中国大陆及邻区上地幔各向异性研究

为了深化对中国大陆及邻区上地幔介质形变强度和方向的空间变化图象、各向异性和剪切波分裂、各向异性以及应变、应变和构造过程关系的认识，我们以剪切波在分层各向异性介质中的传播理论为指导，以分裂剪切波观测为基础，借助数字化地震资料和高分辨率的信号处理技术，给出了对136次地震的分析结果，得到了20个台站下面的上地幔各向异性介质的变形强度和方向的空间变化图象；并结合已有研究结果，对中国大陆及邻区上地幔各向异性特性及其起源问题进行了讨论．      

Azimuthal anisotropy in lithosphere on the Chinese mainland from observations of SKS at CDSN

Ａｚｉｍｕｔｈａｌ　ａｎｉｓｏｔｒｏｐｙ　ｉｎ　ｌｉｔｈｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ　ｍａｉｎｌａｎｄ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓ　ｏｆ　ＳＫＳ　ａｔ　ＣＤＳＮ（郑斯华）（高原）Ａｚｉｍｕｔｈａｌａｎｉｓｏｔｒｏｐｙｉｎｌｉｔ...     

南极长城站地壳和上地幔各向异性分析

利用我国第24次和第25次南极科学考察队于2008年2月—2010年3月南极长城站记录到的地震事件数据进行剪切波分裂研究. 选取近震事件对Sg波进行剪切波分裂计算,结果表明快波偏振方向有两个,分别为北东向和近南北向; 慢波延迟时间的范围为1.45—5.17 ms/km,平均值为3.54 ms/km.同时选取长城站记录到的远震数据SKS波震相进行剪切波分裂计算,得出上地幔快波偏振方向优势取向为北东向, 慢波延迟时间平均值为1.60 s. 剪切波分裂结果显示长城站地区地壳和上地幔具有明显的各向异性, 并显示长城站地区地壳与上地幔快波偏振方向几乎平行,表明壳幔变形的一致关系.另外,地壳和上地幔各向异性的快波偏振方向不仅与长城站附近的海沟方向平行,同时也与绝对板块的运动方向平行.该结果进一步说明了绝对板块的运动是构成上地幔各向异性的主要原因.      

基于横波分裂的青藏高原多圈层各向异性研究进展

有关青藏高原横波分裂的各向异性研究已经开展了近30年,在理论方法和实际应用方面取得了重要进展,并获取了大量的横波分裂测量结果,为认识青藏高原壳幔各向异性变形特征和动力学机制提供了重要的依据.本文首先介绍了地震各向异性的来源与应用,随后回顾了横波分裂分析方法的发展,简述了各种横波分裂方法的原理,最后通过总结近30年来青藏高原上地壳、整个地壳和上地幔横波分裂各向异性研究成果,系统分析了青藏高原壳幔各向异性变形特征.基于各横波分裂结果的对比分析来看,XKS波分裂测量结果最为稳定,近震直达S波分裂测量结果次之,而Pms波分裂测量结果相对离散,往往相同区域内不同的研究结果差异较大,主要原因可能是相比XKS波和近震直达S波,Pms波的信噪比较低,次要原因可能是各研究在方法和处理分析等方面的差异.     

青藏高原东北缘上地幔地震各向异性:来自SKS、PKS和SKKS震相分裂的证据

基于青藏高原东北缘甘肃区域台网41个宽频带地震台站的远震记录资料,通过PKS、SKS和SKKS震相的剪切波分裂分析,获取了台站下方介质的各向异性分裂参数,得到该地区上地幔各向异性分布图像,并结合GPS速度场和地壳剪切波各向异性分析青藏高原东北缘各向异性形成机制及壳幔各向异性特征.分析结果认为,在阿尔金断裂带西侧,各向异性快波偏振呈NWW-SEE方向,与断裂带走向有一定夹角,与塔里木盆地向柴达木盆地俯冲方向一致,说明该地区上地幔物质变形主要受古构造运动的影响,属于"化石"各向异性.在祁连山-河西走廊构造区,XKS快波偏振呈NW-SE方向,一致性较好,与区域断层走向方向相同;由区域小震的地壳剪切波分裂分析得到的地壳剪切波快波偏振在该区域呈NE-SW方向,与相对于稳定欧亚大陆GPS运动速率一致,地壳和地幔快波偏振方向的差异表明壳幔变形可能有不同的形变机制.在陇中盆地及其周缘,由于处于活跃青藏地块与稳定鄂尔多斯地块之间的过渡带,相对于其他区域具有更加复杂的构造背景,地壳快波偏振和地幔快波偏振总体上呈NWW-SEE方向,说明壳幔变形机制可能相同;但不同台站结果之间存在一定离散性,推测是由于受局部构造特征差异性造成.     

