基于L波段雷达探空资料的重庆市区低空逆温特征分析

利用重庆市沙坪坝气象站2005- 2009年L波段雷达探空观测资料,研究重庆市区接地逆温和悬浮逆温的出现频率、逆温厚度、垂直分布特征和强度状况,对本地低空大气的逆温分布特征进行了详细分析.分析结果表明:重庆市区低空大气全年均不同程度存在逆温层,低空逆温出现频率为93％,夏季发生的频率最高,冬季最低;逆温强度总体不大,07:00 和19:00接地逆温多年平均强度分别为0.53℃/hm和0.6℃/hm,为同时段悬浮逆温强度的2倍;从垂直分布特征来看,低空逆温呈现厚度薄且层次多的特点,层次最多时达6层.     

格尔木市低空逆温特征及其对空气污染物浓度的影响

利用2015—2017年格尔木市L波段雷达探空站的探空资料,分析格尔木市低空逆温的基本特征,并与不同气候区的西宁市、玉树市做对比;结合2016—2017年格尔木市逐日空气污染物浓度(SO_2、NO_2、O_3、PM_(2.5))资料,研究低空逆温对空气污染物浓度的影响。结果表明:07时、19时格尔木市年均逆温发生频率分别为67%、24%,以贴地逆温为主,秋、冬季发生频率高于春、夏季;逆温厚度表现为早间高于晚间,冬季最厚,夏季最薄,07时各季节贴地逆温厚度高于悬浮逆温,19时秋、冬季悬浮逆温厚度高于贴地逆温;逆温强度表现为贴地逆温大于悬浮逆温;07时悬浮逆温的起始高度和终止高度(分别为331 m、571 m)小于19时(分别为662 m、851 m),均在冬季达到最大;07时柴达木盆地逆温发生频率最高(67%)、强度最大(2.07℃/100 m)、厚度最薄(267m),19时逆温发生频率少于河湟地区,但多于三江源地区(24%),强度最小(2.18℃/100 m),厚度最厚(127 m);逆温对SO_2、NO_2、O_3、PM_(2.5)浓度有显著影响,但对PM_(2.5)的影响效果不如风速明显。     

基于L波段雷达探空资料的南京低空逆温特征

利用2010—2015年南京市逐日的08时(北京时间,下同)和20时L波段雷达探空秒级数据资料,研究南京市边界层内(2 km以下)接地逆温和悬浮逆温的出现频率、逆温层厚度以及逆温强度等,对该地区低空大气逆温特征变化进行了详细分析。结果发现:南京市逆温日的发生频率较高,达81.68%,其中接地逆温23.9%,悬浮逆温71.8%,早间发生频率高于晚间,月分布均表现为盛夏季节频率低,秋冬季节发生频率高。逆温层厚度也是夏季最薄,冬季到初春厚度较大;早间的逆温层厚度大于晚间的逆温层厚度,悬浮逆温厚度大于接地逆温厚度。南京市逆温强度夏季小,冬季大,有明显的季节变化趋势。逆温强度早晚差异较小,但接地逆温平均逆温强度是悬浮逆温的1.5倍。逆温强度达到2.0℃/hm的强逆温有50%以上出现在冬季。通过计算污染物浓度与逆温强度的相关性,发现污染物浓度(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO)与逆温强度有很好的正相关性,由此说明低空大气逆温层结状况对空气质量有一定影响。     

北极低空急流和低层逆温特征观测分析

利用北冰洋冰表面热量平衡计划1997年10月中旬至1998年10月上旬的探空气球探测结果,分析了北极地区近地层逆温和低空急流特征.结果表明,96％的观测时次(11:15和23:15,协调世界时)出现近地层逆温,其中22％的逆温为贴地逆温,70％的逆温厚度在250～850 m之间,冬半年贴地逆温发生频率、逆温层厚度和逆温层内的温度变化都明显要大于夏半年.全年间低空急流出现频率为41％,平均高度为520 m,最大频率出现在150 m附近,70％的急流出现在600m高度以下.急流平均风速为10.6m·s-1,风速在4～13 m·s-1范围内的急流约占总数的75％,东和东南方向为全年急流的主导风向.根据对急流核和地面风速之间转换角分布的分析,惯性震荡可能是北极低空急流的主要成因.     

持续性逆温天气对哈尔滨市空气质量的影响

利用2013—2016年哈尔滨市07:00和19:00探空逆温资料及哈尔滨市环境监测站空气污染物浓度监测资料,对哈尔滨市低空温度层结特征及其与主要空气污染物(SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5))浓度之间的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)哈尔滨市2013—2016年07:00持续性逆温天气出现频率是61.5%,19:00为58.8%。(2) 07:00和19:00逆温厚度月变化趋势基本一致,季节变化趋势也一致:冬季秋季春季夏季。(3)哈尔滨市冬半年逆温层出现频率明显高于夏半年,秋、冬季产生的逆温强度强于春、夏季。(4) 4年来哈尔滨市空气污染物浓度与持续性逆温频率、厚度呈正相关;与07:00逆温强度呈正相关,与19:00逆温强度的相关性不明显,说明哈尔滨市低空大气逆温层结状况是影响哈尔滨市空气质量的主要因素之一。(5)高纬冷平流弱,低层增暖,同时海平面气压场弱,大气水平和垂直方向输送能力差,从而使得污染物难以扩散进而堆积,这是持续数日重度污染的重要原因。     

