新疆小河墓地附近全新世环境演变及其对人类活动的影响（英文）

The Xiaohe Cemetery archaeological site(Cal.4–3.5 ka BP)is one of the most important Bronze Age sites in Xinjiang,China.Although the surrounding environment is an extremely arid desert now,abundant archaeological remains indicate that human occupation was common during certain periods in the Holocene.Field investigations and laboratory analyses of a sediment profile near the Xiaohe Cemetery indicate that while the regional environment was arid desert throughout the Holocene there were three episodes of lake formation near the site in the periods 4.8–3.5 ka BP,2.6–2.1 ka BP and 1.2–0.9 ka BP.Geomorphic and hydrological investigations reveal that a lake or lakes formed in a low-lying area when water was derived initially from the Kongque River and then shunted into the Xiaohe River basin.Low amounts of active chemical elements in lacustrine sediment between 4.8–3.5 ka BP indicate abundant and continuous water volume in the lake;the content of active chemical elements increased between 2.6–2.1 ka BP but was still at a relatively low level,suggesting a declining amount of water and diminished inflow.Between 1.2–0.9 ka BP there was a very high content of active elements,suggesting decreased water volume and indicating that the lake was stagnate.In contrast,the general climate condition shows that there had a warm-humid stage at 8–6 ka BP,a cool-humid stage at 6–2.9 ka BP and a warm-dry stage at2.9–0.9 ka BP in this region.The hydrological evolutions around Xiaohe Cemetery did not have one-to-one correspondence with climate changes.Regional comparison indicates that broad-scale climatic conditions played an important role through its influences on the water volume of the Tarim River and Kongque River.But,the formation of the lakes and their level were controlled by geomorphic conditions that influenced how much water volume could be shunted to Xiaohe River from Kongque River.Human occupation of the Xiaohe Cemetery and nearby regions during the Bronze Age and Han-Jin period(202 BC–420 AD)corresponded to the two earlier lake periods,while no human activities existed in the third lake period because of the decreased water volume.     

Settlement distribution and its relationship with environmental changes from the Neolithic to Shang-Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong, China

In this paper, the spatial and temporal distribution of the settlement sites of six periods from the Neolithic Age to the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong was investigated using the ArcGIS program, and the relationship between settlement distribution and environmental changes was discussed, based on the proxy records of climatic and environmental change contained in the sediments from three sections at the Shuangwangcheng site and the previous work. The results show that the climate was warm and humid and the sea level was relatively high during the period of 8000-5000 a BP in the study area, and the ancient people lived in the relatively flat （slope of 〈2°） areas at high elevation （20-300 m above sea level）, such as diluvial tableland and alluvial plain. On the other hand, few archaeological sites in the low-lying plain in the west of the study area indicate that few people lived there during that period. This might be attributed to frequent flooding in the area. After 5000 years ago, the scope of human activity extended to the area close to the sea because the relatively colder and drier climate results in sea-level fall, meanwhile the low-lying plain in the west was occupied by the ancient people. The study area of this period was characterized by the rapid development of prehistoric culture, the intensified social stratification and the emergence of early city-states. However, around 4000 a BP, the abrupt change in climate and the increase in frequency and intensity of floods severely disrupted human activities, and eventually led to the decline of the Yueshi culture. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the climatic conditions gradually stabilized in a mild-dry state, which promoted the redevelopment and flourish of the Bronze Culture. The previous situation, which was characteristic of sparse human settlements due to freshwater shortage and unfitted conditions for sedentary agriculture, changed during the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern coastal wetlands.Local residents effectively adapted themselves to the tough environmental conditions by producing sea-salt, which led to the rapid growth of human activities.     

A study of the construction times of the ancient cities in Ganjia Basin,Gansu Province,China

