2012年初浙江连阴雨天气的环流特征及其异常成因

利用浙江省常规气象站雨量资料、NCEP再分析资料、海温资料、射出长波辐射（OLR）日平均场资料,对2012年初浙江省出现的罕见阴雨寡照天气的环流特征和水汽、动力条件进行了诊断分析,并与历史同期对比,探讨海温异常对乌拉尔山阻塞高压和南海、孟加拉湾偏南风异常的影响。结果表明：1）乌拉尔山阻塞高压前西北气流为连阴雨产生提供了冷空气条件,南海至我国东南沿海西南暖湿气流较常年明显偏强,两者在浙江构成切变线,造成水汽辐合上升,偏强的西风急流造成高层辐散增强,辐散区高度及位置对雨势大小起主导作用。2）热带OLR低值区在连阴雨雨势加大前的北传现象具有一定预报意义。垂直方向上连阴雨区上升运动与北侧下沉气流形成＂上暖下冷＂配置,冷空气的＂冷垫＂作用迫使暖湿气流抬升凝结。3）赤道中东太平洋冷海温异常和印尼附近暖海温异常使沃克环流加强,其上升气流向北输送构成连阴雨西南气流的一部分。另外,北太平洋海区海温正异常和中东太平洋海区海温负异常可能是乌拉尔山阻塞高压形成和维持的外强迫因素。     

川东盛夏伏旱非绝热热流量场特性

本文分析了川东伏旱与大气非绝热热流量的关系，结果表明：与四川“西涝东旱”气候特征相关的川东伏旱与北半球大范围非绝热热流量异常相联系。夏季月平均非绝热热流量距平场，亚欧范围内差异显著。重旱年极地维持１波，无旱年维持２波，９０－１２０°Ｅ，２０－４０°Ｎ关键区，重旱年北正南负，东正西负；轻旱年东正西负；无旱年北负南正，东负西正。川东重旱年，轻旱年为负距平区，无旱年为正距平区。并且，青藏高原加热作用，通     

1月北大西洋东部-乌拉尔山阻塞高压频次年际尺度偶极子模态特征

基于观测和再分析资料,本文研究了近几十年来1月北大西洋东部-乌拉尔山阻塞高压频次年际变异主导模态特征及与其相联的大气背景场。结果表明,1980—2019年冬季(12月—次年2月)该地区阻塞高压频次年际变异的主导模态存在明显月际差异:12月表现为北大西洋东部-欧洲西部地区阻塞高压频次的显著同位相变化,1月为北大西洋东部-欧洲西部与乌拉尔山地区阻塞高压频次的具有显著的反位相变化即偶极子模态,2月则为北大西洋东部-乌拉尔山阻塞高压频次的显著同位相变化。进一步研究表明:1月北大西洋东部-乌拉尔山阻塞高压频次偶极子模态与同期局地纬向西风、纬向风垂直切变、经向位涡梯度等大气背景场异常偶极型变化相联系。当乌拉尔山地区关键大气背景场为负异常,而北大西洋东部-欧洲西部为正异常时,两个地区阻塞高压频次分别增加和减少,呈现偶极子模态;反之亦然。阻塞高压频次偶极子模态及相关的背景环流异常可通过调节水平温度平流、垂直运动和水汽输送等来影响1月欧亚北部气温和降水,以及它们的极端事件频次。当阻塞高压频次偶极子模态处于正位相时,乌拉尔山北部(南部)和欧洲南部增温(降温),极端暖、冷事件频次分别增加(减少)和减少(增加),斯堪的纳维亚半岛北部降温且极端暖事件减少,乌拉尔山及东北亚地区降水和极端降水频次减少而欧洲大陆部分地区增加;反之亦然。此外,在冬季仅1月阻塞高压频次年际变异主导模态表现为偶极子模态可能与关键大气背景场气候态及其变异的月际差异密切相关。     

川东盛夏伏旱非绝热热流量场特征

本文分析了川东伏旱与大气非绝热热流量的关系，结果表明：与四川“西涝东旱”气候特征相关的川东伏旱与北半球大范围非绝热热流量异常相联系。夏季月平均非绝热热流量距平场，亚欧范围内差异显著。重旱年极地维持1波，无旱年维持２波，90—120°E、20—40°N关键区，重旱年北正南负、东正西负；轻旱年东正西负；无旱年北负南正、东负西正。川东重旱年、轻旱年为负距平区，无旱年为正距平区。并且，青藏高原加热作用，通过影响东亚大气环流系统而对川东伏旱形成有重要影响。最后，提出了根据冬-夏地气遥相关事实，应用参数化方法，建立川     

