中国主要河流干旱特性的统计分析

在大量实测年径流量资料的基础上，分析了作为水文干旱定量指标负轮长的统计变化特性，并以哈尔滨和陕县为例，以随模拟途径探讨了严重干旱出现可能性的定量估计方法。结论是：－Ⅲ型分布可用来表示负轮长的统计特征；严重干旱出现可能性的定量估计，随机模途径最适当。     

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961–2005

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×10⁸, 0.28×10⁸, 1.10×10⁸ and 0.79×10⁸ m³ respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.     

Study on the relationship between the diameter of the compound eye and the growth of the Antarctickrill

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荆江南岸主要河流入湖水沙及其对洞庭湖的影响

本文依据１９５１￣１９９１年实测的水文资料，全面估算了长江中游荆江南岸主要河流入湖径流量、输沙量；从多方面分析了径流泥沙的变化规律及其对当今洞庭湖所产生的一系列重大影响。     

Trend and Characteristics of Variation on the Runoff of the …

根据唐乃亥等有关台站的水文气象观测资料,对黄河上 唐乃亥以上流域的径注琢演变规律进行了分析探讨,并在此基础上用灰色拓扑、混合门限自回归及周期外延－逐步回归等数学模型对其未来的变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明,黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域径流目前正处于一个枯水段的底部,并且从现在超的今后若干年里将呈现一个波动状上升的变化趋势。     

1766年以来黄河上中游汛期径流量变化的同步性

依据清代陕县万锦滩志桩水位记录和阿尼玛卿山祁连圆柏树轮,分别重建器测资料之前的三门峡和唐乃亥黄河汛期径流量,得到1766~2000年河源与中游年际分辨率的汛期径流量序列。中游与河源段流量都存在着具有明显阶段性的4~6 a周期和50 a周期,前一周期在1820年代前后与1960年代前后一致,而后一周期则基本贯穿两流量序列的置信区间之内。交叉小波分析显示,两者在年代际尺度上相关性最好,而在年际尺度上,则有非常明显的中游变化滞后于河源3~5 a的现象。年代际规模上黄河上中游的枯流首先是自然变化的结果。     

气候变化对河北省海河流域径流量的影响

利用河北省境内海河流域51个气象站、68个水文站1956~2000年近50年的气象、径流量数据,分析了气象要素和径流量的变化规律。河北省境内海河流域多年平均地表径流量为67.0×10⁸m³,从20世纪 50 年代至 90 年代地表径流量呈逐渐减小的趋势,50年代为105.3×10⁸m³,90年代为54.7×10⁸m³。地表径流量随降水量的减少而减小,随气温的升高而下降,用回归方法建立的径流量与气象要素之间的模型为对数模型。根据未来气候变化情景对河北省海河流域径流量的预测:2030年为70.0~76.8×10⁸m³,2050年为69.8~76.9×10⁸m³。     

Oil pollution of the anabranches of the Ob river on the territory of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra

An analysis is made of the oil pollution of the Ob river waters using a long-term (1993–2013) hydrochemical monitoring of oil fields in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Contents of oil hydrocarbons (OHC) were determined in 4277 samples from the main Ob channel, and in 7076 samples from its anabranches by using infrared spectrometry. An increase in MAC (0.05 mg/dm³) was observed in 28% of the samples from the main channel, and in 32% from the anabranches. The total percentage of samples with an extremely high (> 50 MAC) and high (30–50 MAC) pollution level made up 0.3% of the samples for the anabranches, and 0.1% for the main channel. Maximum pollution was revealed in the eastern part of Okrug, from its eastern boundary to the mouth of the Trom’egan river which is associated with a considerable number of accidents on the pipelines within the Nizhnevartovskii district. The upper and lower quantiles in the most polluted anabranches, Pasl and Bagras, are 0.03–01.7 and 0.032–0.16 mg/dm³, respectively, whereas in the main Ob channel they vary from 0.022 to 0.065 mg/dm³ (0.4–1.2 MAC). The methods of geoinformatics and mathematical statistics were used to assess a dependence of OHC on the number of pollution sources (well clusters, and the area of oil spills) in zones at different distances from the river channels. By calculating the Spearman correlation coefficients, it was shown that OHC contents are dependent mainly on the number of wells, and on the area of oil spills located at less than 2 km from the channels.     

