珠江口盆地白云凹陷中新统韩江组中上部层序结构及深水重力流沉积*

基于地震、测井资料的综合分析开展珠江口盆地白云凹陷中中新世韩江组中上部发育的硅质深水沉积的层序地层、沉积构成和古地理环境研究。韩江组中上部发育1个区域性的二级旋回(CSh),通过不整合面及相应的整合面进一步将该复合层序划分为6个三级层序。一系列陆坡峡谷以及侵蚀作用形成的水道是主要层序界面的重要识别标志,斜坡进积楔、扇朵体的底界面,测井曲线突变以及钙质超微化石的相对低值也可以帮助识别层序界面。盆地的不同位置上层序结构有差异,重力流沉积单元也不同。本次研究在斜坡识别出5种深水沉积单元: 浊流水道复合体、斜坡扇、陆坡峡谷、进积楔和半远洋—远洋沉积,在深海盆地识别出扇朵叶体。将浊流水道复合体划分为5种沉积单元: 滞留沉积、水道天然堤、滑塌及碎屑流沉积、侧向增生体和末期充填沉积。在陆坡、陆隆以及深水盆地分别识别出侵蚀水道、侵蚀加积水道和加积水道。     

孟加拉湾若开盆地深水沉积体系结构单元类型及演化模式

利用多个地震数据体的地震反射特征,分析了孟加拉湾若开盆地深水沉积体系的不同沉积结构单元类型(峡谷、水道及水道复合体、天然堤—漫溢沉积、朵体以及块体搬运沉积)的典型地震响应特征、及其发育的位置,构建了研究区陆架—陆坡—盆底的沉积结构单元演化模式。研究表明,一个深水沉积体系垂向上自下而上的组合样式为:底部块体搬运沉积及厚层大规模朵体沉积,上覆水道复合体沉积,之后为水道—天然堤复合体沉积、以及一些小规模朵体沉积,顶部为薄层深海泥岩沉积。横向上自陆架向深海盆地的发育模式表现为:陆架/上陆坡峡谷—上陆坡侵蚀型水道—下陆坡侵蚀沉积型水道—沉积型水道—盆地朵体。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷中新统韩江组中上部层序结构及深水重力流沉积

基于地震、测井资料的综合分析开展珠江口盆地白云凹陷中中新世韩江组中上部发育的硅质深水沉积的层序地层、沉积构成和古地理环境研究。韩江组中上部发育1个区域性的二级旋回(CSh),通过不整合面及相应的整合面进一步将该复合层序划分为6个三级层序。一系列陆坡峡谷以及侵蚀作用形成的水道是主要层序界面的重要识别标志,斜坡进积楔、扇朵体的底界面,测井曲线突变以及钙质超微化石的相对低值也可以帮助识别层序界面。盆地的不同位置上层序结构有差异,重力流沉积单元也不同。本次研究在斜坡识别出5种深水沉积单元:浊流水道复合体、斜坡扇、陆坡峡谷、进积楔和半远洋—远洋沉积,在深海盆地识别出扇朵叶体。将浊流水道复合体划分为5种沉积单元:滞留沉积、水道天然堤、滑塌及碎屑流沉积、侧向增生体和末期充填沉积。在陆坡、陆隆以及深水盆地分别识别出侵蚀水道、侵蚀加积水道和加积水道。     

南海北部陆坡白云深水区深水沉积结构要素

在回顾深水沉积结构要素研究的基础上,结合白云深水区的勘探实践,对白云深水区深水沉积的结构要素进行了研究。将白云深水区深水沉积划分为4种结构要素,分别为水道、天然堤-溢岸沉积、席状砂和块体搬运沉积。水道是白云深水区深水沉积的主要组成部分,也是重要的储层;水道按成因可分为侵蚀型、侵蚀/加积型和加积型;水道充填沉积物的岩性变化较大,有砾岩、砂岩、泥岩以及几种岩性的混合。天然堤-溢岸沉积主要以泥岩、粉砂岩为主,平面上,天然堤-溢岸沉积与水道走向平行,横向上远离水道扩散,侧向连续性好但垂向连续性差。席状砂位于水道末端,具有朵叶状外形,分为层状和合并状2种类型：层状席状砂具有相对低的砂岩体积分数,泥岩和砂岩互层;而合并状席状砂岩体积分数高,砂层和砂层接触,夹有少量的泥。块体搬运沉积包括滑塌、滑块、块体流、碎屑流、坡身失稳复合体、块体搬运复合体等;块体搬运沉积常直接位于层序界面上,对下伏地层侵蚀明显,分布广泛,可作为良好的油气封盖层。     