乌拉尔山阻塞与北大西洋涛动的关系及其对中国冬季天气的影响

通过对2008年1-2月中国南方一次严重低温雨雪冰冻天气的分析,发现期间的两次乌拉尔山阻塞过程都对其有重要影响,且均伴随着北大西洋涛动正位相事件(North Atlantic Oscillation~+,NAO~+),但由于其发展演变位置的不同对中国的温度和降水造成了截然不同的影响。因此利用ERA-Interim再分析资料计算了1979-2014年冬季乌拉尔山阻塞的平均活动中心,将NAO~+相关乌拉尔山阻塞根据位置变化分为偏北型、偏南型、偏东型和偏西型四类阻塞,研究其对中国冬季天气的影响。结果表明,偏南型和偏东型的乌拉尔山阻塞更容易引起中国冬季的异常降温;研究还发现与NAO~+相关的乌拉尔山阻塞的发展演变总是滞后NAO~+事件3~6天,其位置的变化主要受前期NAO~+期间的纬向风异常分布及急流位置和强度的影响;另外,对1979-2014年冬季乌拉尔山阻塞和NAO的统计结果显示,绝大部分的乌拉尔山阻塞发生时伴随了NAO事件,NAO~+期间比NAO负位相(North Atlantic Oscillation-,NAO-)期间更容易产生乌拉尔山阻塞,但伴随NAO-事件的阻塞强度更大,引起中国冬季的降温也更明显;进一步研究表明,单一的NAO事件期间引起中国冬季温度的变化非常微弱,因此,乌拉尔山阻塞可以作为NAO事件影响中国寒冷天气的媒介。     

赤道印度洋偶极子对重庆夏季降水的影响分析

利用重庆34个气象台站1961—2017年夏季降水量、NCEP/NCAR的再分析月平均高度场资料和海面温度资料，分析发现，上年秋季尤其是11月的赤道（热带）印度洋偶极子（tropical Indian Ocean dipole, TIOD）模态与重庆夏季降水存在正相关关系。通过前期海面温度对大气环流的影响分析，结果表明：上年11月TIOD和夏季500 hPa高度场的相关与重庆夏季降水和高度场的相关一致，显示出从高纬度到低纬度“+、-、+”的相关分布，反映出当上年11月TIOD正位相（负位相）时，次年夏季环流场表现出乌拉尔山阻塞高压明显（不明显）、中纬度30°～37°N低值系统活跃（不活跃），西太平洋副热带高压偏强（弱）、位置偏南（北）的重庆夏季典型的降水偏多环流特征；前期赤道太平洋ENSO暖事件和前期TIOD事件同时发生时，两个事件的作用相互叠加，使得西太平洋副热带高压加强西伸并且位置偏南，造成重庆夏季降水的异常偏多。     

东北春季极端低温的变化特征及其与大西洋海温的关系

利用1958—2007年全球海温、位势高度场月平均资料和我国东北地区64个测站的春季地面气温资料,分析了我国东北地区春季极端低温的时空变化特征及其与大气环流和海温异常的关系。结果表明：近50a来,我国东北春季极端低温事件频数整体呈减少趋势;极端低温频数主要存在全区一致变化型和南北反相变化型两种模态;极端低温事件频数与北极涛动存在显著负相关关系,同时在极端低温多年,极涡较弱,乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏强,东北冷涡较强,反之亦然;影响我国东北地区春季极端低温的关键海区为中北大西洋海区,极端低温多年,中北大西洋海温较常年偏冷,反之则中北大西洋海温较常年偏暖。这对于预测东北春季极端低温事件的年际变化具有很好的指示意义。数值试验结果表明,中北大西洋海温异常可激发欧亚波列,致使中国东北温度异常。     

