粤北石漠化灌丛坡地模拟降雨地表径流水中钙离子含量变化

通过模拟降雨试验,研究粤北地区不同石漠化程度的灌丛坡地地表径流水中钙离子含量的变化。结果表明,在不同雨强下,不同石漠化灌丛坡地地表径流量、地表径流水钙离子浓度和地表径流水钙离子总量随石漠化程度的加重呈逐渐上升后又降低的倒“U”型趋势;在同一雨强下,潜在、轻度和极重度石漠化坡地径流水钙离子流失量远低于中度和重度石漠化坡地;地表水中的钙离子流失总量和地表径流量、土层厚度、岩石裸露率均有较高的相关性,其中与地表径流量达到显著性相关。     

呼和浩特地区近60年气候变化对地表径流量的影响

收集呼和浩特地区23个气象站、19处水文站1951～2009年近60年的气象水文数据,分析了气象要素与径流量的变化规律。用回归方法建立了径流量与气象要素之间的模型—对数型非线性模型。运用MATLAB软件对气象要素变化进行了灵敏度分析,得出降水量变化是导致径流量变化的主要原因之一。根据未来气候变化,预测2030年呼和浩特地区地表径流量为6.8～7.1×108m3。     

水塘系统的水源涵养贡献力评估——以风岭流域为例

应用InVEST模型和SCS模型并结合GIS技术,计算出仪征市风岭流域2015年的产水量、地表径流量以及水塘系统的水源涵养量分别为92.07×10~6 m~3、20.11×10~6 m~3和36.47×10~6 m~3,在子流域上其总体变化均呈现为由流域下游向上游减少的趋势。在此基础上,研究评估了区域水塘系统的水源涵养贡献力,总体而言,流域下游的贡献力均大于上游。在降水条件相同的情况下,建设用地分布较多的区域,产水量、地表径流量以及水塘系统的水源涵养贡献力均大于林地覆盖较多的区域;粘壤土分布区的地表径流量大于壤土分布区;水塘系统水源涵养量随地表径流量的增加而增加。     

气候变暖对新疆降水和径流影响分析

全球气候变暖对新疆气候产生了较大的影响，在升温的背景下从20世纪80年代以来本区的降水量、冰川储量、地表径流、地下水资源发生了较大的变化：全区降水总量增加，冰川物质平衡以负平衡为主，局部地区地表径流量明显增加。对比分析不同地区降水量的变化情况，发现新疆不同地区的降水量变化情况存在明显差异，且尚难判断全区降水量是否有稳定增加的趋势。通过对已有资料的分析计算，对比冰川加速消融和降水量增加对本区地表径流增大的贡献，表明引起局部地区地表径流显著增加的主要原因是冰川加速消融。气候变暖打乱了本地的水平衡，使本地洪水和干旱灾害有加剧趋势。     

不同雨强对杉木和米槠林地表径流和可溶性有机碳的影响

采用径流小区法,对中亚热带地区的杉木人工林和米槠次生林在不同雨强下径流量和可溶性有机碳（DOC）流失浓度进行比较研究。结果表明：在小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨4场降雨过程中,米槠次生林和杉木人工林的地表径流量和DOC流失浓度变化趋势一致,即降雨强度增加,地表径流量也随之增加。DOC浓度均呈现了随着雨强的增加而逐渐降低的趋势。说明降雨强度对径流量和DOC浓度均产生了较为明显的影响;米槠次生林和杉木人工林的地表径流量之间差异不显著,米槠次生林和杉木人工林的DOC流失浓度除大雨外均达到显著性水平差异（P〈0.05）,说明植被类型对地表径流量影响较小,对DOC浓度具有较明显的影响。     

塔里木河流域近50年来生态环境变化的驱动力分析

结合塔里木河流域近50年来水文、植被以及社会经济等方面的资料,采用趋势分析方法估算人为因素对流域地表径流的影响,通过相关和主成分分析等数学方法分析人类活动诸因子与流域地表径流和地下水质之间的关系。研究结果表明,塔里木河上游源流区的地表径流在过去的几十年里没有减少,且有一定程度的增加,塔里木河干流地表径流量减少是人类活动所致;人类活动在1970、1980和1990年代对流域上中游地表径流的影响量分别为41.59%、63.77%和75.15%;由人类活动所导致的地表径流量减少是影响河道水质发生变化的主导因子,而地下水位变化则影响灌区和非灌区地下水水质;塔里木河下游生态系统受损与人类活动直接相关。     