The Ganjia Basin in Xiahe County,Gansu Province,China,is located on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.The area lies in the transitional zone between the Plateau ethnic groups dominated by ancestral Tibetans,and the Central Plains dynasties dominated by ancestral Han in history.The Ganjia Basin is therefore well suited to studying the history of the intermixing of the Han and Tibetan peoples.In this study,we collected samples of organic materials from two ancient cities,Bajiaocheng(BJC) and Sirougucheng(SRGC),in the Ganjia Basin,which were used for radiocarbon dating.Our aims were to determine the construction times and function of the cities,based on the radiocarbon ages,Bayesian age modeling,and the analysis of relevant historical records.The results are used to discuss the role of the Ganjia Basin in the conflicts between and the integration of the two ethnic groups during the historical period.We conclude that BJC was established during 663–732 CE(Common Era);its early occupation history can be divided into an initial establishment phase(670–780 CE) and a phase of regeneration(880–1030 CE).SRGC was probably built at the time of the transition between the Song and Yuan dynasties(～1271 CE).Combining the dating results with an analysis of the architectural styles and historical records,we conclude that BJC was originally built by the Tubo Kingdom as a military stronghold,and its major functions were military,economic and religious,and to support the major eastward expansion of the Tubo.SRGC was most likely a temple-focused city intended to promote Tibetan Buddhism which was a major political and religious leadership for the Tibetans at that time,reflecting changes in the status of different religions in the Ganjia Basin.In addition,the intermixing and blending of the Han and Tibetan groups,reflected by the human activities in the Ganjia Basin,was an important demographic and cultural foundation for the formation of the culturally-diverse but spiritually-united modern Chinese people.     

Characteristics of mineral element content of alpine vegetation in permafrost region on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The content characteristics of 16 elements (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, and Zn) in 23 plant species collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region were investigated using ICP-OES. Results show that the average contents of Ca, K, Mg, Fe and P were higher than 1,000 mg/kg, those of Al, Na, Zn and Cr ranged between 10–1,000 mg/kg and those of Cu, Li, Pb and Mo were less than 10 mg/kg. The levels of Al, Ca, K, Mg and Na were within the scope of the reported terrestrial plant element content, those of Sr, Fe and Cr were higher than the average of the terrestrial plants and the maximum content of Mn was higher than the upper limit of the reported Mn content. The main character of the element content was of the Ca>K type, however, in terms of Cyperaceae species the element content character was K>Ca type. The contents of Ca, Li, Mg and Sr in Gramineae and Cyperaceae species were higher than those in other species and the contents of Ca, K, Mg, Fe, P, Al and Na in all collected plants were higher than those of other elements. Zn had weak variability with the lowest coefficient (i.e., 7.81%), while other elements had strong variability. The ratio of maximum content to minimum content indicated Ca and K had less change than other elements in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region. Element content of alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region mainly shows a positive correlation, among which the correlation coefficient between Al and Pb, Al and Fe, Mo and Cr, Pb and Fe, Sr and Li were higher than 0.9, and negative correlation had no statistical significance. The correlation between Al and Fe, Mg, Mn in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region were consistent with that reported in Kunlun Mountains.     

Holocene environmental change according to lake core in Fildes Peninsula of King George Island,Antarctica

Lake core sampled from Xihu in Fildes Peninsula of King Gorge Island, Antarctica could reveal the environmental change of the district. The lake core( GA7) , 9.28 meters long , was sectioned at an interval of 2 cm. Through measuring the organic carbon, magnetic susceptibility, granularity and organic carbon isotope of GA7, by use of 14C age it was estimated that there were four periods of high temperature in Fildes Peninsula; 4800-4400 aB. P. , 3600-3350 aB. P. ,2100 - 1800 aB. P. and 900 aB. P. - present. Meanwhile, results showed that there was a strikingly positive correlation between the content of organic carbon and that of organic carbon isotope (δC01213 ) which could be the substitute indicators of environmental temperature.     

中国古尔班通古特沙漠东部中心地区植物分布与植物—土壤关系(英文)

The distribution of plant species and relationships between species and soil factors in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert was studied to provide more insight into the flora and determine differences in vegetation across various parts of the desert. Two-way Cluster Analysis showed that the vegetation in the area could be divided into three groups, the first group was dominated by the shrub species, Ephedra przewalskii and the grass species, Carex physodes mainly in areas of flat grounds and gentle slopes; the second group was dominated by C. physodes, Artemisia songorica and A. xerophytica mainly on the slope of sand dunes and the third group was dominated by the shrub species, Haloxylon persicum mainly on the top of sand dunes. There was no difference in plant density between Groups 1 and 2 but there was a significant decrease in Group 3. Soil water under vegetation Group 3 was much lower than that in the other two groups at all soil depths. The EC, organic matter, total P and soluble Na, Ca and Mg varied very similarly with soil water. Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) satisfactorily assessed the species-soil relations in the area. The distribution of plant species was strongly correlated with the soil factors of water content, organic matter, EC and nutrients. The variations in species occurrence explained by the three CCA axes were about 70%, indicating that some explanatory site variables may exist outside our studied parameters. Soil texture is suggested to be included in future studies to improve the explanation of CCA.     