黄河流域天然径流量突变性与周期性特征

突变性和周期性是水文时间序列的两个重要特征。黄河流域面积广阔，各区域水文水资源系统演变规律各不相同，它们的突变和周期变化及其形成的物理机制遍异，因此系统分析各区域水资源突变性和周期性特征及其影响机制具有重要意义。把黄河流域划分为15个区域，计算出各区域1951—1998年的年天然径流量系列。利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法检测黄河流域各区域年天然径流量的突变年份，结果表明各区域的突变年份不完全一致，主要在1953—1955年、1979—1983年、1991—1993年等发生了突变，这些突变与北半球气候突变具有一致性，且由于下垫面改变、人类活动等影响而复杂化。利用Morlet小波分析各区域年天然径流量的变化周期，发现主要存在3～4a、7～9a、11a的周期，形成这些周期的物理因子有太阳黑子、海—气相互作用和下垫面因素等。通过分析黄河流域主要产流区不同时段小波系数变化，发现20世纪80年代之后年径流量主要以短周期变化。     

天山头屯河水沙情势变化分析

近三十年水文、气象资料表明，头屯河水量的９０％由制材厂水文站以上流域汇入，河道泥沙主要来自水库实验以上中游河段，河道来水量与输沙量变化不完全一致，年径流量的多寡与年降水量密切相关，河流输沙量则与春、夏季节的暴雨或阵发性降水有关。头屯河最大月径流量出现在７月份，而最大月输沙量则出现在６月份，与最大降水月（６月）出现时间一致。汛期河道来水量占全年总数的６０－６５％，而来沙量占全年总数的８０－８５％，后     

甘肃省气温与降水变化趋势及其对主要流域径流量的影响

基于气温和降水格点资料及水文站年径流量数据,对甘肃省不同区域气候变化趋势及其与径流量的关系进行了分析。结果显示:1961-2011年,甘肃省大部地区气温呈显著升高趋势(p<0.05),而降水量则在乌鞘岭东西两侧地区存在明显的反向变化趋势。气温和降水的变化趋势对不同区域径流量起不同作用。过去51年来,在乌鞘岭以西地区,受河源区降水量增加的影响,黑河与疏勒河流域径流量有增加趋势;在乌鞘岭以东地区,由于降水量减少及气温升高,区域河流径流量以减少趋势为主。虽然气温和降水对径流量均有影响,但降水与径流量的关系更为密切。然而从长时间尺度来看,虽然甘肃省区域平均降水量无明显减少趋势,但径流量仍呈现减少趋势,可能与气温持续上升趋势带来的蒸发增强、水分损耗增加等因素有关。     

泥石流的径流量与流量分布特征

在泥石流危险度评价中，泥石流的规模和频率通常被视为最重要的两个特征因子，但在区域性的研究中，两者之间的关系并没有充分地表现出来。利用蒋家沟的大量观测数据，对流量、径流量这两个最能反映泥石流规模的参数，进行统计分析，分析流量与径流量的分布特征，从一个侧面反映泥石流规模和频率之间的关系。结果表明，尽管频率随流量和径流量规模的增大而减小，但在定量上，不同事件之间存在明显的差异，这是由泥石流的自身特征决定的，因而分布特征也反映了泥石流活动的本质。     

新疆河流径流量三十余年来的变化

本文利用新疆河流地表径流量统计资料，分析了全疆范围地表径流量３０多年来的年际变化，年内变化以及引起水量变化的原因。     

气候变暖对新疆降水和径流影响分析

全球气候变暖对新疆气候产生了较大的影响，在升温的背景下从20世纪80年代以来本区的降水量、冰川储量、地表径流、地下水资源发生了较大的变化：全区降水总量增加，冰川物质平衡以负平衡为主，局部地区地表径流量明显增加。对比分析不同地区降水量的变化情况，发现新疆不同地区的降水量变化情况存在明显差异，且尚难判断全区降水量是否有稳定增加的趋势。通过对已有资料的分析计算，对比冰川加速消融和降水量增加对本区地表径流增大的贡献，表明引起局部地区地表径流显著增加的主要原因是冰川加速消融。气候变暖打乱了本地的水平衡，使本地洪水和干旱灾害有加剧趋势。     

Soil-geographical characteristics of the western part of the democratic People’s Republic of Korea

The specific character of soil cover in the territory of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) is revealed, and the soil interpretation schemes in the key areas are compiled. It is established that the main soil resource for agriculture within the region’s low and middle mountains is provided by areas of weakly developed brown forest soils in the lower parts of slopes as well as by alluvial soils along the valleys of large and medium-sized rivers. Specifically, brown forest soils of slopes are used largely in dry farming and forestry, while soils along river valleys are utilized in rice cultivation. Soils of terraced slopes and rice fields have been transformed anthropogenically to the greatest extent.     

