电视天气预报节目制作技术的发展

１我国电视天气预报节目制作技术发展概况我国的电视天气预报业务是在改革开放和现代化建设进程中迅速发展起来的。电视天气预报是集气象、电视工程、计算机图形图象、数据通信以及传播艺术等学科为一体的综合性系统工程 ,是随着计算机技术和电视技术的变革而不断更新进步的。最初 ,自行研制开发的视频编码器 ,实现了计算机数字信号转化为电视模拟信号编码技术的突破 ;计算机图形动画的研制开发成功 ,使电视天气预报节目制作技术广泛应用于电视气象服务领域。以国家气象中心为代表 ,纵观技术发展过程 ,我国电视天气预报节目制作大体经历了业…     

中国农业气象业务系统(CAgMSS)设计与实现

中国农业气象业务系统(CAgMSS)是基于C/S架构,研发的面向国家级和省级农业气象服务的业务工作平台,主要包括农业气象监测评价、作物产量预报、灾害监测评估、农用天气预报等子系统,是农业气象业务的基础性软件。系统融合现代信息技术和农业气象业务技术,实现了全部子系统数据管理、模型运算、产品制作等业务流程的一体化。系统采用大型关系型数据库规范了农业气象各类业务数据,基于插件技术集成各项业务功能,实现多元数据、多指标、多模型在农业气象监测、评价、预报等领域的综合应用,提高了农业气象产品的定量化、精细化、客观化水平。系统于2012年投入业务应用,基于该系统制作的农业气象情报、作物产量气象预报、农业气象灾害影响评估、关键农时农事气象保障等服务产品,在指导全国农业生产和防灾减灾中发挥了重要作用,明显提高了农业气象业务能力和业务工作效率。     

农业气象影视节目如何更好地为农服务

2006年6月26日中国气象局华风集团《农业气象》节目在央视七套正式开播。浙江省气象局气象服务中心从2005年开始至今在浙江七套公共新农村频道制作播出了《农情气象站》节目。农业气象影视节目成为了农民朋友获得天气信息的主要途径之一,在农民防灾减灾、提高产量等方面起着重大作用。在全国气象影视服务业务竞赛中,农业气象节目是比赛的重要组成部分。在第9届全国气象影视服务业务竞赛中,浙江省的《农情气象站》节目赢得了专家的广泛好评,获得全国第8名。针对农业气象节目存在的不足和发展前景,从加强各部门合作,提高农业气象节目整体制作水平等方面入手,结合业务竞赛中的优秀案例,探讨如何挖掘农业气象节目的潜力更好地为农服务。     

陕西苹果农用天气预报探索与实践

利用陕西29个苹果基地县40年气象资料和7个代表站10年苹果物候观测资料,结合苹果生长发育适宜气象条件与气象灾害指标,选取天气状况、气温、空气相对湿度、风速等主要气象因子,运用农业气象基本原理和农业气象统计方法,综合评估农业气象资源匹配和灾害影响,研究开发了苹果生育期主要气象灾害、主要农事活动和生长气象条件适宜性等一系列农用天气预报产品,在果业生产管理和防灾减灾中发挥了积极作用。并结合业务服务提出了深化农用天气预报服务的建议和设想。     

对青海省气象影视节目的几点思考

电视气象节目是防灾减灾,宣传气象的重要窗口。特别在灾害天气出现前后,如何有效地利用电视媒体传播预测预警信息,在防灾减灾工作中具有重要意义。同样是防灾应变措施的重要组成部分。气象信息不能等同于气象服务信息,电视气象节目制作就是要针对气象信息转换为电视气象服务信息。本文针对近年来青海省天气预报节目发展的现状、节目改进的过程中所遇到的问题进行分析、思考并提出若干建议。     

突发气象灾害科普视频制作的创新模式——以科普视频《揭秘广西桂林临桂区“3·21”17级大风》为例

采用“故事化叙事”手法,以制作科普视频《揭秘广西桂林临桂区“3·21”17级大风》为例探讨了突发气象灾害科普视频的制作思路和创新要点。通过运用图形和动画对分钟级的精细化实况数据、雷达回波图进行可视化展现,可使气象科普视频通俗易懂,可看性和趣味性增强。     

浅谈湖北经济电视台《气象服务》节目的包装技巧

目前 ,湖北气象影视中心每天制作 8套天气预报节目 ,分别在湖北电视台、武汉电视台、湖北有线电视台播出 ,促使天气预报节目在有限的时间内更有效地为观众服务 ,在内容上更贴近观众需求是电视天气预报节目制作人员一直在追求的目标。湖北经济电视台《气象服务》节目是一套面向武汉市及其周边地区 ,以城市观众为主要服务对象的天气预报节目。自其 1 996年开播以来 ,未曾对其作专业化包装 ,其内容和形式与湖北卫视台天气预报节目基本相同。考虑到两台具有完全不同的服务范围与服务对象以及为适应武汉经济发展趋势和居民衣食住行的时尚变化 ,1 …     

电视天气预报制作系统

电视气象服务是气象服务的重要窗口之一。电视天气预报制作系统将计算机技术，电视技术和气象预报产品有机地结合起来融为一体，该文介绍了国家气象中心电视天气预报制作系统的系统设计思想，系统结构、系统分析，计算机动画技术和音／视频技术，节目内容及取得的效益，同时提出了我国气象部门国家，省，地三级电视气象服务系统的发展方向。     

青海省气象学会2006年大事记

3·23世界气象日,学会秘书处和《中国气象报》青海记者站积极投稿,通过《青海日报》、《中国气象报》、《青海气象工作》等报刊开展了宣传报道工作;省气象台、省局办公室利用天气预报影视节目和青海气象网站,围绕世界气象日的宣传主题“预防和减轻自然灾害”,制作专题节目(栏目     

青海省行业气象服务效益评估的初步分析

通过对青海省农(林、牧、渔)业、采矿业、制造业等17个高气象敏感行业的专家进行调查,统计了其对气象服务产品的敏感度、需求度、满意度调查结果,并计算了气象服务效益,得出以下结论:青海省17个高气象敏感行业中,大部分行业对气象灾害预警、3d以内的天气预报服务、重大专项服务最敏感,其次是气象实况和资料、雷电防护服务、人工影响天气服务、温(光、水、风)等气候资源利用服务,第三是生态与农业气象服务、4~7d的天气预报服务;大部分行业对气象灾害预警、3d以内的天气预报服务的需求度最高,其次是4~7d的天气预报服务、人工影响天气服务;大部分行业对多数气象服务类别(项目)较满意,表示满意的前几个气象服务类别排序为4~7d的天气预报服务、3d以内的天气预报服务、气象灾害预警、综合服务评估、人工影响天气服务。气象服务效益分析结果为气象服务效益随行业不同差别较大,但均随青海省年国内生产总值的递增而增加,2001~2005年的5a中共增加34.74亿元,平均每年增加6.95亿元,表明青海省行业气象服务效益较显著。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on