Relationship between Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Environmental Factors in Lakeshore Wetlands,Taihu Lake,China

In order to analyze the spatial pattern of soil seed bank and its relation to environmental factors in lakeshore wetlands in Taihu Lake region,4 different sites in the lakeshore wetlands(A site at fleabane zone;B site at bush and grass zone;C site at crop zone;D site at natural reed zone) were established.Seed germination experiment was carried out and ordination technique(canonical correspondence analysis) was used in the study area.The results showed that totally 21 species(7 families) germinated from the seed banks.The seed bank density of 4 sites(A,B,C,and D sites)was(3 120 ± 1 581) ind./m2,(14 800 ± 5 049) ind./m2,(4 080 ± 1 760) ind./m2and(3 600 ± 2 882) ind./m2,respectively.With the deepening of the soil,the soil seed bank density of the vertical distribution showed a downward trend.Soil p H,soil moisture content,electric conductance,vegetation cover and soil bulk density all influenced the distribution of soil seed banks.Overall,soil moisture content had the greatest impact on the soil seed bank in lakeshore wetlands in Taihu Lake region.     

Rise and decline of ancient salt industry revealed by Na and Ca concentrations in sediments at Zhongba site, Chongqing

Based on dynastic period division and AMS14C dating performed on the sedimen-tary layers at Zhongba and Yuxi sites, and also the analysis of Na, Ca and Mg of 201 sedi-mentary samples from Zhongba site and that of Ca and Na in 47 sedimentary samples from Yuxi by using an inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP), we found that there were 35 time periods when the contents of Ca and Na were reversely correlated, i.e. when-ever the content of Ca was the highest, the content of Na was the lowest, and vice versa. Among them, there were 21 time periods when the content of Ca was the highest, and Na was the lowest, indicating that there were about 21 prosperous periods of ancient salt pro-duction at Zhongba site since 3000BC. Other 14 time periods with the peak values of Na while the low values of Ca indicate 14 declined periods of salt production at Zhongba site since 3000BC. The conclusion obtained from the reverse relationship between Ca and Na contents in this paper is consistent with that “the salt production at Zhongba site started in the new stone age, developed in the Xia and Shang dynasties, reached at the heyday in periods from the Western Zhou to the Han Dynasties, maintained stable to develop in the Tang and the Song dynasties, and gradually declined after the Song Dynasty because the sea salt were conveyed into Sichuan region, however, still had production in the 1970s–1980s”, educed from archeological exploration. All the above mentioned results indicate that there is a re-verse relationship obviously between the contents of Na and Ca in sediments at Zhongba site for ancient salt production, which can     

重庆中坝遗址地层Na- Ca 元素含量 揭示的制盐业兴衰史

在对中坝和玉溪遗址考古断代和AMS14C 测年基础上, 根据对中坝遗址201 个地层样品ICP 等离子发射光谱的Na、Ca、Mg 元素测定及玉溪遗址47 个地层样品的Na、Ca 元素测 定, 发现中坝制盐遗址地层中存在明显的Na、Ca 元素含量反向相关期有35 处之多, 即: 当Ca 元素为峰值时, Na 元素为谷值, 反之亦然。其中, Ca 元素为峰值、Na 元素为谷值的反向相关期有21 次, 揭示出中坝遗址近5 ka 来制盐业有过近21 个兴盛期。另有14 个Na 元素为 峰值、Ca 元素为谷值的反向相关期, 揭示中坝遗址近5 ka 来制盐业也有过近14 个衰落期。考古发掘得出的“中坝制盐业萌发于新石器时代、夏商发展、西周至汉代为鼎盛期、唐宋时代维持稳定发展、宋以后由于海盐进入川江地区导致中坝制盐业逐渐衰落、但20 世纪70-80 年代仍有生产”的结论证明本文Na、Ca 元素含量反向相关性得出的研究结果是正确的。以上研究结果表明, 中坝制盐遗址中Na、Ca 元素含量有明显的反向相关规律, 这一规律可以用于揭示盐业遗址的制盐业兴衰过程历史。     