不同资料揭示南海夏季风爆发特征的比较

利用全球月平均海温资料，近地面的风、气温、湿度资料，以及海表感热和潜热资料，在综合分析海温和气象要素变化的基础上，确定了7个全球海气相互作用的关键区，并运用相关分析法，着重分析了各关键海区上空气象要素场与海温的时滞相关，以揭示不同关键海区海气相互作用的异同。分析表明：不同海区海气热力相互作用较强，海温与气温比湿有较好的互代性，特别是中东太平洋和南印度洋海区。动力作用对海温的影响各海区差异较大，中西太平洋海区的动力影响可能更关键。在感热潜热与海温的相关中，东西太平洋海区和西北太平洋及南印度洋两季风区都较关键。通过分析各海区海温和各气象要素相邻月的持续相关概率，进一步了解哪些要素、哪些区在哪些时段其异常持续性好，或异常持续性容易发生破坏，这不仅对做预报有一定的参考价值，也为我们讨论海气相互作用的物理机制提供了依据。     

北太平洋阻塞的年际年代际变化及其与SST、遥相关及风暴路径的关系

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，对1948／1949－1999／2000共52个冬季的北太平洋上空中纬度阻塞异常的气修特征进行了统计分析，小波分析和功率谱分析结果表明该区域阻塞发生的频数具有很明显的3－7年的年际振荡和年代际变化特征。同时2－7年带通平均的小波方差谱分析结果表明阻塞的这种年际变化的振幅存在着缓慢下降的趋势，且气候突变在20世纪70年代，这进一步证明了北太平洋上空的阻塞活动具有年代际变化特征。对强阻塞异常的冬季和弱阻塞异常的冬季分别进行合成分析，结果表明，对于阻塞异常强的冬季，北太平洋西向东北方向加强并分裂成两个中心，而SST异常在中纬度太平洋则对应着典型的PDO型，在赤道地区则为类La Nina型的海温分布。而对于阻塞异常弱的冬季则对应截然不同甚至相反的分布特征，即500hPa高度异常场表现为符号相反的PNA型，风暴路径中心在日界线附近呈纬向型分布。同时SST异常在赤道地区则为典型的El Nino型的海温分布。以上结果揭示出北太平洋阻塞活动的年际变化可能主要与热带海温的遥响应相联系，而年代际变化则主要与中纬度局地的PDO型海温及其通过斜压瞬变波的海－气相互作用有关。     

近海地形对热带气旋移动影响的数值试验

利用含地形、摩擦及非绝热加热外源强迫的准地转正压涡度方程模式,通过构造理想的坡地地形及椭圆型岛地形,首先分析了孤立地形的动力抬升作用及动力抬升、摩擦、非绝热加热３者共同作用下对热带气旋（ＴＣ）移动的影响。发现：地形的动力抬升、摩擦作用以及地形附近海域的非绝热加热对ＴＣ移动均有影响;然后,引入了我国东南近海的实际地形,通过数值试验分析了ＴＣ移经或登陆在近海不同位置时ＴＣ移向、移速的可能变化,并给出了     

北半球阻塞高压实时监测诊断业务系统

利用国家气象信息中心实时气象数据库的逐日500hPa高度场资料，确定了适合业务使用的北半球及关键区阻塞高压监测诊断方法。通过建立阻塞高压指数实现了对北半球中高纬地区任意经度上的阻塞形势的实时监测，同时在鄂霍次克海、贝加尔湖和乌拉尔山这三个对我国夏季降水有较大影响的地区选取关键区进行阻高实时监测。此外，还通过对北半球逐日和5天滑动平均500hPa环流场的监测，从而初步建立了北半球阻塞高压实时监测诊断业务系统。通过对2006年阻塞高压实时监测产品的诊断分析表明，监测到的北半球阻塞高压的出现位置和强度与实况相符。监测结果对于我国的夏季降水预报具有参考意义。     

正、斜压涡度拟能相互作用对乌拉尔阻塞过程的影响

研究表明,正压涡度拟能的增强和减弱是乌拉尔山上空阻塞过程的重要特征,正压涡度拟能增强的主要机制是斜压涡度拟能向正压涡度拟能的转换,而斜压涡度拟能的来源则是阻塞区外斜压涡度拟能向阻塞区的净输送和阻塞区内斜压涡度拟能的净生成。正压涡度拟能减弱的主要机制足耗散机制和β效应。因此。阻塞过程是正、斜压涡度拟能相互作用的结果。纬向斜压风对斜压涡度的输送在阻塞的维持和崩溃中具有重要的作用,经向斜压风对斜压涡度的输送在阻塞环流的建立中具有重要的作用,经向正压风对正压涡度拟能的净输送和斜压风对涡度拟能的净输送也具有重要贡献。     

