THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over theTibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discussthe mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationshipbetween middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the NorthwestPacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it isfavourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over thePlateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flowpatterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon southto high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bringabout the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoonrecurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact ofsynoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport ofdisturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over thePlateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over thePlateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over thePlateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of lowlatitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affectstyphoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude andlow latitude on synoptic system.     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC*

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over the Tibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discuss the mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationship between middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it is favourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over the Plateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flow patterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on 500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon south to high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bring about the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoon recurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact of synoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport of disturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over the Plateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over the Plateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over the Plateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of low latitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affects typhoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude and low latitude on synoptic system.     

WAVE-FLOW INTERACTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY VARIATION OF BLOCKING PATTERN

Through a simple review of low-frequency variation of blocking pattern and diagnoses ofobservational data and combining some experience in forecast practice,we put forward somethought about the mechanism of formation and maintenance of the blocking flow pattern from thesynoptic/climatological point of view,It is emphasized that eastward moving and deepening oftroughs in the upstream of the blocking high,the SST anomalies and topography effect are themain factors of impelling the variation of the blocking high.During the maintenance of Uralblocking high wave-flow interactions are studied through disposition of baroclinic trough(transientwave)and the blocking flow.This study will offer a primary basis for the further theoretical studyon the formation mechanism of the blocking high.     

WAVE-FLOW INTERACTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY VARIATION OF BLOCKING PATTERN*

Through a simple review of low-frequency variation of blocking pattern and diagnoses of observational data and combining some experience in forecast practice,we put forward some thought about the mechanism of formation and maintenance of the blocking flow pattern from the synoptic/climatological point of view,It is emphasized that eastward moving and deepening of troughs in the upstream of the blocking high,the SST anomalies and topography effect are the main factors of impelling the variation of the blocking high.During the maintenance of Ural blocking high wave-flow interactions are studied through disposition of baroclinic trough(transient wave)and the blocking flow.This study will offer a primary basis for the further theoretical study on the formation mechanism of the blocking high.     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsulaon the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numericalexperimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishmentprocess of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.theSouth China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoonjust establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in themodel,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the IndianPeninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsulaand its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenanceof the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summerand thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middleMay.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strongwest wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwestflow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces avery weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneouslyestablish.     

青藏高原动力和热力作用对季节转换期全球大气环流影响的数值研究

利用ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ７）－ＬＮＷＰ模式，以１９９６年３月１７日的国家气象中心客观分析资料为初始场，分别采用有、无青藏高原两种方案，数值研究了青藏高原对５月份全球大气环流季节转换的影响。试验结果表明：北半球初夏，青藏高原区域用同纬度地区的一个中空热源，其作用可以在２００ｈＰａ层形成一个２２４Ｋ的暖中心，使大气增暖７Ｋ以上。高原地形的动力和非绝热作用使得南极大陆２００ｈＰａ层大部分地区降温６Ｋ左右，最大负中心可达－８．２８Ｋ，这对于南半球由夏至冬过程中，环极涡旋的强度加深和范围扩大是有利的。高原地形作用对北半球大气环流平均槽脊的形成和维持有十分重要的影响，它加强了高原所在纬度带北侧（减弱了南侧）由南向北的正温度梯度，同时也增强了３０°Ｓ附近由北向南的正温度梯度，从而有利于季节转换过程中全球中纬西风带的整体北移和初夏亚洲季风环流的形成。同时高原地形作用在赤道及低纬地区形成的位势增加区，有利于南半球热带高压脊的北退和北半球副高增强北移。此外，它还有利于南半球极地东风带的增强和５００ｈＰａ层环极低压带的强度减弱，同时增加了罗斯海附近的极涡强度，对赤道的索马里急流的形成也有重要影响     

1980年夏季华北干旱时期东亚阻塞形势的位涡分析

本文用准地转位涡对1980年夏季（7月1日—9月10日）华北干旱时期东亚阻塞形势的平均特征及其维持机制进行了诊断分析。发现东亚阻塞高压是一个具有异常低位涡的深厚暖性反气旋系统。它的维持一方面与上游乌拉尔长波槽的涡旋强迫输送有关，另一方面，更为重要的与来自青藏高原上空的低位涡空气输送有关。准地转位涡的收支计算表明，涡动强迫作用与平均气流的平流作用基本上相平衡，因而涡动对位涡的输送是使阻塞区维持异常低的平均位涡，阻止阻塞高压向下游平流的重要机制。     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON*

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsula on the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numerical experimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishment process of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoon just establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in the model,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the Indian Peninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsula and its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenance of the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summer and thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middle May.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strong west wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwest flow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces a very weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish.     