重庆中坝遗址剖面磁化率异常 与人类活动的关系

结合古器物推定及¹⁴C 测定年代、人类遗存遗迹和堆积物自然属性特征, 重庆中坝考 古遗址多剖面地层高分辨率采样的质量磁化率(SI) 综合对比研究表明: 磁化率分布表现异常, 在很大程度上已掩盖了气候变化、成土作用等因素对地层磁化率分布的贡献, 反映遗址堆积物曾受到人类长期异常强烈的改造。堆积物来源主要以文化器物碎片、人为带入的自然碎屑物和频繁的洪水沉积物为主。碎陶片集中(尤其红陶) 的文化层表现为高磁化率值, 其中多次异常高值的出现可能与此时高强度用火、大规模燃烧等事件致使土层磁性矿物增加有关; 而" 洪水扰动层" 则表现为低磁化率值。进一步分析曲线还可发现, 中坝地区新石器末至唐代是人类活动的活跃期, 宋以后人类活动有逐渐减弱的趋势, 其中新石器时代末、夏商中期、西周早中期、春秋时期、战国中晚期、六朝时期及唐代为活跃期中的旺盛阶段。新石器晚期、夏商早期、西周早期、春秋晚期、战国早期、宋代、明清和现代地层中洪水扰动明显, 推断 为洪水频发时代或此间曾出现过特大洪水。     

中坝遗址约4250aB.P.以来古气候和人类活动记录

重庆中坝遗址地层Rb、Sr、Hg及TOC研究表明:Rb、Sr和Rb/Sr值较好地反映了约4250a B.P.以来气候变化过程,主要干冷期可与敦德冰川δ¹⁸O曲线谷值、湖光岩沉积物磁化率和Ti曲线峰值、以及大气¹⁴C浓度峰值和太阳活动水平较长期变化的低谷对比,反映出地层中Rb、Sr不易受人类活动干扰的特性。结合考古遗存对比还发现,Hg、P、Ca、Mg和TOC记录了该遗址约4250a B.P.以来人类活动的三个不同演变阶段。进一步研究认为,盐业遗址的衰落可能与洪水事件、盐泉资源的过度消耗以及由此造成的利用难度加大有关     

长江三峡考古遗址文化断层研究

长江三峡考古遗址的地理位置、14C 测年数据及考古学文化年代、地面高程、文化层的连续性、文化层的埋深和厚度、文化断层的埋深和厚度等统计数据综合分析的结果表明长江三峡地区新石器时代到历史时期考古遗址沉积地层中有5 期文化断层: (1) 城背溪文化末期到大溪文化初期(7200~6000a BP); (2) 大溪文化关庙山类型三期(5800~5500a BP); (3) 夏代 (4000~3500a BP); (4) 春秋晚期至战国时期(2500~2200a BP); (5) 宋代以来(960A.D.以来)。探讨文化断层与灾变事件发生之间的关系, 从而揭示三峡地区史前和历史时期环境演变过程及其与人类活动的影响。     

NaCl胁迫下红砂愈伤组织中主要离子累积特征的研究

盐胁迫下植物对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-的选择性吸收代表了植物对盐胁迫的适应性。以荒漠植物红砂为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对红砂愈伤组织Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下红砂组织相对生长率随着盐浓度的增加先增加后下降, 100 mM处理时达到最大;K+、Ca2+含量下降,Na+和Cl-含量升高,变化幅度随NaCl浓度的增加而增大。红砂愈伤组织具有很强的耐盐能力,低浓度NaCl处理可促进愈伤组织的生长,对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-的吸收选择性提高,有利于避免离子代谢紊乱,减轻NaCl胁迫的伤害;在较高浓度下盐胁迫会对植物的生长造成一定的抑制。可见,离子平衡是红砂组织耐盐性的重要机理之一。     

钠盐对冬小麦抗旱性增效作用调控机理的生理生态学分析

以冬小麦（烟台-2070）为实验材料,苗期对冬小麦进行不同浓度钠盐(NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4)处理,在随后进行的干旱胁迫和复水过程中进行叶片抗逆生理指标变化对比分析,以期探究盐处理在提高小麦抗旱性中的作用和生理调节机理,为未来干旱区农业实施盐水灌溉提供理论依据。实验采用盆栽法,将冬小麦种子盆栽,待长到第7天进行不同浓度钠盐(70 mM, 135 mM, 200 mM, 270 mM)预处理8 d, 然后进行干旱胁迫12 d和复水5 d。分别在盐处理的第4天,第8天,干旱胁迫的第4天,第8天,第12天,以及复水第5天,从不同盐处理中采集冬小麦叶片,分析叶片相对含水量、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活力[超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢（CAT）、过氧化物酶(POD)]的动态变化,同时测定土壤含水量。结果表明,在干旱胁迫过程中,未经盐处理的对照组和低浓度(70 mM)NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4溶液处理的土壤,土壤含水量急剧下降,同时冬小麦叶片相对含水量也相应的急剧下降;而用较高盐浓度处理的土壤和冬小麦叶片含水量降低较慢。在干旱胁迫过程中,对照组冬小麦在短时间（6 d）内干旱叶片便出现萎蔫,并伴随着丙二醛、脯氨酸含量、SOD等抗氧化酶活力急剧增加并一直高于盐处理的冬小麦。相反高浓度盐处理的冬小麦在干旱处理12 d时叶片直立生长良好,叶片MDA、抗氧化酶活力均增加,但增加幅度均低于对照。脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫增加,但随盐处理浓度增加而上升幅度减小。在复水处理5 d后,叶片含水量均增加,MDA和脯氨酸含量下降,但抗氧化酶活力仍增高。荒漠环境土壤中盐离子一方面可提高土壤和植物的保水率,提高水分利用率,另一方面激活体内的抗氧化酶系统使植物较早获得抗逆能力,这可能是荒漠植物多抗逆性形成的部分生理生化原因。     