乌鲁木齐机场持续浓雾低空气象要素特征分析

利用乌鲁木齐市L波段雷达系统探空资料，对2014—2016年冬季12月至次年2月乌鲁木齐机场雾日、非雾日，雾日中持续浓雾日和非持续浓雾日的低空温、湿、风等气象要素特征进行了对比分析，结果表明：（1）雾日较之非雾日，近地层湿润层更厚，贴地逆温更厚更强（顶高950 m,强度0.55 ℃/100 m)。风速普遍略小于非雾日，地面为西南风，低空东南风厚度大，起始高度低于500 m，最大风速层低于1200 m。（2）持续浓雾日较非持续浓雾日，贴地逆温或悬垂逆温的第一逆温层底高和顶高更低，平均逆温强度更强，地面西南和近地层偏南风频数大，低空型东南风较强。第一逆温顶高低于600 m，悬垂逆温底高低于100 m，逆温强度大于0.55 ℃/100 m，低空型东南风起始高度高低于300 m，600 m高度以上东南风风速大于等于8 m/s等条件有利于持续浓雾的发生。     

赵石畔煤电一体化项目低空温度特征分析

为了给陕西能源集团有限公司赵石畔煤电一体化项目电厂空冷塔设计提供科学依据,应用系留气球系统在厂址处进行低空探测,连续观测从地面至320 m温度的垂直变化,探测时段38d,每日施放探空气艇10次。对各时次观测数据进行质量控制和审核,再进行线性插值,获得距地10、50、100、150、200、250、300、320m的温度。经统计分析:项目所在地存在接地逆温和低空逆温,在进行空冷塔设计时需要考虑大气逆温现象造成的影响。接地逆温只出现在07、09和20时,低空逆温在各时次均可出现。接地逆温初次出现时频率高,消散时强度大,09时强度最大可达3.8℃/hm,接地逆温全部出现在200m以下。低空逆温在各层次均可出现,顶高300m以上的逆温出现频率最高,顶高在200～300m的低空逆温层最厚。     

2005—2015年庐山云海时间变化特征及气象条件分析

采用经验频率分布、趋势分析等统计分析方法,分析了庐山气象站2005-2015年云海时间变化特征及其与气温、相对湿度和风向风速等气象要素的关系。结果表明：（1）庐山云海平均年日数为133.73 d,最多年份为172 d（2005年）,最少年份为106 d（2012年）,云海日数呈递减趋势。（2）庐山云海适宜的气象条件为：平均气温8.7~21.0℃,最高气温12.7~24.7℃,最低气温5.7~18.6℃,相对湿度 ≥ 82%,风速1.9~4.8 m·s^-1,风向为SSE和S。和无云海时相比,有云海时气温要素整体偏高,相对湿度条件更好,风速频率分布接近。（3）在2005-2015年的云海日中,有效探空数据共1 840时次,其中500时次出现逆温,占27.2%;平均逆温层底高度为793.1 m,平均逆温层厚度为1 054.4 m,平均逆温强度为0.25℃·（100 m）^-1,均大于无云海时的逆温参数。有云海时,逆温层底高度300~2 000 m和逆温强度大于等于0.4℃·（100 m）^-1所占百分比较无云海时更大,表明有云海时逆温层底更高,逆温层更厚,逆温强度更强。     

基于系留探空试验的古尔班通古特沙漠低空气象廓线解析?

利用2011年10月15—24日在古尔班通古特沙漠腹地系留气艇边界层试验的探测资料,分析了沙漠腹地近地层风、温、湿等气象要素廓线垂直分布特征及其变化情况,结论如下:(1)20时—08时存在逆温,08时逆温最强,逆温强度为2.85℃/100 m,逆温层高度为700 m,之后逆温逐渐消失;夜晚近地层湿度明显大于上层大气,在100 m高度差内,湿度先快速减小再缓慢增大,与白天相反,20时近地面出现逆湿,1 100 m高度湿度发生明显切变;逆温层以上风速随高度变化呈多峰态,逆温层范围内风速增大趋势明显,900~1 100 m之间存在200 m厚的恒风区,1 100 m以上风速再次增大,白天的风速小于夜间。(2)风速波动范围大约为2~8 m/s,近地面100 m范围内风速随高度快速增大,风向由东南风向南风转变,600~900 m之间风速变化减缓,风向由从南风逐渐向东风转变,以东南风为主,风速与风向同步改变。(3)600 m以下随温度升高湿度快速减小,600~1 100 m之间又持续增大,1 100~1 500 m之间呈波动变化的趋势,1500 m增大明显。(4)风切变指数夜晚大于白天,最大值在23时(20.88),最小值在中午14时(0.97),平均风切变指数为9.61。混合层厚度平均为125.88 m。     

黄河源地区近地面逆温层特征及形成原因分析

利用黄河源地区达日国家基准气象站2008～2017a近10a的探空、地面观测资料,分析黄河源地区近地面逆温层特征及形成原因,结果表明:(1)黄河源地区逆温层的出现频率、厚度、强度在不同时次随季节有明显的变化;(2)云量的多少、低空风速的大小对逆温的产生及强弱直接有关,逆温层下常伴有露、霜、雾等天气现象出现,逆温层上下空气湿度存在着明显的差别;(3)黄河源地区的逆温是在气候背景、地理条件、天气条件共同影响下,地面辐射作用的结果。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on