近30a来北半球对流层大气月均环流的涡动减弱现象

利用1980-2009年NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究了在全球变暖背景下北半球对流层大气涡动减弱现象。结果表明：北半球涡度拟能30a来整体呈减弱趋势,在北太平洋地区和极地减弱尤为显著,12．5～50°N为影响北半球大气涡动变化的关键区域。由于对流层200hPa以下大气的增暖,特别是中高纬地区显著增暖,减弱了经向温度梯度,使得副热带西风急流的强度亦呈减弱趋势。这与涡度拟能的变化有显著的正相关关系。分析了北半球正压Rossby波动诊断量E和热量经向涡动通量的变化,表明中纬度波能传播在不同地区有不同趋势,而热量的经向涡动输送与涡度拟能的变化也呈现显著的正相关关系,减弱明显。研究结果对深刻认识大气环流变化规律和理解全球变暖的可能影响具有重要意义。     

A comparison of the effects of interannual Arctic sea ice loss and ENSO on winter haze days: Observational analyses and AGCM simulations

This study compares the impacts of interannual Arctic sea ice loss and ENSO events on winter haze days in mainland China through observational analyses and AGCM sensitivity experiments. The results suggest that (1) Arctic sea ice loss favors an increase in haze days in central–eastern China; (2) the impact of ENSO is overall contained within southern China, with increased (reduced) haze days during La Niña (El Niño) winters; and (3) the impacts from sea ice loss and ENSO are linearly additive. Mechanistically, Arctic sea ice loss causes quasi-barotropic positive height anomalies over the region from northern Europe to the Ural Mountains (Urals in brief) and weak and negative height anomalies over the region from central Asia to northeastern Asia. The former favors intensified frequency of the blocking over the regions from northern Europe to the Urals, whereas the latter favors an even air pressure distribution over Siberia, Mongolia, and East Asia. This large-scale circulation pattern favors more frequent occurrence of calm and steady weather in northern China and, as a consequence, increased occurrence of haze days. In comparison, La Niña (El Niño) exerts its influence along a tropical pathway by inducing a cyclonic (anticyclonic) lower-tropospheric atmospheric circulation response over the subtropical northwestern Pacific. The northeasterly (southwesterly) anomaly at the northwestern rear of the cyclone (anticyclone) causes reduced (intensified) rainfall over southeastern China, which favors increased (reduced) occurrence of haze days through the rain-washing effect.     

An investigation into the mechanisms of changes in mid-latitude mean sea level pressure as greenhouse gases are increased

When greenhouse gases are increased in coupled GCM experiments there is both a direct effect and an indirect effect due to changes in the surface conditions. In this study we carry out experiments with a perpetual winter atmosphere only model in order to investigate the influence of changes to the surface conditions (sea surface temperatures, sea-ice and snow amount) on the Northern Hemisphere winter mid-latitude mean sea level pressure response. The surface conditions for the perpetual winter model experiments are prescribed from time averages of the HadCM2 control and greenhouse gas experiments. Forcing the perpetual winter model with the HadCM2 greenhouse gas surface conditions produces a negative mean sea level pressure (MSLP) response across both Northern Hemisphere ocean basins, as was found in the coupled model HadCM2 experiment. Additional PW model experiments show that the sea surface temperature forcing from the HadCM2 greenhouse gas experiment dominates the snow and soil moisture content forcings. The sea-ice forcing from the HadCM2 greenhouse gas experiment reduces MSLP at high latitudes. In the north Pacific region MSLP decreases when the global mean warming is applied to the sea surface temperature forcing field at all open sea points. In the north Atlantic region the increased tropics to mid-latitude meridional sea surface temperature gradient is required for MSLP to decrease. These experiments show that the MSLP response in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude storm track regions is sensitive to the non-local sea surface temperature anomaly pattern.     