中国古代世界地图主要成就与特色初探

世界地图的编辑出版一直被认为是文明国家的标志之一。在《中国近代地图志》世界地图篇的编写基础上,首先系统地梳理了明清两代近600年间（公元1368-1911年）的25余种代表性世界地图,着重地分析了这些世界地图的历史背景,探讨了明清世界地图特色、贡献和作用。主要结论为：① 中国古代文明与经济水平长期领先于世界,自然成就了先于西方完成世界地图之创举;② 受制于多个皇权实施“闭关锁国”保守政策,中国古代世界地图呈现出集中于5个相对开放繁荣时段轨迹,即“自主传统、中西融合、康乾盛世、自主创新和近代化发展”时段;③ 中国古代世界地图具有5个鲜明的成就与特色,即“先于西方成图、资料积累丰富、传统制图优势、图文并茂模式、中西融合先河”;④ 诠释了中国古代世界地图在传播世界地理知识与推动社会进步中的重要作用。总之,中国古代世界地图具有重要的史料价值和现实意义。     

柴达木盆地中部高Mg/Li盐湖卤水富镁物源探讨

为了查清那棱格勒河尾闾盐湖—一里坪、西台、东台和察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段高Mg/Li卤水富镁的主控因素及成因,系统采集了柴达木盆地那棱格勒河水、流域围岩和尾闾盐湖卤水样品,进行水样、岩样元素含量及矿物组合分析。结果表明,河水阴阳离子含量特征为Na~+>Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)和Cl~->HCO~-_3>SO■;与河水相比,卤水Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3含量降低,Na~+、K~+、Cl~-和SO■明显富集,二者具有相似的Mg~(2+)离子含量所占阳离子总量的百分比(～25%);与南海海水和青海湖湖水蒸发曲线对比,卤水的镁含量落在曲线上,说明卤水富镁是由河水输入、蒸发浓缩控制的,而非盆地古湖自西向东浓缩迁移的结果;通过那陵格勒河流域围岩矿物和镁含量分析,发现河水流经的围岩中沉积有含镁矿物(白云石、含镁方解石和阳起石),且镁含量高达0.6%～11.5%,说明高镁的岩石风化溶滤是引起尾闾盐湖卤水富镁的主因。     

罗布泊红柳沙包落叶阳离子含量及环境指示意义

 红柳沙包沉积纹层是恢复古环境序列的一种新方法。通过对罗布泊地区红柳沙包沉积纹层中红柳落叶阳离子含量以及与环境变化关系研究表明：K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+等4种阳离子平均含量分别为3.70 mg/g、40.33 mg/g、13.67 mg/g和8.08 mg/g,变化幅度排序为Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Na+。4种阳离子含量年际变化都较为明显,且变化规律较为一致,4种阳离子含量变化间的相关系数为0.653 0 ~ 0.813 8,表现为良好的正相关关系;各种阳离子与4种阳离子总量变化的相关系数为0.814 4 ~ 0.959 9,其中Na+含量与4种阳离子总量变化的相关系数最高,表明可以用Na+含量的变化或阳离子总量的变化分析变化趋势。阳离子含量与气温变化呈良好的正相关、与年降水量和湖水面积变化呈负相关;地下水水位降低、水质变差时,土壤水质也变差,阳离子含量增加;反之,地下水水位升高、水质变好时,土壤水质变好,阳离子含量降低。红柳落叶有机质阳离子含量的变化进一步验证了利用红柳沙包沉积纹层计年的可靠性和对罗布泊环境变化的可行性。