珠穆朗玛峰登山气象条件分析

利用珠穆朗玛峰地区定日气象站1959—2009年气象探测资料,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区的降水、气温、高空风等气象要素变化特征并重点总结珠穆朗玛峰地区主要登山期(春季)成功登顶的天气、气候背景及大气环流形势。结果表明,5月500 hPa环流中高纬度为宽广的低值区,乌拉尔山地区基本维持长波槽或低值中心,咸海—里海和贝加尔湖附近多存在脊区;伊朗高压偏北且东伸至印度半岛,印度副热带高压与咸海、里海附近高压脊同位相叠加且北抬加强,西太平洋副热带高压维持在中南半岛以西;孟加拉湾、印度半岛低槽或低压中心建立,高原南部南支槽不明显;东亚大槽偏强、偏东。对应西藏高原和珠穆朗玛峰地区降水偏弱等特征,5月是攀登珠穆朗玛峰的最佳时机,且20时至凌晨之间更适合登顶。     

大气低频变异中的波流相互作用(阻塞形势)

文章通过对低频变异研究的历史回顾以及观测事实的诊断分析,结合预报实践中的经验,从天气、气候学的角度提出了对阻塞高压（以下简称阻高）流型形成及维持的分析和看法。文中强调了阻高上游的低槽加深东移、海温变化以及地形作用是促使阻高异常的重要因素。并从斜压（瞬变波）同阻塞流的配置关系的角度出发,研究了乌拉尔山阻高维持过程中的波与流相互作用,为从理论上进一步探讨阻高形成的机理初步奠定了基础。     

冬季青藏高原对其周围地区流场影响的模拟实验

本文应用转盘模拟实验的方法,模拟了冬季青藏高原及其邻近地区流场的状况,通过实验看到: 冬季东亚大槽的形成和强弱,不仅与海陆分布及高原的动力作用有关,而且高原的热力作用也很重要;高原及其邻近地区上空的大气作为冷源,对其南北两侧的垂直环流的形成也有直接关系。此外,我们看到冷高原可使南支气流产生小槽东移的现象。 在实验中,我们分别用中性高原模型,冷性高原模型和部分加热高原模型作了对比实验,揭示了高原的一系列动力作用和热力作用。     

2010年陕西盛夏极端多雨的气候特征及成因研究

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对陕西省2010年盛夏极端多雨的形成机理进行了个例分析研究。结果表明:2010年盛夏极端多雨的主要成因是大尺度环流形势异常及海温异常等多种因素综合作用的结果。在500 hPa高度场上欧亚中高纬区为"两脊一槽"型分布,乌拉尔山阻塞高压与咸海到巴尔喀什湖的低压槽稳定维持,低槽分裂冷空气沿中纬度西风带东移,与西太平洋副热带高压外围西北侧暖湿气流在陕西上空相汇,是造成2010年陕西盛夏极端多雨的直接原因。来自南海的水汽输送在850 hPa、700 hPa上表现都很显著,来自孟加拉湾的水汽只有850 hPa表现明显。La Ni?a事件当年陕西盛夏降水易偏多利于出现极端降水。盛夏降水量年代际变化特征显示,陕西中部和南部2010年处于一个年代际的多雨期内,出现极端降水的可能性增大。     

黄河上游丰、枯水年汛期及前期的环流特征分析

运用有关台站的水文气象观测资料,分析了近80余年来黄河上游径流的丰枯变化特征,并对典型丰、枯水年对应的500 hPa高度距平场、OLR场、亚洲阻高和南风输送等环流特征进行了研究。结果表明,丰水年,从后冬开始到汛期,极涡始终保持偏强的态势;同样,在位势高度的垂直分布上也早形成了有利于降水的上高下低的形势;强对流中心有一个东移、北抬、加强、扩大的发展趋势。夏季,我国青藏高原及西北地区东部的对流活动较强,容易造成降水。乌拉尔山、贝加尔湖阻高的建立,加强了亚洲经向环流,丰水年中多数年份有乌拉尔山阻高,而枯水年中多数年份却没有。水汽输送的明显差异直接导致黄河上游来水的丰、枯。丰水年,我国中西部80°~110°E范围内整层为南风控制,而枯水年基本为北风控制。     

福建入夏早晚异常的风场特征分析

本文以850 hPa、200 hPa月平均风场和西太平洋副热带高压脊线北抬至25°N日期资料及福建省25个代表站(县)5—7月的降水资料为基本分析素材。首先标定福建入夏异常的标准与年例,其次揭示850 hPa2、00 hPa 6月风场与异常年例的基本特征,进而探讨了对福建入夏早晚的影响关系。结果表明:在低层索马里-阿拉伯海区的越赤道气流强劲,南海至东亚低纬区域西南风偏大,西太平洋区域低纬度地区南风减弱、东风强劲,且东西风交汇区偏西;而在高层辐合区东风范围偏大,索马里-阿拉伯海区的区域东风风速强劲,青藏高原南侧和副高主体季节性位移的关键区以吹东风为主,东亚区域经向度小,位于青藏高原至我国东部区域范围内,形成一逆时针“距平”风环流;在此高低层风场特征的匹配下,有利于福建提早进入夏季;反之亦然。     