南海西北陆缘深水沉积体系内部构成特征

深水沉积是近年来我国海域油气勘探重点之一,利用高精度二维和三维地震剖面的精细解剖,揭示了南海西北陆缘区深水沉积体系类型及其内部构成特征.这些深水地区除堆积正常深海-半深海泥岩外,还发育大量深水重力流沉积,包括块体流沉积、深水峡谷、沉积物波等大型沉积体.研究表明,南海西北陆缘区发育4类陆坡, 即进积型、滑塌型、水道化型、宽缓渐变型陆坡.不同陆坡类型具有不同地貌形态,发育不同的沉积体类型.大型块体流沉积主要发育于滑塌型和水道化型陆坡,沉积物波主要发育于宽缓渐变型陆坡下部及深海中央峡谷长昌段的周缘地区.由于南海西北陆缘自晚中新世以来形成向东开口的喇叭形变深的地貌形态,导致在盆地中央形成了独特的与陆坡走向一致的深海峡谷体系——中央峡谷.该峡谷的沉积充填不仅包括来自于西部峡谷头部的浊积水道沉积,还包括来自于北部陆坡的块体流沉积,特别是来自于滑塌型陆坡的块体流沉积.中央峡谷体系构成了西北陆缘区多源汇聚的深水沉积物输送系统,同时也是南海西北陆缘深水区重要的油气储层发育层系.      

水下沉积物重力流与海底扇相模式研究进展

水下沉积物重力流将大量沉积物搬运至海底,形成了地球上最大的沉积体系——海底扇。综合前人研究成果,梳理水下沉积物重力流的基本概念、分类和识别标志,介绍了现代观测的重要结果和海底扇相模式的研究进展。浊流和碎屑流是重力流最主要的两类流体,浊流为逐层沉积,发育正粒序;碎屑流为整体沉积,垂向无序。由浊流转换为碎屑流的重力流称混合流,陆上洪水入海(湖)形成的浊流称异重流。现代观测的结果表明:浊流底部存在高密度层,横向结构并不都是涌浪型,浊流的持续时间可以长达1周。海底扇通常采用组构分析和层级分类进行研究,由水道、天然堤、朵体、远洋—半远洋沉积和块体搬运沉积组成。水道侧向延伸窄,发育侵蚀结构;天然堤由薄层泥—粉砂质浊积岩组成,横向呈楔形变薄;朵体侧向延伸宽,颗粒粒度集中,侵蚀结构较少。水道的层级从低到高依次为水道单元、水道复合体和水道复合体群。朵体的层级从低到高依次为层、朵体元素、朵体和朵体复合体。     

琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷沉积微相特征

中央峡谷位于南海北部琼东南盆地深水区,是琼东南盆地深水区油气勘探的重点区域。迄今为止,对于峡谷的成因及沉积微相的认识,不同学者有不同的观点。近来,峡谷内又新增了多口钻井,系统的分析总结峡谷的充填期次、沉积微相的划分及骨架砂体的展布意义重大,将直接影响到峡谷下一步的勘探部署。因此,本文以钻井资料为基础,通过岩矿特征、粒度分析、沉积构造、古生物特征、测井相等的分析,再结合高分辨率三维地震资料,综合分析了地震剖面、均方根振幅属性、多种切片技术等地震相特征,根据从点到面的研究思路对黄流组时期（S₄₀～S₃₀）中央峡谷发育的沉积微相进行了精细研究,研究表明琼东南盆地中央峡谷为大型侵蚀型水道,具有曲流水道特征,类似陆上曲流河沉积,发育点砂坝、天然堤复合体、泥质水道等沉积微相;综合构造背景、古地貌及古地貌与平面沉积相叠合图的研究表明,点砂坝主要发育于峡谷古地形的弯曲处,系水道不断迁移摆动而形成的侧向加积体,地震剖面上表现为强振幅叠瓦状前积型特征,岩性为块状细砂岩夹薄层泥岩,测井曲线GR呈中-高幅箱形夹薄层低幅齿形,为正旋回沉积特征。点砂坝规模不等,面积约8~20.5 km2;天然堤复合体范围较窄,这可能受峡谷壁的限制作用影响。已钻井也证实,点砂坝作为峡谷水道的骨架砂体,储层物性好,具有良好的勘探前景。     