开都河天山出山径流量年际变化特征与洪水频率分析

随着塔里木河流域近期综合治理的深入进行,其源流之一开都河径流的变化与其趋势已逐渐成为国内外科学家关注的热点问题。当前塔里木河干流下游的生态恢复在较大程度上依赖开都河,利用开都河丰水期向塔河下游进行应急输水的方式短期是可行的,长期实施则潜伏着危机。如果在开都河进入水文枯水期时进行输水,则不仅影响开都河流域的生态环境,还将影响塔河下游“绿色走廊”治理目标的实现。因此,根据开都河近50年水文资料,利用滑动平均、频率分析等方法,分析了开都河径流量、洪峰流量的年际变化特征和规律。结果表明:开都河丰枯水期变化较平稳,1987年后其出径流量呈增加的趋势。同时,还计算出了不同重现期的洪峰设计值。     

The heterogeneity of hydrometeorological changes during the period of 1961-2016 in the source region of the Yellow River,China

Runoff in the source region of a river makes up most of water resources in the whole basin in arid and semi-arid areas. It is very important for water resources management to timely master the latest dynamic changes of the runoff and quantitatively reveal its main driving factors. This paper aims to discover the variation heterogeneity of runoff and the impacts of climatic factors on this runoff in the source region of the Yellow River(SRYR) in China from 1961 to 2016. We divided SRYR into four sub-regions, and analyzed changes of their contributions to total runoff in SRYR. We also revealed the impacts of precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration on runoff in each sub-region by constructing the regression relationships between them at multiple temporal scales. The changes of runoff in the four sub-regions and their contributions to the total runoff were not exactly consistent. The climatic variables’ changes also have heterogeneity, and runoff was mainly affected by precipitation compared to influences of temperature or potential evapotranspiration. Their impacts on runoff have spatiotemporal heterogeneity and can be reflected by very significant-linear regression equations.It provided a simple method to predict headwater runoff for better water management in the whole basin.     

Evolutionary stages of the karst-anthropogenic system of the Yucatán Peninsula

An analysis is made of the karst geomorphosystems of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is found that the main factors influencing its formation were climate and ocean level oscillations, tectonic movements, and impact effects. It is established that as a result of an active influence of the Maya civilization on the karst landscape of the peninsula, the geomorphosystems was transformed to the karst-anthropogenic system. The karstic landforms, and also the underground caverns experienced the anthropogenic impact, and the subsurface waters were particularly heavily influenced, which, on the one hand, determined the places of concentration of settlements and were actively consumed by the population, and, on the other, their reserves were replenished at regular intervals as a result of the creation of artificial subsurface water storages. In a further transformation of the karst-anthropogenic system, two stages were additionally identified: dominated by natural karstic processes (after the decline of the Maya civilization), and with a renewed intensification of anthropogenic pressure (1980s–current period). The last transformation stage is distinguished by an extension of the impact to the surface karst as well as to the underground caverns: they are subjected to mechanical destruction with an enhancement in the chemical impact as a result of inputs of polluted runoffs to encompass ever deeper horizons of subsurface waters. It is established that the rates of transformation processes of anthropogenic objects created of limestone are, in general, comparable with the mean rates of natural karstic processes on the neighboring territories: the formation of karrens on Maya steles is generally proceeding at the rate of 0.04 mm/year, while the growth rates of flowstones within urban structures of limestone vary from 0.03 to 0.6 mm/year.     

The geographical aspects of the substantiation for the development of the “Greater Irkutsk” agglomeration

An analysis is made of the geographical circumstances and factors of formation of a large urban agglomeration to unite the cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk and Shelekhov in the south of the Irkutsk region. The principles of delineating the agglomeration are formulated, which are used to single out different variants of the urban “Greater Irkutsk” agglomeration. A comparison is made of the characteristics of the agglomeration obtained in the different variants.