冬季乌拉尔山月平均阻塞形势的统计分析和数值试验

根据冬季（１２，１，２月）乌拉尔山地区月平均阻塞形势集中出现的范围和强度定义了一个阻塞指数。相关分析表明：乌拉尔山月平均阻塞与中国月平均气温有较大的负相关关系；它和全球海表温度之间存在三个明显的高相关海区；北太平洋热带东部海区，北大西洋热带和中纬度海区以及阿留申群岛西南方的海区。应用两层原始方程谱模式，在以上３个海区上空加入理想的非绝热孤立热源强迫分别做数值试验。结果表明：３个海区上空的非绝热孤立     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

夏季亚洲季风槽的断裂过程及其结构特征

本文分析了1982年7月一次亚洲季风槽的断裂过程。结果发现,在盛夏亚洲季风盛行期间,中南半岛与南海地区的季风槽可在西太平洋副热带高压东退与孟加拉湾季风低压的西移过程中断裂消失。与此同时,热带西南季风北进,梅雨雨带北移,雨景加大。此外,根据季风区内纬向风的垂直结构,说明了下列事实的成因:在印度和中南半岛季风槽附近及其南侧广大地区内,经常出现大量的季风云团和季风低压;而在西太平洋季风槽的北侧及槽的附近,则经常产生强的热带气旋和台风螺旋云系;南海地区的状况介于以上两者之间,在这里可以有弱的台风生成,也可以有季风云团存在。      

1979年印度夏季风活跃、中断和撤退时期欧亚上空风场和温度场的变化

本文对1979年夏季印度西南季风活跃、中断和撤退时欧亚地区大范围环流和温度场进行了分析。结果表明,该年季风活动的变率与欧亚中高纬环流形势的演变有明显关系。季风活跃期,高空西风带显著北移,西藏高原上空有高空反气旋环流建立、发展,苏联西部阻塞高压发展、维持;季风中断期,西藏高原西部有高空槽存在;苏联西部阻塞高压减弱、崩溃或有高空槽发展;季风的撤退也与东亚冷空气活动关系密切。     

江西抚州2008年低温雨雪冰冻天气过程成因分析

利用常规气象资料、数值预报产品,从天气形势、物理量等方面,分析了2008年1月12日-2月2日江西抚州长时间低温、雨雪、冰冻天气过程的成因。结果表明,乌拉尔山阻塞高压的建立、青藏高原南侧到孟加拉湾南支低槽异常活跃、西北太平洋副热带高压偏强偏北,为这次过程的发生提供了有利的环流背景;700hPa西南风急流不仅为低温冻雨的发生提供了充沛的水汽条件和动力条件,而且还有利于中低层逆温层结的形成和维持;过程后期赣中、赣南的暴雨区,与垂直速度所表现的强烈上升区相对应。     

2020年7月西北太平洋和南海“空台”环流特征分析

2020年7月西北太平洋和南海出现了史无前例的“空台”事件。利用NCEP再分析数据集、中国气象局(CMA)台风最佳路径等资料研究了此次“空台”现象的大尺度环流背景及动力和热力学特征。使用台风潜在生成指数(DGPI)分析发现2020年7月大尺度环流背景不利于台风生成,环流系统的异常通过影响对流层垂直风切变和垂直运动限制了台风的活动。2020年7月马斯克林高压较常年明显偏西偏弱,导致索马里急流强度减弱,越赤道气流不活跃,菲律宾以东洋面和南海海域盛行一致的偏东气流,历史同期活跃在该区域的季风槽无法建立,从而不利于热带扰动的生成。北半球极涡主体偏向西半球一侧,影响东半球冷空气势力较弱,副热带高压位置偏西;南亚高压较历史同期偏强且偏东,其东侧强盛的偏东气流将洋中槽截断,在西北太平洋区域出现反气旋性环流,该区域下沉气流增强,导致副热带高压强度增强,对流层中层强烈的下沉气流抑制了台风的生成和发展。此外,受中高层环流系统异常的影响,7月菲律宾吕宋岛以东洋面和南海地区环境垂直风切变较常年偏高2~4 m/s,南海部分海域偏高达4~8 m/s,同时该区域内异常偏强的下沉气流导致对流层低层相对湿度偏低,大气层结处于较为稳定的状态,动力和热力条件均不利于热带扰动的进一步发展。