西沙海槽盆地强限制性中央峡谷水道地震相与内部结构的分段特征

西沙海槽盆地中央峡谷深水水道规模大,下切深,弯曲度低,表现出强限制性与东西分段性特征。充分利用研究区二维地震资料,对其地震相特征进行识别与分段性研究,识别出中央峡谷水道体系五种典型地震相类型,分别为底部滞留沉积、浊积砂体沉积、块体流沉积、泥质沉积、滑塌沉积。水道内部充填序列与限制性强度区相关性密切。通过地震相图、沉积相图和古地貌恢复图分析,发现西沙海槽中央峡谷整体呈东西向展布,水道西宽东窄,周边地势西高东低。基于分段特征与构造断裂带的吻合性,以西沙次凹处作为拐点将峡谷分为东西两段,其中西段NWW向展布,限制性弱;东段NEE向展布,限制性强。根据展布、形态、充填等诸多方面因素,总结出了13种分段特征,其限制性与分段性主要受到构造活动、地貌形态与物源供应等的控制。     

孟加拉扇上扇某区块深水沉积体的特征及演化模式

利用高分辨率三维地震资料分析了孟加拉扇上扇某区块的深水沉积体特征。发现了六种典型地震相:下切充填相、海鸥翼状相、楔形发散相、透明相、强振幅平行相和弱振幅平行相。下切充填相代表粗粒的水道充填沉积;海鸥翼状相代表水道-天然堤复合体;楔形发散相代表细粒的天然堤沉积;透明相代表块体搬运沉积;强振幅平行相代表朵叶体沉积;弱振幅平行相代表深海披覆沉积。通过对典型地震剖面特征和平面属性分布分析可知:上扇垂向上依次沉积了朵叶体、水道和堤岸、朵叶体、水道-天然堤复合体。     

南海西北部中建南海底峡谷群的发现及演化特征

在南海西北部首次发现中建南峡谷群,目前对其地质信息尚未开展相关研究.综合利用水深地形数据和二维多道地震资料,主要分析中建南峡谷群的地形地貌特征、平面展布与分段性特点,精细刻画峡谷沉积充填结构及演化特征,再进一步讨论峡谷形成的控制因素.中建南海底峡谷群分布于中建阶地与中建北海台之间,它是由西侧的一条主轴峡谷和东侧的多条小型分支峡谷组成,整体呈SE-S-SE走向,以走向转折拐点为起点,将峡谷分为三段式:北段、中段和南段,北段以侵蚀作用为主,中段和南段主要受侵蚀作用、沉积作用,东南部的峡谷口外主要受沉积作用.研究区晚中新世?第四纪时广泛分布峡谷沉积体系,包括半深海相、三角洲相、峡谷/水道充填相、滑塌相、块体搬运复合沉积和浊积扇相.揭示了该海底峡谷群的发育和演化主要受海平面变化、沉积物源供给和重力流、底流作用的控制.通过对该峡谷群的地形地貌和沉积演化特征的分析,将对海洋地质灾害、南海深水沉积体系研究及油气资源勘探有重要的科学意义.      

Morphogenesis of Congo submarine canyon and valley: implications about the theories of the canyons formation

The bottom and edges of the Congo submarine canyon are made of deposits which show morphologies of superposed terraces associated with lense side slope. Using 3D seismic, 3.5 kHz acoustic profiles and core datas, these geometries are interpreted as being mainly the result of the polyphase processes due to the activity of turbidity currents. All the turbidite deposits located below the canyon floor and the actual Congo fan belong to a unique depositional sequence which begun at the early Pliocene. Probably, this sequence has been initiated by an important uplift of the West Africa margin.     