考虑土地利用/覆被变化的集总式流域水文模型及应用

为了定量评估土地利用／覆被变化的水文水资源效应，提出考虑土地利用／覆被变化的集总式流域水文模型。该模型基于中国科学院土地资源分类系统的一级类型，将流域划分为6种不同土地利用及覆被变化类型；在每一类土地利用及覆被变化面积上，分别考虑蒸发和下渗的差异，并利用蓄满一超渗耦合产流模型计算该面积上的地表径流量和地面以下径流量；利用地貌汇流模型和线性水库模型将每类面积上的地表径流量和地面以下径流量演算至流域出El断面，从而得到流域的水文过程。模型参数包括流域地貌特征参数、产流参数和汇流参数，前者可以根据地理信息系统技术和遥感技术获得，而后者则需要根据流域的水文资料通过最优化方法求得。利用无定河流域1980-2000年的逐日降雨、蒸发及流量资料对该模型进行了参数率定与检验，率定期1986-2000年的水量平衡系数为0．999，年径流深合格率为100．0％；检验期1980-1985年的水量平衡系数为0．953，径流深合格率为83．3％，计算结果表明该模型在无定河流域具有良好的适应性。对模型产汇流参数进行合理性分析，得出无定河流域不同土地利用类型蒸发能力的相对大小关系为耕地〉林地〉草地〉未利用土地。     

河西地区内陆河流域地表水资源及动态趋势分析

河西地区是甘肃省主要经济地区之一，是国家下世纪初大规模开发大西北的纽带与依托。河西地区未来的经济发展规模，在很大的程度上取决于本地区水资源的承载能力。本对河西地区内陆河流域天然地表水资源进行了计算和评价；对天然地表径流的变化特征进行了分析；并对河西地区天然地表径流的未来变化趋势进行了分析预测。认为河西地区在未来时代天然地表径流总体是稳定的。多年平均径流量不会发生变化，仍保持在７０×１０＾８ｍ＾３     

纵向岭谷区红河的跨境径流量变化特征分析

以云南境内红河蛮耗站的多年径流量观测数据和云南的降水场、气温场观测数据为基础，应用小波变换和相关系数的统计分析方法，分析了红河的跨境径流量变化特征及其与云南气候变化的关系。结论为：近50年来，纵向岭谷区红河的跨镜径流量变化表现出了较大时间尺度的波动；径流量的年内分配不均，主要集中在云南雨季开始后的6-11月份；径流量的年际变化表现出了十分明显的多时间尺度特征，其特征时间尺度约为2年、8年和17年；红河的跨境径流量变化与云南干、雨季的降水量场变化之间存在有十分显著的相关关系，但与云南干、雨季的气温场变化之间的相关性不是很显著，说明红河的跨境径流量变化主要是由于云南降水量场的变化造成的。     

秦岭-黄淮平原交界带地表径流与其时间变化的关系分析

根据秦岭-黄淮平原交界带及其邻近地区42个径流站1962~1999年的观测资料,分析了地表径流量及其时间变化(年内分配和年际变化)的空间分布规律,得出二者之间存在正相关关系的结论,并探讨了这种反常现象的成因。     

气候转暖及人类活动对北疆中小河流降水-径流关系的影响

利用近40 a来的水文气象资料,分析北疆20世纪80~90年代气候转暖及人类活动对北疆不同地区的中小河流降水-径流关系的影响,主要结论如下:①北疆西部的哈拉依灭勒河、卡琅古尔河,在1980年以后气候转暖的背景下,它们的自然降水-径流关系并无明显改变。②北部额尔齐斯河流域东部产流区平均高程较高的大青河,在90年代气候显著转暖的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系并无明显改变;而位于大青河东侧、流域平均高程较低、山区流域降水量较小的小青河,在90年代气候明显转暖的背景下,其自然降水径流关系发生了变化,所形成的自然地表径流量明显减少。③天山中部北坡的乌鲁木齐河,在80~90年代气候转暖的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,产流量明显偏多。④天山东部北坡的开垦河,在80~90年代气候转暖及人类活动影响的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,产流量减少。⑤乌鲁木齐近郊低山丘陵区的水磨河,在近40 a来的增温及人类活动影响的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,尽管乌鲁木齐年降水量有增加趋势,而其径流却是减少的。     