中国大陆及邻区SKS波分裂研究

SKS波分裂测量是研究大陆地幔的形变特征、探索大陆动力学和演化过程的重要工具. 本文对中国大陆及邻区地震台站的SKS波分裂现象进行了研究. 选用中国数字化宽频带地震台网(CB台网)和美国IRIS数据中心提供的三分量宽频带数字化地震资料，使用SC(Silver and Chan,1991)方法，得到了中国大陆及周边地区80多个台站下方上地幔各向异性参数，即快波偏振方向φ和快慢波到时差δt. 快波偏振方位在相同地块有一定的优势排列方向，大多数台站快波偏振方向都能与过去或现今大规模的构造运动得到很好的符合. 整个研究区域所得到的分裂延迟时间在0.4～2.4s之间，平均为1.2s. 根据SKS波测量得到的分裂参数，分析了该研究区域各向异性介质的特性，从而探索与岩石弹性各向异性相关的地球内部动力学过程.     

塔里木盆地南部上地幔各向异性研究

塔里木南缘位于塔里木块体同青藏高原碰撞的前缘,是认识青藏高原同周围块体相互作用的重要位置.横波分裂方法可以获得岩石圈及软流圈地幔的介质各向异性特征,进而探讨岩石圈变形和地幔流动.本文利用横波分裂方法对中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所、北京大学和南方科技大学联合布设在塔里木盆地南部的8个宽频带流动地震台站记录的SKS和SK...     

华东地区SKS波分裂研究

本文搜集整理了华东地区6个区域地震台网的宽频带数字地震台站SKS波记录资料, 使用最小切向能量的网络搜索法, 得到了华东地区157个台站下方上地幔各向异性参数。 测算结果表明, 华东地区各向异性快波偏振方向主体为NW—SE向、 南部近E—W向, 逐渐呈旋转趋势, 与绝对板块运动方向一致; 其各向异性主要来自于上地幔, 地壳与沉积层对各向异性影响较小; 研究区内地下浅部与深部物质的运动模式基本一致, 壳幔变形存在垂直连贯变形的特征。     

鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘上地幔各向异性分析研究

对布设在鄂尔多斯块体及其周缘的固定宽频带地震台网90个台站记录作远震SKS波形资料偏振分析,采用最小切向能量法求得每个台站的SKS快波偏振方向和快慢波时差,获得块体及其周缘上地幔各向异性图像,并结合1999～2007年相对鄂尔多斯块体的GPS水平地壳运动速度场,分析块体及其周缘的各向异性特征和壳幔耦合特征并重新认识块体...     

云南地区上地幔各向异性研究

对云南23个数字地震台11次地震的SKS记录，采用理论切向分量与实测切向分量拟合的方法，确定了快S波的偏振方向和快、慢波之间的时间延迟．结果表明，除鹤庆台外，在各台都观测到了S波分裂现象；云南地区的快方向总体特征是北北东向，时间延迟变化范围为0.5～2.0ｓ．在地质构造复杂地区断层对分析的影响很大．分析表明，作为青藏高原与华南块体之间的过渡带，云南地区的S波快方向反映了印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲是该地区地球动力学的基本背景，而由于青藏高原隆起造成的康滇菱形块体的南东-南南东向运动是造成复杂构造、应力环境的重要因素．快方向与上地幔运动的方向存在差异，说明在云南地区低速层或者软流层的运动与地壳块体的运动之间存在着复杂的耦合作用，构造驱动力如同向北东方向张开的手掌．从时间延迟出发，推断各向异性层的厚度为60～225ｋｍ．其变化范围与低速层埋深的变化范围（104～260ｋｍ）相当，认为各向异性层顶面可能在地壳底部，也可能在低速层，且在不同地点是不相同的，这与云南及周边地区莫霍面变化剧烈有因果关系．进一步推断出上地幔的各向异性主要存在于岩石圈而不是整个上地幔．      

Shear Wave Splitting and Mantle Anisotropy: Measurements, Interpretations, and New Directions

Measurements of the splitting or birefringence of seismic shear waves that have passed through the Earth’s mantle yield constraints on the strength and geometry of elastic anisotropy in various regions, including the upper mantle, the transition zone, and the D″ layer. In turn, information about the occurrence and character of seismic anisotropy allows us to make inferences about the style and geometry of mantle flow because anisotropy is a direct consequence of deformational processes. While shear wave splitting is an unambiguous indicator of anisotropy, the fact that it is typically a near-vertical path-integrated measurement means that splitting measurements generally lack depth resolution. Because shear wave splitting yields some of the most direct constraints we have on mantle flow, however, understanding how to make and interpret splitting measurements correctly and how to relate them properly to mantle flow is of paramount importance to the study of mantle dynamics. In this paper, we review the state of the art and recent developments in the measurement and interpretation of shear wave splitting—including new measurement methodologies and forward and inverse modeling techniques,—provide an overview of data sets from different tectonic settings, show how they help us relate mantle flow to surface tectonics, and discuss new directions that should help to advance the shear wave splitting field.     