深水重要油气储层--琼东南盆地中央峡谷体系

南海北部海域琼东南盆地发育一个大型中央峡谷体系,平面上呈“S”型NE向展布,西起莺歌海盆地中央拗陷带东缘,横穿琼东南盆地中央拗陷带,向东延伸进入西沙海槽。通过2D及3D地震资料的精细解释和钻井资料综合分析,研究揭示该峡谷体系可以划分为4个区段,不同区段不仅具有明显不同的剖面形态,而且具有不同沉积物构成、沉积微相以及不同沉积物源。不同区域峡谷形态及充填分析表明,自西向东,中央峡谷下切深度越来越大,下切层位越来越老。其下切剖面形态发育有“V”、“U”、“W”和复合型。其中“V”型峡谷下切深度最大,冲刷、削截特征最明显。峡谷西段以浊积水道沉积为主,峡谷东段为浊积水道与块体流沉积互层沉积,但在不同区带不同沉积物所占比例有一定差异。浊积水道沉积的物源主要来自于盆地西侧,块体流沉积的物源主要来自于盆地北部陆坡体系,从而,来自于西部浊积水道沉积与来自于北部块体流沉积在中央峡谷内形成了多源多期发育的复杂的峡谷系统。     

Mass-transport Deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Terrestrial Basin, Northeast China: Depositional Characteristics, Recognition Criteria and External Geometry

Extensive mass transport deposits（MTDs）, which form a significant component of the stratigraphic record in ancient and modern deep water systems, mostly distributed in the continental margin of ocean basins worldwide. To date, no large-scale MTDs have been found in Chinese terrestrial basins. Based on integrated analysis of the seismic, drilling, core and logging data, this article report MTDs have been found in Songliao terrestrial basin（SLTB）, Northeast China. During the depositional period of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, slope break of lacustrine basins was an ideal discharge place for gravity depositions. Regional sedimentary study of MTDs reveals that Cretaceous-age MTDs in SLTB were deposited in slope-break environments by slide, slump and debris flow, and MTDs were mixed with little turbidite simultaneously. Besides the massive aspect, key features of MTDs are the common presence of deformational structures or softsedimentary deformation, floating shale clasts, boudins, microfaults, distortion beddings, rotated sand debris. Detailed mapping of two three-dimensional（3-D） seismic surveys acquired in Yingtai（YT） and Haituozi（HTZ） areas reveals that MTDs are characterized by chaotic, mounded, and transparent seismic reflection. Growth fault, slope gully and geomorphology of the slope break greatly influenced the sedimentary process and external geometry of MTDs, and as a consequence, MTDs in SLTB exhibit classic fan-like geometry and some special（non-fan-like） external geometry. Furthermore, fanlike MTDs can be divided into three subcategories, including isolated fan, mother-son fan and stacked fan. Non-fan-like MTDs can be divided into two subcategories, strip-like MTDs and faulted-pit MTDs. A new sedimentary model has been built for MTDs in SLTB. MTDs have become a new exploration and development target in the SLTB.     

日本南海海槽斜坡盆地重力流沉积特征及其对俯冲构造的响应

南海海槽是全球大地震发生频率最高的地区之一,该地区增生楔上斜坡盆地内的重力流沉积记录了多分支断层及大地震活动历史.利用国际综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)314-316航次岩心-地震-综合测井资料,在详细分析南海海槽增生楔上斜坡盆地内重力流沉积特征基础上,阐明了其对多分支断层和大地震活动的响应机制.研究结果表明,南海海槽增生楔上斜坡盆地内依次充填了楔形块体流、峡谷和表层块体流沉积:楔形块体流形成于多分支断层活动早期,表现出北厚南薄的楔形特征,反映了多分支断层的持续活动的特征,沉积物中富含的粗颗粒泥质角砾岩反映了早期多分支断层剧烈活动的特征;峡谷系统由密集峡谷,大型块体流和轴向峡谷组成,主要受到多分支断层耦合造成斜坡变陡、区域地层孔隙流体压力增大和盆地不均衡抬升的影响;表层块体流位于盆地顶部,由多期次弱振幅块体流叠加组成,现今海底表面表现为大量“马蹄形”的垮塌地形,这些相对短期内广泛分布的块体流应该是由地震引起的地表震动触发的.斜坡盆地内重力流沉积特征反映了多分支断层活动历史以及大地震的发生过程:即1.95~1.55 Ma,多分支断层形成初期活动剧烈,逆冲活动造成了断层上盘沉积物垮塌,楔形块体流沉积在斜坡盆地底部;1.55~1.07 Ma,多分支断层西部耦合,导致斜坡盆地出现东高西低的构造格局以及盆地西部区域楔体和断层处能量的集聚;1.07 Ma至今,断层处能量间断释放,引发多次大地震.      