Recent signal and impact of wet-to-dry climatic shift in Xinjiang,China

The Xinjiang region of China is among the most sensitive regions to global warming.Based on the meteorological and hydrological observation data,the regional wet-to-dry cli-mate regime shifts in Xinjiang were analyzed and the impacts of climatic shift on the eco-hydrological environment of Xinjiang were assessed in this study.The results showed that temperature and precipitation in Xinjiang have increased since the mid-1980s,showing a warming-wetting trend.However,drought frequency and severity significantly increased after 1997.The climate of Xinjiang experienced an obvious shift from a warm-wet to a warm-dry regime in 1997.Since the beginning of the 21st century,extreme temperatures and the number of high temperature days have significantly increased,the start date of high temper-ature has advanced,and the end date of high temperature has delayed in Xinjiang.In addition,the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation have significantly increased.Conse-quently,regional ecology and water resources have been impacted by climatic shift and ex-treme climate in Xinjiang.In response,satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index showed that,since the 1980s,most regions of Xinjiang experienced a greening trend and vegetation browning after 1997.The soil moisture in Xinjiang has significantly decreased since the late 1990s,resulting in adverse ecological effects.Moreover,the response of river runoff to climatic shift is complex and controlled by the proportion of snowmelt to the runoff.Runoff originating from the Tianshan Mountains showed a positive response to the regional wet-to-dry shift,whereas that originating from the Kunlun Mountains showed no obvious re-sponse.Both climatic shift and increased climate extremes in Xinjiang have led to intensifi-cation of drought and aggravation of instability of water circulation systems and ecosystem.This study provides a scientific basis to meet the challenges of water resource utilization and ecological risk management in the Xinjiang region of China.     

新疆水文水资源变化及对区域气候变化的响应

Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-term trend and jump point of time series, the surface runoff, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Meanwhile, the paper analyzed the relationship between runoff and temperature and precipitation, and the flood frequency and peak flow. Results showed that climate of all parts of Xinjiang conformably has experienced an increase in temperature and precipitation since the mid-1980s. Northern Xinjiang was the area that changed most significantly followed by southern and eastern Xinjiang. Affected by temperature and precipitation variation, river runoff had changed both inter-annually and intra-annually. The surface runoff of most rivers has increased significantly since the early 1990s, and some of them have even witnessed the earlier spring floods, later summer floods and increasing flood peaks. The variation characteristics were closely related with the replenishment types of rivers. Flood frequency and peak flow increased all over Xinjiang. Climate warming has had an effect on the regional hydrological cycle.     

新疆水文水资源变化及对区域气候变化的响应

基于全疆8条代表性河流近50年的地表径流、气温和降水数据,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检测法,对各条河流地表径流、年均气温和年降水进行了长期趋势检验和突变滗分析,同时对径流与气温、降水之间的变化关系以及水文极端事件洪水的发生频次和洪峰流量进行了分析.结果表明,20世纪80年代中期以来伞疆各地气候一致表现为气温升高和降水增多,其中北疆地区变化最为显著,南疆其次,东疆最小.受气温、降水变化影响,河流径流发生年际和年内分布变化.大部分河流自20世纪90年代初水量显著增多,有春汛提前、夏汛推后和洪峰流量增大的现象,其变化特征与河流补给类型密切相关.全疆洪水发生频次增多、洪峰流最增大.气候变暖已对区域水文循环产生重要影响.     

The response of annual runoff to the height change of the summertime 0℃ level over Xinjiang

According to climate features and river runoff conditions, Xinjiang could be divided into three research areas: The Altay-Tacheng region, the Tianshan Mountain region and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. Utilizing daily observations from 12 sounding stations and the annual runoff dataset from 34 hydrographical stations in Xinjiang for the period 1960–2002, the variance of the summertime 0℃ level height and the changing trends of river runoff are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, through trend contrast of curves processed by a 5-point smoothing procedure and linear correlation. The variance of the summertime 0℃ level height in Xinjiang correlates well with that of the annual river runoff, especially since the early 1990s, but it differs from region to region, with both the average height of the 0℃ level and runoff quantity significantly increasing over time in the Altay- Tacheng and Tianshan Mountain regions but decreasing on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The correlation holds for the whole of Xinjiang as well as the three individual regions, with a 0.01 significance level. This indicates that in recent years, climate change in Xinjiang has affected not only the surface layer but also the upper levels of the atmosphere, and this raising and lowering of the summertime 0℃ level has a direct impact on the warming and wetting process in Xinjiang and the amount of river runoff. Warming due to climate change increases the height of the 0℃ level, but also speeds up, ice-snow melting in mountain regions, which in turn increases river runoff, leading to a season of plentiful water instead of the more normal low flow period.     

Hydrology and water resources variation and its response to regional climate change in Xinjiang

Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-term trend and jump point of time series, the surface runoff, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Meanwhile, the paper analyzed the relationship between runoff and temperature and precipitation, and the flood frequency and peak flow. Results showed that climate of all parts of Xinjiang conformably has experienced an increase in temperature and precipitation since the mid-1980s. Northern Xinjiang was the area that changed most significantly followed by southern and eastern Xinjiang. Affected by temperature and precipitation variation, river runoff had changed both inter- annually and intra-annually. The surface runoff of most rivers has increased significantly since the early 1990s, and some of them have even witnessed the earlier spring floods, later summer floods and increasing flood peaks. The variation characteristics were closely related with the replenishment types of rivers. Flood frequency and peak flow increased all over Xinjiang. Climate warming has had an effect on the regional hydrological cycle.     

