿洲景观动态变化研究

根据1986年和2000年的TM影像数据,利用GIS技术和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS,分别在类型和景观两个水平上分析了石羊河流域及武威和民勤两个典型绿洲近15a来的景观结构变化.结果表明:在整个流域水平上,虽然发生了景观结构的空间变化,但总体上相对稳定.在典型绿洲区,特别是民勤绿洲景观格局的变化较大,表现为景观的破碎化,形状的简单化和景观多样性的降低,以及耕地、沙地的增加和林地、草地的显著减少,沙漠化趋势加剧.