DFTopoSim: Modeling Topographically-Controlled Deposition of Subseismic Scale Sandstone Packages Within a Mass Transport Dominated Deep-Water Channel Belt

Facies bodies in geostatistical models of deep-water depositional environments generally represent channel-levee-overbank-lobe morphologies. Such models adequately capture one set of the erosional and depositional processes resulting from turbidity currents traveling downslope to the ocean basin floor. However, depositional morphologies diverge from the straight forward channel-levee-overbank-lobe paradigm when the topography of the slope or the shape of the basin impacts the timing and magnitude of turbidity current deposition. Subaqueous mass-transport-deposits (MTDs) present the need for an exception to the channel-levee-overbank-lobe archetype. Irregular surface topography of subaqueous MTDs can play a primary role in controlling sand deposition from turbidity currents. MTD topography creates mini-basins in which sand accumulates in irregularly-shaped deposits. These accumulations are difficult to laterally correlate using well-log data due to their variable and unpredictable shape and size. Prediction is further complicated because sandstone bodies typical of this setting are difficult to resolve in seismic-reflection data. An event-based model is presented, called DFTopoSim, which simulates debris flows and turbidity currents. The accommodation space on top of and between debris flow lobes is filled in by sand from turbidity currents. When applied to a subsurface case in the Molasse Basin of Upper Austria, DFTopoSim predicts sand packages consistent with observations from core, well, and seismic data and the interpretation of the sedimentologic processes. DFTopoSim expands the set of available geostatistical deep-water depositional models beyond the standard channel-levee-overbank-lobe model.     

Lithofacies and origin of late Quaternary mass transport deposits in submarine canyons, central Scotian Slope, Canada

Mass transport deposits, up to 3·9 m thick, have been identified from piston cores collected from canyon floors and inter-canyon ridges on the central Scotian Slope. These deposits are characterized by four distinct mass-transport facies – folded mud, dipping stratified mud, various types of mud-clast conglomerate, and diamicton. Commonly, the folded and stratified mud facies are overlain by mud-clast conglomerate, followed by diamicton and then by turbidity current deposits of well-sorted sand. Stratified and folded mud facies were sourced from canyon walls. Overconsolidation in clasts in some mud-clast conglomerates indicates that the source sediment was buried 12–33 m, much deeper than the present cored depth, implying a source in canyon heads and canyon walls. The known stratigraphic framework for the region and new radiocarbon dating suggests that there were four or five episodes of sediment failure within the past 17 ka, most of which are found in more than one canyon system. The most likely mechanism for triggering occasional, synchronous failures in separate canyons is seismic ground shaking. The facies sequence is interpreted as resulting from local slides being overlain by mud-clast conglomerate deposits derived from failures farther upslope and finally by coarser-grained deposits resulting from retrogressive failure re-mobilizing upper slope sediments to form debrisflows and turbidity currents.     

Distinctive erosional and depositional structures formed at a canyon mouth: A lower Pleistocene deep‐water succession in the Kazusa forearc basin on the Boso Peninsula,Japan

