太阳Ⅲ型暴与反向Langmuir波的产生

一般认为,Langmuir波(LW)转换为电磁波是太阳Ⅲ型射电暴的产生机制.由电子束流不稳定性可以很容易地激发LW,正向LW和反向LW的相互作用被认为是产生Ⅲ型暴二次谐波的原因,但反向LW的色散方程和产生机制尚未得到充分研究.对含有温度的双流不稳定性的方程进行了解析求解,发现温度和束流速度分别对反向和正向LW色散关系具有显著影响,并采用粒子模拟(PIC)方法部分证实了解析推导的结果.通过PIC模拟研究了反向LW的产生机制,发现反向LW不能由电子束流直接激发,其能量基本上都是由正向LW散射得到的.然而,电子束流对正向LW的二次谐波有直接放大作用.     

用网格粒子数值模拟方法研究反向Langmuir波的产生机制

一般认为,Langmuir波(LW)转换为电磁波是太阳Ⅲ型射电爆的产生机制。由电子束流不稳定性可以很容易地激发LW,正向LW和反向LW的相互作用被认为是产生Ⅲ型爆二次谐波的原因,但反向LW的色散方程和产生机制尚未得到充分研究。通过粒子(Particle In Cell,PIC)模拟研究了反向LW的产生机制,发现反向LW不能由电子束流直接激发,其能量基本上是由正向LW散射得到的。然而,电子束流对正向LW的二次谐波有直接放大作用。     

无碰撞阿尔文波加热在决定太阳过渡区模型中的作用

本文根据波与介质相互作用的一套全MHD方程组,计算了无碰撞阿尔文波波能密度W和波能耗散项E_m,在太阳过渡区和内冕大气中随高度的分布。 计算结果表明:对于温度、密度偏低的大气,在过渡区底部几十甚至几百公里范围内,无碰撞阿尔文波的耗散引起的对大气的加热可超过热传导的贡献。从而说明这种阿尔文波的加热似乎是引起温度、密度偏低的大气(例如冕洞大气)在过渡区中温度陡升的重要原因。     

太阳大气中动力学阿尔文波的产生与加热研究进展

动力学阿尔文波是垂直波长接近离子回旋半径或者电子惯性长度的色散阿尔文波.由于波的尺度接近粒子的动力学尺度,动力学阿尔文波在太阳和空间等离子体加热、加速等能化现象中起重要作用.因此,动力学阿尔文波通常被认为是日冕加热的候选者.本研究工作深入、系统地调研了太阳大气中动力学阿尔文波的激发和耗散机制.基于日冕等离子体环境,介绍了几种常见的动力学阿尔文波激发机制:温度各向异性不稳定性、场向电流不稳定性、电子束流不稳定性、密度非均匀不稳定性以及共振模式转换.还介绍了太阳大气中动力学阿尔文波的耗散机制,并讨论了这些耗散机制对黑子加热、冕环加热以及冕羽加热的影响.不仅为认识太阳大气中动力学阿尔文波的驱动机制、动力学演化特征以及波粒相互作用提供合理的理论依据,而且有助于揭示日冕等离子体中能量储存和释放、粒子加热等能化现象的微观物理机制.     

成团超新星爆发的热自模解

在类似于原星系里的高温等离子体介质中，热传导具有很高的效率。当超新星爆发时，可以存在一个以纯热传导为主的能量传播阶段。本文解析地讨论了能量从持续点状源向外热传播的自模问题，得到成团超新星爆发的热自模解。作为热波传播的力学后果，热波自然地以强激波为终结。作为应用，本文分析了矮星系并合形成大星系这一模型中成团超新星爆发时能量传播的各个阶段。结论是，热传导可传播的距离与星系尺度上能量所需输运的距离是同量级的。     

白天赤道电激流区梯度漂移不稳定性的非局域分析(英文)

八十年代,人们在赤道电激流区观测到数公里尺度的强非线性波动现象。对这一现象目前还没有满意的理论解释。 根据一些作者对速度剪切对不稳定性的影响的讨论,我们认为速度剪切对长波的影响不是决定性的,描述梯度漂移不稳定性的基本方程可以作相当大的简化。对一个简单的等离子体密度分布模型,该微分方程可以解析地求解。 本文结果表明,大尺度波的相速度和增长率不仅依赖于波数,也依赖于模数—非局域解在不稳定区域中的节点数。与局域理论相比,非局域效应大大地减小了增长率。结果还表明,如果考虑复合耗散,增长率的长波截断与观测结果是吻合的,另外,波的相速度与观测结果也相合。 线性分析的结果还不能完全解释大尺度波现象,但是本文的解析解对今后的非线性分析很有帮助。 类似的分析方法将应用到夜间赤道电激流区和中纬Es层。     

在卫星授时中电离层误差实时改正的双极化方法

在卫星定位与授时中，电离层折射误差的影响是十分重要的．目前采用的主要改正方法是双频法，还有电离层模型法．双频法要求卫星发射两个工作频率，而电离层模型法的偏差又较大，这对于使用单频接收机的用户来讲，电离层折射改正就成为一个严重问题，笔者提出的双极化法正好可以解决单频接收机所遇到的问题．双极化法是基于电离层的双折射特性．一个线极化波在电离层中传播时被分裂成两个圆极化波，即左旋圆极化波和右旋圆极化波传播，左旋与右旋圆极化波在电离层中传播的速度不同，则到达接收点的时间也就不同，通过测量两个圆极化波到达接收点的传播时廷差，即可确定电离层折射误差的改正量．     

星系金属丰度的研究进展（I）：定标方法

金属丰度是表征星系特征的重要参量，对于理解星系的形成与演化具有重要意义．随着观测设备的不断完善与发展，已经获得越来越多的星系（包括近邻星系、中等红移及高红移星系）金属丰度的观测资料。在光致电离模型方面也取得了很大进展．这些对于理解星系中金属及恒星成分的累积历史有非常重要的作用．有多种方法可以用来估计星系的金属丰度（主要是星际介质中气相的O丰度），介绍和评述了估计星系的O丰度的多种方法，包括电子温度的方法、R23方法以及其他一些“强线”比值的方法，并给出了相应的解析公式，同时介绍了电离星云的物理本质及由光致电高模型估计星系金属丰度的方法．还给出了估计星系的C和N元素丰度的方法．     

关于磁声重力波传播性质的探讨

本文对充满垂直均匀磁场的等温大气内的磁声重力波做了严格的解析分析,并将其通解表述成广义超几何函数的形式。该解可用于对磁大气内振荡现象的进一步数值模拟研究。对解的分析澄清了若干磁声重力波的传播性质。     

Gamma射线爆光曲线的一个简单激波模型

采用一个简单的激波模型来讨论了珈玛射线爆光变曲线的轮廓。根据激波理论,爆炸产生压力脉冲并以压力波的形式传播,既有压缩波也有膨胀波。压缩波的合并产生激波,它的强度被随后并入的压缩波或膨胀波分别增强或减弱。该模型能自然地描述珈玛爆光变曲线和光变曲线具有的"快速上升指数下降"的轮廓特征。我们认为这一特征是压缩波和膨胀波的传播特性导致的。     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.