新疆河流年径流量对夏季0C层高度变化的响应

According to climate features and river runoff conditions, Xinjiang could be divided into three research areas: The Altay-Tacheng region, the Tianshan Mountain region and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. Utilizing daily observations from 12 sounding stations and the annual runoff dataset from 34 hydrographical stations in Xinjiang for the period 1960-2002, the variance of the summertime 0℃ level height and the changing trends of river runoff are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, through trend contrast of curves processed by a 5-point smoothing procedure and linear correlation. The variance of the summertime 0℃ level height in Xinjiang correlates well with that of the annual river runoff,especially since the early 1990s, but it differs from region to region, with both the average height of the 0℃ level and runoff quantity significantly increasing over time in the Altay-Tacheng and Tianshan Mountain regions but decreasing on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The correlation holds for the whole of Xinjiang as well as the three individual regions, with a 0.01 significance level. This indicates that in recent years, climate change in Xinjiang has affected not only the surface layer but also the upper levels of the atmosphere, and this raising and lowering of the summertime 0℃ level has a direct impact on the warming and wetting process in Xinjiang and the amount of river runoff. Warming due to climate change increases the height of the 0℃ level, but also speeds up, ice-snow melting in mountain regions, which in turn increases river runoff, leading to a season of plentiful water instead of the more normal low flow period.     

The response of annual runoff to the height change of the summertime 0°C level over Xinjiang

According to climate features and river runoff conditions, Xinjiang could be divided into three research areas: The Altay-Tacheng region, the Tianshan Mountain region and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. Utilizing daily observations from 12 sounding stations and the annual runoff dataset from 34 hydrographical stations in Xinjiang for the period 1960–2002, the variance of the summertime 0°C level height and the changing trends of river runoff are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, through trend contrast of curves processed by a 5-point smoothing procedure and linear correlation. The variance of the summertime 0°C level height in Xinjiang correlates well with that of the annual river runoff, especially since the early 1990s, but it differs from region to region, with both the average height of the 0°C level and runoff quantity significantly increasing over time in the Altay-Tacheng and Tianshan Mountain regions but decreasing on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The correlation holds for the whole of Xinjiang as well as the three individual regions, with a 0.01 significance level. This indicates that in recent years, climate change in Xinjiang has affected not only the surface layer but also the upper levels of the atmosphere, and this raising and lowering of the summertime 0°C level has a direct impact on the warming and wetting process in Xinjiang and the amount of river runoff. Warming due to climate change increases the height of the 0°C level, but also speeds up, ice-snow melting in mountain regions, which in turn increases river runoff, leading to a season of plentiful water instead of the more normal low flow period.     

新疆主要河流水文极值变化趋势

水文极值是工程水文计算的基础资料,实测样本资料的变化直接影响水文设计值。基于1956-2006年的实测洪峰、洪量、年最小流量、最枯月径流量等资料,分析了各水文要素的变化及其趋势。结果表明:20世纪80年代中期以来超标准洪峰、洪量的频次增加,大多数河流洪水峰、量都呈增大变化趋势,说明新疆洪水又进入活跃期,在工程水文设计洪水计算中要应尽可能搜集和利用近期暴雨和洪水资料,在洪水系列中增加更多大洪水信息,提高设计洪水计算成果的稳定性。年最小流量和最枯月径流量是维持河流生命和河道两岸自然生态的基础流量,基流量增大有利于对生态补给、水利发电,水库蓄水,径流年内分配趋于均匀有利于水量年内调节。但在枯水径流分析计算中应充分重视不同年份最枯水量出现时间有明显推迟的迹象。     

气候和土地利用变化对径流变化影响研究——以伊洛河流域伊河上游地区为例

在实际调查基础上,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,分析伊洛河流域伊河上游地区气候和土地利用变化对径流变化的影响。结果显示,在研究区域中,林地面积最大,1987-2008年,林地、库塘和建设用地面积持续增加,草地、河流和未利用地面积持续减少,耕地面积则先增加后减少。20世纪80年代以来,土地利用变化在不同阶段都使得年平均径流量减小;80-90年代,气候变化使得年平均径流量减小,而90年代到2000年以后,气候变化使得年平均径流量增加,这与90年代年平均降水量减少,而2000年以后年平均降水量增加密切相关。