The canyon mouth is an important component of submarine‐fan systems and is thought to play a significant role in the transformation of turbidity currents. However, the depositional and erosional structures that characterize canyon mouths have received less attention than other components of submarine‐fan systems. This study investigates the facies organization and geometry of turbidites that are interpreted to have developed at a canyon mouth in the early Pleistocene Kazusa forearc basin on the Boso Peninsula, Japan. The canyon‐mouth deposits have the following distinctive features: (i) The turbidite succession is thinner than both the canyon‐fill and submarine‐fan successions and is represented by amalgamation of sandstones and pebbly sandstones as a result of bypassing of turbidity currents. (ii) Sandstone beds and bedsets show an overall lenticular geometry and are commonly overlain by mud drapes, which are massive and contain fewer bioturbation structures than do the hemipelagic muddy deposits. (iii) The mud drapes have a microstructure characterized by aggregates of clay particles, which show features similar to those of fluid‐mud deposits, and are interpreted to represent deposition from fluid mud developed from turbidity current clouds. (iv) Large‐scale erosional surfaces are infilled with thick‐bedded to very thick‐bedded turbidites, which show lithofacies quite similar to those of the surrounding deposits, and are considered to be equivalent to scours. (v) Concave‐up erosional surfaces, some of which face in the upslope direction, are overlain by backset bedding, which is associated with many mud clasts. (vi) Tractional structures, some of which are equivalent to coarse‐grained sediment waves, were also developed, and were overlain locally by mud drapes, in association with mud drape‐filled scours, cut and fill structures and backset bedding. The combination of these outcrop‐scale erosional and depositional structures, together with the microstructure of the mud drapes, can be used to identify canyon‐mouth deposits in ancient deep‐water successions.     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷碎屑流主控型深水体系沉积过程及模式

【研究目的】碎屑流是深水环境沉积物搬运和分散的重要机制,其相关的砂岩储层是含油气盆地重要的勘探目标,然而,与经典浊流及浊积系统相比,对碎屑流主控型深水体系的发育规律目前仍知之甚少。【研究方法】本文基于岩心、测井及全三维地震资料,通过系统的岩心观察描述、测井及地震资料解释,对渤海湾盆地东营凹陷始新统沙三中亚段深水体系沉积过程及模式开展研究。【研究结果】结果表明,沙三中深水体系发育九种异地搬运岩相,可概括为四大成因类型,反映了块体及流体两种搬运过程。岩相定量统计表明,该深水体系主要由碎屑流沉积构成,浊流沉积很少,碎屑流中又以砂质碎屑流为主。重力流在搬运过程中经历了滑动、滑塌、砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流及浊流等5个阶段演变,发育5类主要的深水沉积单元,包括滑动体、滑塌体、碎屑流水道、碎屑流朵体及浊积薄层砂。从发育规模及储层物性上,砂质碎屑流水道、朵体及砂质滑动体构成了本区最重要的深水储层类型。【结论】认为沙三中时期充足的物源供给、三角洲前缘高沉积速率、断陷期频繁的断层活动以及较短的搬运距离是碎屑流主控型深水体系形成及演化的主控因素,最终基于沉积过程、沉积样式及盆地地貌特征综合建立了碎屑流主控型深水体系沉积模式。本研究将进一步丰富深水沉积理论,为陆相深水储层预测提供借鉴。     

Internal architecture of mass‐transport deposits in basinal carbonates: A case study from southern Italy

Submarine mass‐transport deposits represent important stratigraphic heterogeneities within slope and basinal sedimentary successions. A poor understanding of how their distribution and internal architecture affect the fluid flow migration pathway may lead to unexpected compartmentalization issues in reservoir analysis. Studies of modern carbonate mass‐transport deposits mainly focus on large seismic‐scale slope failures; however, the near‐platform basinal depositional environment often hosts mass‐transport deposits of various dimensions. The small‐scale and meso‐scale (metres to several tens of metres) carbonate mass‐transport deposits play a considerable role in distribution of sediment and therefore have an impact on the heterogeneity of the succession. In order to further constrain the geometry and internal architecture of mass‐transport deposits developed in near‐slope basinal carbonates, a structural and sedimentological analysis of sub‐seismic‐scale mass‐transport deposits has been undertaken on the eastern margin of the Apulian carbonate platform in the Gargano Promontory, south‐east Italy. These mass‐transport deposits, that locally comprise a large proportion (50 to 60%) of the base of slope to basinal sediments of the Cretaceous Maiolica Formation, typically display a vertically bipartite character, including debrites and slump deposits of varying volume ratios. A range of brittle and ductile deformation styles developed within distinct bed packages, together with the presence of both chert clasts, folded chert layers and spherical chert nodules, suggest that sediments were at different stages of lithification prior to downslope movement associated with mass‐transport deposits. This study helps elucidate the emplacement processes, frequency and character of subseismic‐scale mass‐transport deposits within the basinal carbonate environment, and thereby reduces the uncertainties in the characterization of subsurface carbonate geofluid reservoirs.