The upper mantle anisotropy in Yunnan area, China

Introduction The study of the upper mantle anisotropy in Yunnan area benefits the research of deep structure of Sichuan-Yunnan active block and the characteristics of deformation field, the analysis of the coupling relations among different layers of the earth and the promotion of understanding the relation between anisotropy and stress-strain field and geological construction processes. The research results would be of important significance for the interpretation of movement of plates, the …     

云南地区SKS波分裂研究

根据云南数字地震台网和云南流动地震台网的台站,以及中国国家数字地震台网(CNDSN)腾冲台和昆明台,共计47个台站记录到的远震SKS波震相,计算了各个台站下方的各向异性,讨论并分析了各向异性层的深度、厚度、起因,进一步探讨了与青藏高原东南缘地区地球动力学有关的一些问题. 从得到的结果来看,云南北部的各向异性的快波偏振方向呈南北向,逐渐过渡到南部的近东西向,整体来看,有一旋转的趋势. 分析表明各向异性层主要分布于上地幔,时间延迟在058～188s,厚度在67～216km之间. 青藏高原存在垂直向隆升变形和东西向拉张变形外,地幔物质还向东南运移.     

Upper mantle anisotropy of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and surrounding regions from shear wave splitting analysis

Polarization analysis of teleseismic data has been used to determine the XKS(SKS,SKKS,and PKS)fast polarization directions and delay times between fast and slow shear waves for 59 seismic stations of both temporary and permanent broadband seismograph networks deployed in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis(EHS)and surrounding regions.The analysis employed both the grid searching method of the minimum tangential energy and stacking analysis methods to develop an image of upper mantle anisotropy in the EHS and surrounding regions using the newly obtained shear wave splitting parameters and previously published results.The fast polarization directions are oriented along a NE-SW azimuth in the EHS.However,within the surrounding regions,the fast directions show a clockwise rotation pattern around the EHS from NE-SW,to E-W,to NW-SE,and then to N-S.In the EHS and surrounding regions,the fast directions of seismic anisotropy determined using shear wave splitting analysis correlate with surficial geological features including major sutures and faults and with the surface deformation fields derived from global positioning system(GPS)data.The coincidence between structural features in the crust,surface deformation fields and mantle anisotropy suggests that the deformation in the crust and lithospheric mantle is mechanically coupled.In the EHS,the coherence between the fast directions and the NE direction of the subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Tibetan Plateau suggests that the lithospheric deformation is caused mainly by subduction.In the regions surrounding the EHS,we speculate that a westward retreat of the Burma slab could contribute to the curved anisotropy pattern.The Tibetan Plateau is acted upon by a NE-trending force due to the subduction of the Indian Plate,and also affected by a westward drag force due to the westward retreat produced by the eastward subduction of the Burma slab.The two forces contribute to a curved lithospheric deformation that results in the alignment of the upper mantle peridotite lattice parallel to the deformation direction,and thus generates a curved pattern of fast directions around the EHS.     

Upper mantle anisotropy and crust-mantle deformation pattern beneath the Chinese mainland

Over the past 10 years,the number of broadband seismic stations in China has increased significantly.The broadband seismic records contain information about shear-wave splitting which plays an important role in revealing the upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland.Based on teleseismic SKS and SKKS phases recorded in the seismic stations,we used the analytical method of minimum transverse energy to determine the fast wave polarization direction and delay time of shear-wave splitting.We also collected results of shear-wave splitting in China and the surrounding regions from previously published papers.From the combined dataset we formed a shear-wave splitting dataset containing 1020 parameter pairs.These splitting parameters reveal the complexity of the upper mantle anisotropy image.Our statistical analysis indicates stronger upper mantle anisotropy in the Chinese mainland,with an average shear-wave time delay of 0.95 s;the anisotropy in the western region is slightly larger(1.01 s)than in the eastern region(0.92 s).On a larger scale,the SKS splitting and surface deformation data in the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan region jointly support the lithospheric deformation mode,i.e.the crust-lithospheric mantle coherent deformation.In eastern China,the average fast-wave direction is approximately parallel to the direction of the absolute plate motion;thus,the upper mantle anisotropy can be attributed to the asthenospheric flow.The area from the Ordos block to the Sichuan Basin in central China is the transition zone of deformation modes between the east and the west regions,where the anisotropy images are more complicated,exhibiting"fossil"anisotropy and/or two-layer anisotropy.The collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate is the main factor of upper mantle anisotropy in the western region of the Chinese mainland,while the upper mantle anisotropy in the eastern region is related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.     