Influence of Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming on the Unprecedented Cold Wave in East Asia in January 2021

An unprecedented cold wave intruded into East Asia in early January 2021 and led to record-breaking or historical extreme low temperatures over vast regions.This study shows that a major stratospheric sudden warming(SSW)event at the beginning of January 2021 exerted an important influence on this cold wave.The major SSW event occurred on 2 January 2021 and subsequently led to the displacement of the stratospheric polar vortex to the East Asian side.Moreover,the SSW event induced the stratospheric warming signal to propagate downward to the mid-to-lower troposphere,which not only enhanced the blocking in the Urals-Siberia region and the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation,but also shifted the tropospheric polar vortex off the pole.The displaced tropospheric polar vortex,Ural blocking,and another downstream blocking ridge over western North America formed a distinct inverted omega-shaped circulation pattern(IOCP)in the East Asia-North Pacific sector.This IOCP was the most direct and impactful atmospheric pattern causing the cold wave in East Asia.The IOCP triggered a meridional cell with an upward branch in East Asia and a downward branch in Siberia.The meridional cell intensified the Siberian high and low-level northerly winds,which also favored the invasion of the cold wave into East Asia.Hence,the SSW event and tropospheric circulations such as the IOCP,negative phase of Arctic Oscillation,Ural blocking,enhanced Siberian high,and eastward propagation of Rossby wave eventually induced the outbreak of an unprecedented cold wave in East Asia in early January 2021.     

The Role of Warm North Atlantic SST in the Formation of Positive Height Anomalies over the Ural Mountains during January 2008

The most severe snowstorm and freezing-rain event in the past 50 years hit central and southern China in January 2008. One of the main reasons for the anomalous climate event was the occurrence of atmospheric circulation anomalies over middle and high latitudes, particularly the persistent blocking that occurred over the Ural Mountains. Along with atmospheric anomalies, a strong La Nia event in the Pacific and warm sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the North Atlantic were the most significant in the lower boundary. Since a brief analysis suggests that La Nia exerts no significant impact on the Urals, the key point of focus in this study is on the role of the warmer SSTAs in the North Atlantic. Based on an observational composite, North Atlantic SSTAs pattern when the height anomaly over the Urals is strongly positive is found similar to that in January 2008, but no significant SSTAs occurred elsewhere, such as the Pacific. Using an atmospheric general circulation model, ECHAM5, the impact of North Atlantic SSTAs on the extratropical atmosphere circulation in the event was investigated. The results show that the warm SSTAs strengthened the blocking high over the Urals, through anomalous transient eddies. The consistency between the study model and the observational composite indicates that the warm SSTAs in the North Atlantic were indeed an important factor in the formation of the snowstorm disaster of January 2008.     

Interannual Variations of the Blocking High over the Ural Mountains and Its Association with the AO/NAO in Boreal Winter

This paper analyzes interannual variations of the blocking high over the Ural Mountains in the boreal winter and their association with the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO).In Jan...     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON EFFECTS OF THE QINGHAIXIZANG PLATEAU ON FORMATION OF THE URAL BLOCKING HIGH

By employing the improved T42L5 spectral model and utilizing the ECMWF data covering the period from 1 Julyto 7 July 1982,a numerical research on the formation of the Ural blocking system has been made.The results show thatthe model forecasts for the upstream U ral area turn out to be worse if the dynamic effect of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateauis not considered.The correlation coefficient between the model forecasts and observed 500 hPa geopotential heightanomaly decreases by 9% for the 5-day mean,and their averaged root mean square (RMS) error increases 15 m.Due tothe dynamic effect of the Plateau,the trough being on the northwest of the Plateau is barricaded and turns to be atransversal trough.Consequently southwest flow occurs along the northwest of the Plateau in front of the trough,whilenortheast flow prevails over the west of the trough,causing the formation of the blocking high over the Ural area.Whenthe dynamic effect of the Plateau is not taken into consideration,the trough develops and moves southeastward and theUral blocking high changes into a migratory high.All these result in the failure of the simulation.The dynamic effect ofthe Plateau helps to increase the negative vorticities over the Plateau and its north periphery as well as the Ural area,andalso helps to increase the positive vorticities over the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea area.On the other hand,thethermodynamic effect mainly influences the Plateau and its downstream area and plays an less important role in theformation of the blocking high over the upstream Ural area.