东南亚下方核幔边界D″层地震各向异性

本文利用中国国家数字地震台网(CDSN)和国际数字地震台网(FDSN)的宽频带远震资料,采用S和ScS震相剪切波差异分裂方法对东南亚下方核幔边界D″层地震各向异性进行研究.共获得了来自7个深震(400km)的24对高质量的S和ScS剪切波分裂参数,其中S震相的分裂参数与前人上地幔各向异性研究结果十分吻合,表明S震相观测结果反映了观测台站下方的上地幔各向异性.通过对上地幔各向异性校正后的波形数据进行进一步的分裂参数分析,最后得到了24个可靠的ScS剩余各向异性分裂参数.结果显示,在经度107°~112°范围内分裂参数均为空值(Null);而在该经度范围东西两侧区域,主要表现为明显分裂特征.这种分裂参数的分布指示了核幔边界D″层的各向异性特征的区域变化,我们推测这种变化可能与停滞在核幔边界的古特提斯和/或古太平洋俯冲板块相关.     

Azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves beneath the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas

The crustal and upper mantle azimuthal anisotropy of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas was studied by Rayleigh wave tomography. We collected sufficient broadband digital seismograms trav-ersing the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas from available stations, including especially some data from the temporary stations newly deployed in Yunnan, eastern Tibet, and western Sichuan. They made an adequate path coverage in most regions to achieve a reasonable resolution for the inversion. The model resolution tests show that the anisotropic features of scope greater than 400 km and strength greater than 2% are reliable. The azimuthal anisotropy pattern inside the Tibetan Plateau was similar to the characteristic of tectonic partition. The crustal anisotropy strength is greater than 2% in most re-gions of East Tibet, and the anisotropy shows clockwise rotation surrounding the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Vertically, the anisotropy direction indicates a coherent pattern within the upper crust, lower crust, and lithosphere mantle of the Tibetan Plateau, which also is consistent with GPS velocity field and SKS fast polarization directions. The result supports that the crust-mantle deformation beneath the Tibetan Plateau is vertically coherent. The anisotropy strength of crust and lithospheric upper mantle in Yunnan outside the Tibetan Plateau is lower than 2%, so SKS splitting from core-mantle boundary to station should largely be attributed to the anisotropy of asthenosphere.     

西北太平洋俯冲带大地幔楔及地幔过渡带各向异性证据和特征

地震层析成像研究清晰给出了地球深部俯冲板片的大尺度形态,但与俯冲过程相关的地幔流动特征仍不明确.在俯冲地幔楔系统中,前人观测到了与海沟平行和垂直的快波偏振方向.本文研究了西北太平洋俯冲板片在地幔过渡带中停滞形成的"大地幔楔"中的各向异性特征.对具有长期稳定观测数据的MDJ台站SKS震相和区域深源地震的直达S波震相进行了...     

青藏高原东北缘SKS波分裂研究

利用青藏高原东北缘区域数字地震台网43个台站的远震SKS波形资料,采用最小能量法和旋转相关法得到台站下方上地幔介质各向异性的分裂参数:快波偏振方向(φ)和快慢波时间延迟(δt)。研究结果表明:在塔里木盆地东南缘区域,各向异性快波方向与该区域的断裂走向存在明显的夹角,该盆地向柴达木盆地的俯冲方向一致,各向异性归因为古构造运动遗留下的"化石各向异性",且由于壳幔物质的拆沉作用,推测该区域壳幔之间存在解耦作用;在祁连—河西走廊区,SKS快波偏振方向呈NW-SE,与主要断裂带的走向一致;在西秦岭北缘断裂带附近,观测到快慢波时间延迟有着较大的变化,可能是岩石圈变形和软流圈物质流动共同导致;在鄂尔多斯板块内,快波方向呈NW-SE方向,可能暗示青藏高原深部物质分叉绕流运动。青藏高原东北缘不同区域台站下方的各向异性均具有差异性,进一步证实了青藏高原东北缘地区构造变形的复杂性。     

湖北地区上地幔各向异性及其动力学意义

SKS波分裂测量是研究大陆地幔的形变特征、探索大陆动力学和演化过程的重要工具.本文选用湖北数字地震台网(HB台网)和中国数字化宽频带地震台网(CB台网)提供的三分量宽频带数字化地震资料,使用旋转相关法和切向能量最小法,计算得到了湖北地区20个地震台站下方上地幔各向异性参数.结果表明,快波偏振方向较为复杂:大别造山带内,...